Higher Education Language & Presentation Support

Paraphrasing,
Summarising and Quoting
to Avoid Plagiarism
HELPS (Higher Education Language & Presentation Support)
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•Website: ssu.uts.edu.au/helps

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Contact us
UTS:HELPS 2
• Weekly workshops
• Drop-in consultations
• Writing clinics
• Conversations@UTS
• Intensive academic English programs
• Self-help learning resources

HELPS
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 Why Paraphrase,
Summarise & Quote?
• To SUPPORT your
arguments

• To show your
engagement with the
academic literature and
ideas

• To show what you’ve

been reading and
engaging with

• Show it is a reliable
source of information-fit
for academic purposes

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Exercise
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Q: What’s the difference between
• Paraphrasing?
• Quoting?
• Summarising?

Question
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UTS:HELPS 7
WHY do you need to reference your
quotes and paraphrases?

1. To avoid plagiarism!
2. As a courtesy to the original person whose ideas
you have read.
3. By showing you have done effective research &
background reading.
4. By demonstrating your levels of knowledge to your
peers and lecturers.
5. By becoming familiar with the current theories and
thinking in your field of study.
6. To show authority in your work and levels of
academic professionalism.

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 How to use source material
» You have choices…
• Use the original ‘word for word’ and use it as either a short 10%
or longer quote + add correct reference

• OR re-read it, paraphrase it /summarise it and use your 90%

own words to re-phrase it + add the correct reference
afterwards.

• DO NOT just read the original, copy it word for word and then 0%
reference it – this is considered plagiarism and that you are stealing
someone else’s ideas/words.

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 • For both ‘direct quotes’ and paraphrased/
summarised versions –they must both be cited
correctly.

• IF you use the exact words (quotes) of the 10%

author/writer/speaker you must use quotation marks
appropriately and provide the reference as well
and page number.

• For paraphrased/summarised material–just add the 90%

correct reference.

Direct Quotes, Summaries or Paraphrases?

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Quick Intro
• You’re writing a paper/assignment 
• You find great useful info on the web
• You find great useful info in an article/book 

• You want to include this (as a quote/paraphrase)

‘to support’ your arguments

• You will use the UTS Harvard Referencing system to

show us where you got the information from

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Direct Quoting:
You may say I'm a dreamer
But I'm not the only one
I hope someday you'll join us
And the world will be as one
John Lennon, 1971

* Non academic source

used as a clear example

In discussing the implications of World peace and

reflecting on how this could be delivered, one is
reminded of the famous song ‘Imagine’ by John
Lennon in which he stated ‘You may say that I’m a
dreamer, but I’m not the only one, I hope someday
you’ll join us and the world be as one’ (Lennon 1971,
p34). This is a clear example of how popular culture
has expressed the desire of….

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* Do not overuse direct quotes however –can
make your writing seem disjointed & choppy
Paraphrasing
You may say I'm a dreamer
But I'm not the only one
I hope someday you'll join us
And the world will be as one
John Lennon, 1971

• 2 ways to do it. * Non academic source used as a

clear example

• Highlight Info = The World should work together and

become one and develop World peace and that the
hope of this happening is something that is shared by
many people and is not just an illusion (Lennon 1971).

• Highlight Author = Lennon (1971) claimed that he did not

only hope and dream for World peace but that the world
should work and come together in delivering it.

* The information is paraphrased and

NOT copied directly – do not just copy
and paste!

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Exercise
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• Q1.Paraphrase or Quote? / How do you know?

Example:
Q2.
Information
led or Author
led?

e: [email protected] 15
Avoid Plagiarising

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Exercise
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Q: Discussion Task
Which is considered plagiarism?

1) Not providing a reference when you’ve used someone’s

idea.
2) Copying a few sentences from an article on the internet.
3) Not giving a reference when you’ve used common
knowledge.
4) Giving the reference, but not using quotation marks when
you directly take a sentence from another writer’s article.
5) Taking a paragraph from another student’s essay without
acknowledging it.
6) Presenting the results of your own research.

Avoiding Plagiarism
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• Discussion Task ANSWERS
Which is considered plagiarism?

1) Not providing a reference when you’ve used someone’s

idea.
2) Copying a few sentences from an article on the internet.
3) Not giving a reference when you’ve used common
knowledge.
4) Giving the reference, but not using quotation marks when
you directly take a sentence from another writer’s article.
5) Taking a paragraph from another student’s essay without
acknowledging it.
6) Presenting the results of your own research.
results of your own research.

Avoiding Plagiarism
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• To avoid plagiarising, you need to paraphrase effectively:

• Why does paraphrasing mean?

• What is an effective method of paraphrasing?

• Does anyone have any useful tips?

Paraphrasing
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 Paraphrasing strategy
It can be difficult to find new words for an idea that is
already well expressed. The following strategy will make
the job of paraphrasing a lot easier:

• do not copy the passage word for word

• make a note only of the author's basic point and key words. don't
use full sentences, use bullet points.

• translate the language of the original into your own words.

• capture the original idea.

