IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No.

2; April 2013 429

Effect of Ultrasonic Fog on AC Flashover Voltage

of Polluted Porcelain and Glass Insulators
Xingliang Jiang, Bingbing Dong, Qin Hu, Fanghui Yin, Ze Xiang and Lichun Shu
State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology
College of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

ABSTRACT
Three wetting methods are frequently used for polluted insulators in artificial fog tests, i.e.
cold fog, steam fog and mixture fog. IEC recommended the steam fog wetting method.
However, experimental experience shows that, it is difficult to control wetting time with this
steam input rate. In addition, the temperature in climate chamber rises over the duration of
the test. Both factors make the steam fog test less representative. Porcelain and glass
insulator strings of 3 units are wetted by ultrasonic fog in an artificial climate chamber. The
flashover performances of polluted insulators are studied. The test results revealed that the
relationships between flashover voltage and Salt Deposit Density (SDD) can be expressed as
negative exponential functions for porcelain and glass insulators. However, the fitting
formulas, which are simulated ac pollution flashover voltages at various pollution degrees for
the same type of insulator, are consistent at various conductivities of the applied water.
Moreover, the relationships between flashover voltage and conductivity of the applied water
can also be expressed as a negative exponential function.
Index Terms — Power system, insulators, wetting method, ultrasonic fog, flashover
voltage, flashover characteristics.

1 INTRODUCTION method [11]. Contaminated insulator was optimally wetted

with a steam fog density in the range of 3-7 g/m3, which is
Since the 1990s, contamination flashover has been considerably denser than natural fogs. And the temperature in
identified as a significant risk factor in the satisfactory the test chamber also tends to rise with this steam input rate.
reliability of overhead power lines and outdoor substations. The effect of decreasing flashover voltage with increasing
And the large-area power outages occurred frequently in temperature has been noted in the results of salt-fog flashover
China [1]. Many causes of power system interruption have an tests on dc insulators [16-18]. Both factors make the fog test
obvious relation to adverse weather. For contaminated less representative [7, 19]. Experimental experience shows
insulators, a drastic decrease in the strength of electrical that the wetting time is difficult to control. And the
insulation may be caused under normal operating voltage contamination on the insulators reach quickly saturated
when adverse weather exist, such as fog or dew point wetting with the steam input rate.
conditions. And even worse it can lead to flashover or power Operational experience shows that, occult deposition of
outages at normal service voltage [2-4]. Contamination precipitation, such as fog, rain, ice, or snow. Depending on
flashover of insulator constitutes a challenge how to deal with conditions, polluted ice, snow, or fog can be an important
sudden climate for the State Grid Corporation of China to additional source of electrically conductive ions as well as a
building a strong and smart grid. Contaminated flashover stable source of water to dissolve existing surface pollution
performance is a key factor in the external insulation design [19]. There are a wide range of artificial precipitation sources
of transmission lines. Although this issue has been widely for transmission line exposure in order of increasing electrical
studied in China and in other countries, there are still many conductivity. Air and water pollution degrades the reliability
problems that have not been unsolved radically. of critical power system amenities in the long term through
In artificial fog tests, three wetting methods have been accelerated corrosion rates of metal and insulating polymer
frequently used for test objects, i.e. cold fog, steam fog and components. Pollution also impairs the electrical performance
mixture fog [5-7]. The researches on polluting problems are of critical power system components in the short term,
mainly based on the flashover characteristics of contaminated typically under winter conditions, through electrical
insulators wetting by steam fog in a climate chamber at home flashovers and faults on insulators [19]. Therefore, accident
and abroad [8-15]. IEC recommended the steam fog wetting surveys revealed that pollution flashover of insulators of
transmission line results from the pollution on insulator and
Manuscript received on 23 July 2012, in final form 22 January 2013. adverse weather i.e. fog or dew point conditions [4].

1070-9878/13/$25.00 © 2013 IEEE

430 X. Jiang et al.: Effect of Ultrasonic Fog on AC Flashover Voltage of Polluted Porcelain and Glass Insulators
In this paper, ac flashover tests of polluted porcelain and glass 2.2 TEST SPECIMENS
insulator strings of 3 units are carried out in the multi-function In this paper, the specimens are two types of porcelain
artificial climate chamber of State Key Laboratory of Power insulators and one type of glass insulator (XP-70, XP-160 and
Transmission Equipment & System Security and New LXY-70 are widely used in China), which are denominated
Technology at Chongqing University, China. The artificial by Type A, B and C, respectively. The main geometrical
chamber that makes use of arrays of ultrasonic fog nozzles fed parameters and configurations of the specimens are shown in
with water, which can reduce stratification, build up fog faster Table 1 and Figure 2, in which H is the geometry height, D
and give more repeatable results. Moreover, the maximum represents the shed diameter, L is the leakage distance, A is
contamination layer conductivity (maximum resistive current for surface area.
constant voltage) is reached about 50 minutes. Based on the test Table 1. Geometrical parameters of specimens.
results, this paper analyzed the differences on ac fog flashover
Type H (mm) D (mm) L (mm) A (cm2)
performance of insulator strings. The results can provide
valuable reference for engineering applications and improve the A 146 255 295 1590
artificial fog test methods of insulators. B 155 255 305 1691
C 146 255 320 1590
2 TEST EQUIPMENT, SPECIMENS AND
PROCEDURE 2.3 TEST PROCEDURE
2.1 TEST EQUIPMENT 2.3.1 PRECONDITIONING
The experiments were carried out in the multifunction Prior to the test, all of insulators surfaces and joints should
artificial climate chamber, with a diameter of 2 m and a length be cleaned to remove all traces of dirt and grease with
of 4 m, which meets the requirement for polluting tests of deionized water and trisodium phosphate (Na3PO3). After
insulator strings, as shown in Figure 1. AC test voltage is led to cleaning, the insulators should be dried naturally. The
the insulator strings through a 110 kV wall bushing. The test quantitative brushing method was used to contaminate the
power was supplied with a 900 kVA/150 kV pollution test insulator surfaces, in which the sodium chloride and
transformer. The major technical parameters are as follows: the kieselguhr were conductive and inert materials, respectively
rated capacity is 900 kVA, the rated current is 6 A, the input [11, 15, 23]. In this investigation, the salt deposit densities
voltage is 0-10.5 kV, the output voltage is 0-150 kV, and the (SDDs) were 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mg/cm2, respectively,
short-circuit impedance is less than 10 percent under the rated where the salt is NaCl, and the ratio of SDD to NSDD is 1/8.
voltage of 150 kV. The capacity of the test transformer meets
the requirement commended by references [20-22]. 2.3.2 POLLUTING
According to the surface area of each specimen, weight the
amount of sodium chloride and kieselguhr at various SDDs
used electronic balance in this paper. The sodium chloride
and kieselguhr were mixed with a little purified water (γ20<10
μS/cm). Then the specimen surfaces were contaminated by a
small brush. The pollutant layer should be applied as
uniformly as possible, paying special attention to places
which are difficult to reach, such as the bottom of the sheds.

2.3.3 WETTING
After 24-h natural drying, the pollution layer on the insulators
was wetted by ultrasonic fog generated by arrays of ultrasonic
fog nozzles fed with water. In this paper, the conductivities of
Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the artificial climate chamber in
Chongqing University.
the applied water (corrected to the values at 20 °C) were 400,

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 2. Configuration of specimens: (a) Type A; (b) Type B; (c) Type C.