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 Paraphrasing Strategy
Students are often tempted to copy
directly from the internet or books.
This is a particularly serious offence
which is called plagiarism, but more
commonly known to students as

• Paraphrasing task – read

cheating. If students are caught doing
this, they risk serious punishment
which often results in failing their
chosen course or module of study. this original text
This can be expensive as university
and college courses often cost
thousands of dollars. Moreover,
students usually think that teachers
or lecturers will not know that they
have copied, yet they are unaware
that in most cases, teachers can
identify 90% of copied or plagiarised
writing.
(Johnson & Kelso, 2010)

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 Paraphrasing Strategy
• Paraphrasing task – read this original text
• Now summarise it-using bullet points & key words only. Do not use full
sentences!
Students are often tempted to copy
directly from the internet or books.
This is a particularly serious offence •Summary 1
which is called plagiarism, but more
commonly known to students as •Summary 2
cheating. If students are caught doing
this, they risk serious punishment
which often results in failing their •Summary 3
chosen course or module of study.
This can be expensive as university •Summary 4
and college courses often cost
thousands of dollars. Moreover,
students usually think that teachers •Summary 5
or lecturers will not know that they
have copied, yet they are unaware •Summary 6
that in most cases, teachers can
identify 90% of copied or plagiarised •Summary 7
writing.
(Johnson & Kelso 2010)

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 Paraphrasing strategy
Your rewritten text here

•Summary 1 This is my paraphrased

writing from the
•Summary 2 original text. This is
my paraphrased
•Summary 3 writing from the
original text. This is
Cover your original and •Summary 4 my paraphrased
do not look at it! writing from the
•Summary 5 original text. This is
my paraphrased
•Summary 6 writing from the
original text. This is
•Summary 7 my paraphrased
writing from the
original text.

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 Paraphrasing strategy
• Remember to add the reference for Your re-written text
where you saw this information to your here:
text. This is my paraphrased
writing from the
original text. This is
my paraphrased
writing from the
original text. This is
my paraphrased
writing from the
original text. This is
my paraphrased
writing from the
original text. This is
my paraphrased
writing from the
original text.(Johnson &
Kelso 2010).
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Additional paraphrasing
strategy
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Exercise
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UTS:HELPS 28
• Short quotations (less than 30 words)

Smith notes that in recent years, some non-profit

organisations have diversified into what he calls
‘bold, ugly bared-faced commercialised
giants’ (2008 p.69).

Using quotes
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• Longer quotations (over 30 words) must be indented
and italised with ref. at the bottom.

The path towards becoming a social entrepreneur has been

described as follows:

‘Above all it takes the courage to change … because every

organisation has an organisational culture that gets in the way
… a collection of shared values that defines who we are, what
we stand for, how we should treat our clients, and so on’.
(Dees 1998, p.10)

Therefore, it can be argued that many organisations are actually…

Using quotes
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Exercise
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• Use references to support your argument- NOT
just provide them for you.

• Therefore...

Ref + your interpretation /contrast /critical

analysis is often stronger than the references by
themselves.

• See example on next slide

Use of References
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Using sources well ….compare
• Example A: • Example B:
Sinclair (2009) claims that Sinclair (2009) claims that
effective communication is effective communication is
an essential element for an essential element for all
all organisations in order organisations in order to
to be successful. Also, be successful. In contrast
Mather, Webb & Davidson however, Mather, Webb &
(2009) state that effective Davidson (2009) state that
dialogues and listening to
effective dialogues and
stakeholders are
listening to all stakeholders
necessary skills in the 21st
century workplace.....
are necessary skills in the
21st century workplace and
this is an important reason
why communication is.....

Q: WHICH IS MORE EFFECTIVE? Why? 33

Putting it all together

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Full Essay Example

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Source: Central Queensland University, 2008
• Need to use your sources (quotes, paraphrases
and summaries) to show critical analysis and
critical reflection in the field.

Developing Critical
Analysis
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• Using refs to support NOT give your
arguments
• To show who is in
agreement/disagreement on these
topics
• To show the thinking in ‘the field’

Using references to develop

critical analysis
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• Showing you agree with the author
acknowledge, admit, add, confirm, demonstrate, emphasise,
formulate, indicate, point out, prove, report, reveal, show,
validate, verify

• Leaving you room for disagreement with the author

analyse, argue, believe, comment, deal with, define, discuss,
examine, find, illustrate, imply, insist, list, mention, note, observe,
postulate, present, propose, reject, remark, say, state, study,
suggest, survey, write.

• Suggesting you may not agree the author

allege, assert, claim, deny, maintain

Citation verbs - the extent to which you

agree with the author
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Consider using the following after you have given the author's name (and the year or notation):

•X states that . . . X takes the view that . . .

•X claims that . . . •X contends that . . .
•X asserts that . . . •X believes that . . .
•X agrees that . . . •X proposes that . . .
•X strongly argues . . . •X concludes that . . .
•X comments that . . . •X maintains that . . .
•X suggests that . . . •X concedes that . . .
•X comments that . . . •X notes that . . .
•X says that . . . •According to X . . .
•X observes that . . . •As X states . . .

Quoting verbs
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• Use paraphrases , summaries and quotes to
SUPPORT your arguments!

• Use references somewhat sparingly

• Do not overuse them –they are to SUPPORT /

not provide your arguments

How to use references

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• Try to vary your style –don’t be repetitive in your ref
style.

• Let your reading influence your ref style (imitate

academic readings)

• Build self knowledge of referencing/paraphrasing &

quoting

• Ask for help to become more sophisticated if need

be

How to develop your paraphrasing,

summarising & quoting style
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Exercise
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 Look at the sample of writing.

Example
Q: What information do the refs link to?

Q: Are they paraphrased or quoted?

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 Citing from Secondary Sources
• You read a book by Jones (2008) who writes
about research done by Smith & Neilson (2007).
How & who do you cite?

• Research by Smith & Neilson (as cited by Jones 2008, p86) shows
that…
• Smith & Neilson’s research (as cited by Jones, 2008, p86) states
that….

Using Secondary Sources

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 How many sources?
 Too many refs here

 Good amount of refs

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• http://www.uts.edu.au/current-
students/support/helps/self-help-
resources/referencing-and-plagiarism

• http://www.lib.uts.edu.au/help/referencing

• http://www.plagiarism.org

Further Resources / help

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 Published by Routledge Published by Palgrave Macmillan
Press. Approx $52 Approx $20

Useful Further Resources

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Thanks for your time today.

Any Questions?
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