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No. 2; April 2013 431
2500 and 5000 μS/cm, respectively. The applied water was Table 2. Average flashover voltages of insulators.
pre-cooled and kept at the temperature as low as 5 °C by the Type A Type B Type C
refrigeration system of the test chamber. As the test chamber SDD
γ20 (µS/cm)
is airtight and has good heat-insulation, the wetting time of (mg/cm2)
400 2500 5000 400 2500 5000 400 2500 5000
contaminated insulators in the chamber is shorter than in most
0.05 53.8 51.2 48.7 55.2 52.0 50.1 58.9 55.6 53.6
fog rooms. However, the wetting time is related to the type of
0.10 37.1 35.4 33.7 38.6 37.0 35.3 39.2 37.8 36.2
insulator and the pollution level [24]. Generally, the higher
0.15 32.3 30.4 29.6 33.0 31.8 30.6 35.1 33.5 32.6
the pollution level has, the shorter the wetting time is [25].
0.20 26.7 25.6 24.5 28.5 27.4 26.6 28.3 27.3 26.5
Therefore, the fog density is managed so that the maximum
layer conductivity (maximum resistive current for constant
voltage) is reached about 50 min. after the start of wetting According to Table 2, it can be observed that:
period. The temperature in the chamber was controlled about (1) The average flashover voltage Uav decreases with the
5 °C in the whole wetting process. increase of conductivity of the applied water at various SDDs
for Types A-C. For example, when SDD was 0.10 mg/cm2,
2.3.4 VOLTAGE APPLICATION METHOD the Uav reduces 9.2% with conductivity of the applied water
from 400μS/cm to 5000 μS/cm for Type A. This may be due
When the pollution layer on the insulators was completely
to the fog water deposited on the insulator surface, and
wetted, a series of flashover tests were carried out 4-5 times
increases the pollution layer conductivity of insulator surface.
for each insulator at the same pollution degree. The voltage
application method applied with even-rising voltage method (2) The Uav reduces with the increase of SDD at various
and can be summarized as follows: conductivities of the applied water for 3 types of test objects.
For example, when the conductivity of the applied water was
(1) First, increase the voltage at a random rate to the value 2500 μS/cm, the Uav decreases 47.3% with SDD from 0.05
of about 40% of predicted flashover voltage Up, and then mg/cm2 to 0.20 mg/cm2 for Type B.
change the rate to the value of (10%-20%)×Up /s till the
flashover. Finally, record the flashover voltage Uf ; 3.2 INFLUENCE OF SDD ON Uav AT VARIOUS
(2) 2-3 minutes later, repeat the above procedures. CONDUCTIVITIES OF THE APPLIED WATER
For a contaminated insulator, a series of flashover voltage A large number of tests show that the flashover voltages Uf
values obtained by the above procedures are expressed as Uf1, of various polluted insulators reduce with the increase of
Uf2, ···, Ufn (n is the number of flashovers), then the SDD. And the relationships between average flashover
minimum flashover voltage of the contaminated insulator is voltage Uav and SDD can be expressed as [14, 23, 26-27]:
U fm  Min(U f 1 ,U f 2 ...U fn ) (1) U av  A( SDD)  a (3)
According to the above procedures, more than five effective where A is a coefficient related to the shape, geometry and
Ufm should be obtained for each type of specimen. Therefore, material of insulator; a is an exponent characterizing the
the average flashover voltage Uav (in kilovolts) can be influence of SDD on the flashover voltage.
expressed as:
N From Table 2, the relationships between Uav and SDD are
 U i 
fm
shown in Figure 3. Fitting the data in Table 2 according to
equation (3), allows the coefficients A and the characteristic
U av  i 1 (2)
exponents a to be obtained, as shown in Table 3.
N
where Ufm(i) is the minimum flashover voltage obtained 60
from the test in the i time, kV; N is the total times of the
effective test, N≥5. 5000uS/cm
Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

50 2500uS/cm
400uS/cm
3 TEST RESULTS AND ANALYSES
40
3.1 TEST RESULTS
The flashover tests of three types of polluted porcelain
and glass insulator strings of 3 units have been carried out 30
in the artificial climate chamber. And the average
flashover voltages Uav (in kilovolts) are shown in Table 2
at various pollution levels (SDD were 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 20
0.20 mg/cm2, respectively, the ratio of SDD to NSDD is 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 2
Salt desposit density, SDD (mg/cm )
0.20

1:8) and conductivities of the applied water (γ20 were 400, (a)
2500 and 5000 μS/cm, corrected to the values at 20 °C, Figure 3. Average flashover voltages Uav vs. salt deposit density SDD at
respectively). various conductivities of applied water: (a) Type A.
432 X. Jiang et al.: Effect of Ultrasonic Fog on AC Flashover Voltage of Polluted Porcelain and Glass Insulators

60 3.3 INFLUENCE OF CONDUCTIVITIES OF THE

APPLIED WATER ON Uav AT VARIOUS SDDs
5000uS/cm
From Table 2, the average flashover voltage Uav decreases
Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

50 2500uS/cm
with the increase of pollution layer conductivity on the
400uS/cm
insulator surface. Because the fog water deposited on the
insulator surface increases the pollution layer conductivity of
40
insulator surface. Based on Section 3.2, the relationships
between Uav and γ20 can also be expressed as:
30 U av  B ( 20 )  b (4)
where B is a coefficient related to the shape, geometry and
20 material of insulator; b is an exponent related to the
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 2 0.20 conductivity of the applied water γ20.
Salt desposit density, SDD (mg/cm )
From Table 2, the relationships between Uav and γ20 at
(b) various SDDs are shown in Figure 4 for samples. Fitting the
60
data in Table 2 according to equation (4), allows the
coefficients B and the characteristic exponents b to be
5000uS/cm
obtained, as shown in Table 4.
Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

50 2500uS/cm 60 0.05 mg/cm2

0.10 mg/cm2
400uS/cm 0.15 mg/cm2
0.20 mg/cm2
50

Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

40

40

30

30

20
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 20
2
Salt desposit density, SDD (mg/cm ) 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
γ20 (µS/cm)

(c) (a)
60 0.05 mg/cm2
0.10 mg/cm2
Figure 3. Average flashover voltages Uav vs. salt deposit density SDD at 0.15 mg/cm2
various conductivities of applied water: (b) Type B; (c) Type C. 0.20 mg/cm2

50
Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

Table 3. Values of A, a and R2 at various conductivities of the applied water.

40
Type A Type B Type C
γ20 (µS/cm)
A α R2 A α R2 A α R2
30
0.4 13. 0.4 0.9 12.74 0.507 0.982
400 12.30 0.992
91 32 72 97
20
0.4 13. 0.4 0.9 12.54 0.493 0.987 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
2500 11.72 0.996 γ20 (µS/cm)
90 19 56 97
0.4 12. 0.4 0.9 12.31 0.487 0.982 (b)
5000 11.48 0.990 65 0.05 mg/cm2
80 83 51 95 0.10 mg/cm2
0.15 mg/cm2
0.20 mg/cm2

55
Flashover voltage, Uav (kV)

According to Figure 3 and Table 3, it can be observed that:

(1) SDD has influence on the flashover characteristics for 45
insulators at various conductivities of the applied water. The
Uav decreases with the increase of SDD according to a
35
negative exponential function. Further, the Uav decreases very
little with a further increase of the pollution severity when
SDD exceeds a certain degree. And the correlation 25

coefficients (R2) of regression (3) are greater than 0.98. 0 1000 2000 3000
γ20 (µS/cm)
4000 5000

(2) There are nearly negative exponential functions (c)

between Uav and SDD for samples. And the fitting curves Figure 4. Average flashover voltages Uav vs. γ20 at various salt deposit
have similar regularity at various conductivities of the water. densities: (a) Type A; (b) Type B; (c) Type C.
IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Vol. 20, No. 2; April 2013 433
2
Table 4. Values of A, a and R at various salt deposit densities. Huang, Heng Liu, Yiyong Zhang and Jiangping Xi for their
SDD Type A Type B Type C work on the test of this paper. The authors also would like to
thank all members of the external insulation research team at
(mg/cm2) B b R2 B b R2 B b R2
Chongqing University for their contributions to this paper.
0.05 67.37 0.0369 0.935 69.11 0.0372 0.985 73.27 0.0361 0.984
0.10 46.08 0.0355 0.930 47.19 0.0329 0.921 46.85 0.0291 0.910
REFERENCES
0.15 39.68 0.0343 0.998 39.13 0.0279 0.931 41.68 0.0285 0.989
[1] Q. Li, Z. Fan, Q. Wu, J. Gao, Z. Su and W. Zhou, “Investigation of
0.20 32.41 0.0318 0.930 33.39 0.0261 0.970 32.88 0.0247 0.961 Ice-covered Transmission Lines and Analysis on Transmission Line
Failures Caused by Ice-coating in China”, Power System Technology, Vol.
According to Figure 4 and Table 4, it can be observed that: 32, pp. 33-36, 2008 (in Chinese).
(1) The average flashover voltage Uav decreases 6.4-9.5% with [2] X. Jiang, L. Shu and C. Sun, Power System Pollution and Icing Insulation,
Beijing, China Electric Power Press, 2009 (in Chinese).
the increase of the conductivity of the applied water for samples. [3] Z. Guan, Y. Liu and Y. Zhou, Insulator and External Insulation for Electric
For instance, when the SDD was 0.05-0.20 mg/cm2, the Uav Transmission and Transformation Equipment, Beijing, Tsinghua
decreases 6.7-9.2% with the conductivity of the applied water University Press, 2006 (in Chinese).
from 400μS/cm to 5000 μS/cm for Type B. [4] S. Wang, “The Flashover Accident Occurred by the Heavy Fog”, Rural
Electrification, Vol. 10, pp. 31-32, 2006 (in Chinese).
(2) The Uav decreases with the increase of γ20 according to a
[5] E. A. Cherney, Y. Beausejour, T. C. Cheng, K. J. Lloyd, G. Marrone, J. H.
negative exponential function at various SDDs for Types A-C. Moran, K.Naito, L. Pargamin, E. Reynaert, J. D. Sakich and C. F.
The correlation coefficients (R2) of regression (4) are greater than Sarkinen, “The AC Clean-Fog Test for Contaminated Insulators”, IEEE
0.91. And the Uav decreases very little with a further increase of Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol. 102, pp. 604-613, 1983.
the conductivity of the applied water (γ20) when γ20 exceeds a [6] P. J. Lambeth, “Laboratory Tests to Evaluate HVDC Wall Bushing
certain degree at various SDDs. Performance in Wet Weather”, IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 5, pp.
1782-1793, 1990.
(3) The effect of conductivity of the applied water on flashover [7] N. Arai, “AC Fog Withstand Test on Contaminated Insulators by Steam
voltage is more significant for the lower SDD and reduces with the Fog”, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., Vol. 101, pp. 4316-4323, 1982.
increase in SDD for test objects. Natural fog was contaminated [8] R. Zhang, Insulation Pollution Flashover, Beijing, Hydraulic Electric Power
due to industrial pollution, so that flashover of insulators may be Press, 1994 (in Chinese).
occurred under polluted fog conditions with the high conductivity, [9] X. Jiang, J. Yuan, Z. Zhang, Q. Hu and A. Cheng, “Study on AC pollution
long duration and heavy density. flashover performance of composite insulators at high altitude sites of
2800-4500 m”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 16 , pp.123-132,
2009.
4 CONCLUSIONS [10] X. Jiang, S. Wang, Z. Zhang, J. Hu and Q. Hu, “Investigation of Flashover
(1) In this paper, the artificial climate chamber that makes use Voltage and Non-Uniform Pollution Correction Coefficient of Short
of arrays of ultrasonic fog nozzles fed with water can meet the Samples of Composite Insulator Intended for ±800 kV UHVDC”, IEEE
insulator wetting requirement. The fog density is managed so Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 17 , pp.71-80, 2010.
[11] Int’l. Electrotechnical Commission, “Artificial Pollution Tests on
that the maximum layer conductivity is reached about 50 High-voltage Insulators to be Used on AC Systems”, Int’l. Std. IEC
minutes after the start of the wetting period. 60507, 1991.
(2) The relationships between ac average flashover voltage [12] P. J. Lambeth, “Variable Voltage Application for Insulator Pollution Tests”,
Uav and Salt Deposit Density (SDD) can be expressed as IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 3, pp. 2103-2111, 1988.
[13] I. Gutman and A. Dernfalk, “Pollution Tests for Polymeric Insulators made
negative exponential functions at various conductivities of the
of Hydrophobicity Transfer Materials”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr.
applied water for polluted porcelain and glass insulators. Insul., Vol. 17, pp. 384-393, 2010.
Moreover, the characteristic exponent a indicating the influence [14] Z. Zhang, X. Jiang, C. Sun, J. Yuan and Y. Zhang, “Comparison of the AC
degree of the pollution level on the flashover voltage is almost Pollution Flashover Characteristics of Insulators Under Two Different
independent of the conductivity of the applied water for test Polluting Manners”, Proc. Chinese Soc. Electr. Eng. (CSEE), Vol. 26, pp.
objects. 124-127, 2006 (in Chinese).
[15] “Artificial Pollution Tests on Composite Insulators Used on High-Voltage
(3) Flashover of insulators may be occurred by contaminated AC System”, 2004, DL/T859-2004, (in Chinese).
fog following the high conductivity, long duration and heavy [16] M. Ishii, M. Akbar and T. Kawamura, “Effect of Ambient Temperature on
density. The average flashover voltage Uav decreases 6.4-9.5% the Performance of Contaminated DC Insulators”, IEEE Trans. Electr.
with the increase of the conductivity of the applied water (γ20) Insul., Vol. 19, pp. 129-134, 1984.
for polluted porcelain and glass insulators. The relationships [17] G. Ramos, M. Campillo and K. Naito, “A Study on the Characteristics of
between Uav and γ20 can also be expressed as negative Various Conductive Contaminants Accumulated on High Voltage
Insulators”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 8, pp. 1842-1850, 1993.
exponential functions (correlation coefficients R2 are greater than [18] CIGRE Task Force 33.04.04, “Artificial Pollution Testing of HVDC
0.91). And the Uav decreases very little with a further increase of Insulators: Analysis of Factors Influencing Performance”, Electra, No.
γ20 when γ20 exceeds a certain degree at various SDDs. 140 (Feb.), pp. 99-113, 1992.
[19] M. Farzaneh and W. A. Chisholm, Insulators for Icing and Polluted
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Environments, America, IEEE Press, 2009.
[20] IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing, IEEE Std. 4, IEEE
This work was supported by National Basic Research Publ., 1995.
Program of China (973 Program: 2009CB724501/502/503) and [21] IEC 60815, “Selection and Dimensioning of High-voltage Insulators for
the Funds for Innovative Research Groups of China (51021005). Polluted Conditions - Part 1: Definitions, Information and General
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Jun Principles”, Int. Electrotech. Comm. Geneva, Switzerland, 2008.
434 X. Jiang et al.: Effect of Ultrasonic Fog on AC Flashover Voltage of Polluted Porcelain and Glass Insulators
[22] IEC 60815, “Selection and Dimensioning of High-voltage Insulators for Qin Hu was born in Hubei Province, China, in
Polluted Conditions - Part 3: Polymer Insulators for AC Systems”, Int’l. January 1981. He received the B.Sc. and Ph.D.
Electrotech. Comm. Geneva, Switzerland, 2008. degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing,
[23] R. Matsuoka, H. Shinokubo, K. Kondo, Y. Mizuno, K. Naito, T. Fujimura and China, in 2002 and 2010, respectively. In 2004, he
T. Terada, “Assessment of Basic Contamination Withstand Voltage began to work at Chongqing University as an
Assistant Professor. He is mainly engaged in the field
Characteristics of Polymer Insulators”, IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 11, pp.
of high-voltage external insulation and transmission
1895–1900, 1996. line’s corona discharge. He is the author or coauthor
[24] IEC TS 60073, “Guidance on the Measurement of Wetting Ability of Insulator of several technical papers.
Surfaces”, Intern. Electrotech. Comm. Geneva, Switzerland, 2003.
[25] X. Jiang, J. Yuan, Z. Zhang, Q. Hu and A. Cheng, “Study on AC Pollution
Flashover Performance of Composite Insulators at High Altitude Sites of
2800-4500 m”, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol. 16 , pp.123-132,
Fanghui Yin was born in Jiangxi Province, China, in
2009.
January 1982. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc..
[26] G. N. Ramos, M. T. R. Campillo and K. Naito, “A study on the Characteristics
degrees from Chongqing University, Chongqing,
of Various Conductive Contaminants Accumulated on High Voltage China, in 2004 and 2008, respectively, and is
Insulators”, IEEE Trans. Power Del., Vol. 8, pp. 1842–1850, Oct. 1993. currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree from the College
[27] X. Jiang, J. Hu and Y. Liang, “Pollution Flashover Performance of Short of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University. His
Sample for 750kV Composite Insulators”, IEEE Int’l. Sympos. Electr. Insul. main research interests include high voltage
(ISEI), Indianapolis, USA, pp. 19-22, 2004. technology, external insulation and transmission
line’s icing.
Xingliang Jiang was born in Hunan Province, China, on
31 July 1961. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees
from Chongqing University, Chongqing, China, in 1988
and 1997, respectively. His employment experiences
include the Shaoyang Glass Plant, Shaoyang, Hunan
Province; Wuhan High Voltage Research Institute, Wuhan,
Ze Xiang was born in Sichuan Province, China, on
Hubei Province; and the College of Electrical Engineering,
29 March 1987. He graduated from Harbin
Chongqing University. His research interests include
University of science and technology in 2009. Now,
high-voltage external insulation and transmission line icing
he is working toward the Ph.D. degree in College of
and protection. He is the member of working groups of
Electric Engineering, Chongqing University. His
CIGRE B2.29 and IWAIS. Dr. Jiang has published two books and over 200 papers
main interests of research include transmission line’s
about his professional work. And He received the Second-Class Rewards for Science
corona discharge and transmission line’s icing.
and Technology Advancement from China in 2005 and 2009; Beijing Government
in 1998; Ministry of Education in 1991 and 2001, respectively; the first-class Reward
for Science and Technology Advancement from the Ministry of Power in 2004 and
2005; the Second-Class Reward for Science and Technology Advancement from the
Ministry of Technology in 2005; the First-Class Reward for Science and Technology
Advancement from the Ministry of Education in 2006; and the First-Class Reward
for Science and Technology Advancement from Chongqing City in 2006 and 2008,
Hunan Province in 2011. Lichun Shu was born in Chongqing, China, in
Februry 1964. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D.
Bingbing Dong was born in Anhui Province, China, degrees in engineering from Chongqing University,
on 10 September 1987. He graduated from Shandong China in 1985, 1988 and 2002, respectively. In 1988,
University of science and technology in 2009. Now, he began to work at Chongqing University as an
he is working toward the Ph.D. degree in the College Assistant Professor, then as a lecturer and Associate
of Electric Engineering, Chongqing University. His Professor from 1992 to 1999. He became a Professor
main interests of research include high voltage in 2000. He joined the Research Group on
technology, external insulation and transmission Atmospheric Environment Engineering (GRIEA) of
line’s icing. the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi as a Visiting Professor in 2001-2002.
Dr. Shu has worked mainly in the field of HV external insulation. He is
author and co-author of several scientific publications.