Microprocessor and Interfacing

CS-212
What is a digital computer??

• A digital computer is an electronic machine capable of quickly

performing a wide variety of tasks. They can be used to compile,
correlate, sort, merge and store data as well as perform complex
calculations at much faster rate than human being by means of stored
instructions.
The first digital computer(1946): ENIAC
ENIAC occupied about :-
• 1,800 square feet
• Consisted of almost 20,000 vacuum tubes,
• 1,500 relays,
• 10,000 capacitors, and
• 70,000 resistors.
• It also used 200 kilowatts of electricity, weighed over 30 tons, and
cost about $487,000.
The first computer with RAM
• Whirlwind machine in 1955 is a revolutionary computer that was the
first digital computer with magnetic core RAM and real-time graphics.
 IBM 1620 (A Transistor Computer in 1959)

• The IBM 1620 was a general-purpose,

stored-program data processing system for
small businesses, research and engineering
departments of large companies, and
schools requiring solutions to complex
problems in the areas of engineering,
research, and management science.
The first minicomputer:- PDP-1
• The PDP-1 (Programmed Data Processor-1) is
the first computer in Digital Equipment
Corporation's PDP series and was first
produced in 1960.
• The PDP-1 uses an 18-bit word size and has
4096 words as standard main memory.
• The PDP-1 uses 2,700 transistors and 3,000
diodes.
• The PDP-1 weighed about 1,600 pounds
(730 kg)
Programma 101
• Programma 101, also known as P101, is the
first commercial programmable "desktop
computer” in 1968.
• The Programma 101 was able to calculate
the basic four arithmetic functions
(addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division), plus square root, absolute value,
and fractional part.
The First Microprocessor
• Intel introduces the first microprocessor, the
Intel 4004 on November 15, 1971.
• The 4004 had a 4-bit processor. The
instructions were stored in ROM (read-only
memory), while the data was stored in an
external register. The 4004 used a 4-bit address
bus.
 What is a Microprocessor?
The word comes from the combination micro and processor.

– Processor means a device that processes whatever. In this context processor

means a device that processes numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and
1’s.

To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that describes all

manipulation. Again in this content, it means to perform certain operations on
the numbers that depend on the microprocessor’s design
 Definition of the Microprocessor
• The microprocessor is a programmable device that takes in numbers,
performs on them arithmetic or logical operations according to the
program stored in memory and then produces other numbers as a
result.
• Historically, digital computers have been categorized according to the
size using the words large, medium, minicomputer and
microcomputer.
• As the technology has advanced from SSI to VLSI & SLSI, the face of the
computer has changed gradually and it became possible to build the
entire central processing unit (CPU) on a single chip known as
microprocessor.
• A microprocessor combined with memory and input/output devices
forms a microcomputer.
• Microcomputers or, in general, computers communicate and operate in
binary numbers ‘0’ and ‘1’ also known as bits.
• The bit size of a microprocessor refers to the number of bits which
can be processed simultaneously by the arithmetic circuit of the
microprocessor. A number of bits taken as a group in this manner is
called word.
• For example, the first commercial microprocessor the Intel 4004
which was introduced in 1971 is a 4-bit machine and is said to process
a 4-bit word.
Microcomputers
• A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a
microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU).
• It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output (I/O)
circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board.
• The predecessors to these computers, mainframes and
minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive.
• Many microcomputers (when equipped with a keyboard and screen
for input and output) are also personal computers (in the generic
sense).
Microcontrollers:
• A μP does not have enough memory for program and data storage, neither
does it has any input and output devices.
• when a μP is used to design a system, several other chips, such as memory
chips and input/output ports, are also used to make up a complete
microcomputer system.
• For many applications, these extra chips imply additional cost and
increased size of the product and may not be suitable for the application, in
such applications a microcontroller is used more often than a
microprocessor.
• A microcontroller is a chip consisting of a microprocessor, memory and
input/output ports.
Microcontroller Microprocessor
• Key difference in both of them is presence of external peripheral, where
microcontrollers have RAM, ROM, EEPROM embedded in it while we have
to use external circuits in case of microprocessors.
• As all the peripheral of microcontroller are on single chip it is compact
while microprocessor is bulky.
• Microcontrollers are made by using complementary metal oxide
semiconductor technology so they are far cheaper than microprocessors. In
addition the applications made with microcontrollers are cheaper because
they need lesser external components, while the overall cost of systems
made with microprocessors are high because of the high number of
external components required for such systems.
• Processing speed of microcontrollers is about 8 MHz to 50 MHz, but in
contrary processing speed of general microprocessors is above 1 GHz so it
works much faster than microcontrollers.
• Microcontrollers are based on Harvard architecture where program
memory and data memory are separate while microprocessors are based
on von Neumann model where program and data are stored in same
memory module.
Microprocessor History and Generations
• Fair child semiconductors (founded in 1957) invented the first
Integrated Circuit in 1959 that marked the microprocessor history.
• In 1968, Gordan Moore, Robert Noyce and Andrew Grove resigned
from the Fair child semiconductors and started their own company:
Integrated Electronics (Intel).
• In 1971, the first microprocessor Intel 4004 was invented.
• A microprocessor is also known as a central processing unit in which
numbers of peripherals’ are fabricated on a single chip.
• It has ALU (arithmetic and logic unit), a control unit, registers, bus
systems and a clock to perform computational tasks.
Generation of Microprocessor

• 1st Generation: This was the period during 1971 to 1973 of

microprocessor’s history. In 1971, INTEL created the first
microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock speed of 108 KHz.
During this period, the other microprocessors in the market including
Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL-8008 and National
semiconductors IMP-16 were in use. But, all these were not TTL
compatible processors.
Contd.

• 2nd Generation: This was the period during 1973 to 1978 in which
very efficient 8-bit microprocessors were implemented like Motorola
6800 and 6801, INTEL-8085 and Zilogs-Z80, which were among the
most popular ones. Owing to their superfast speed, they were costly
as they were based on NMOS technology fabrication.
Contd.
• 3rd Generation: During this period 16 bit processors were created
and designed using HMOS technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL
8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed.
Speeds of those processors were four times better than the 2nd
generation processors.
Contd.
• 4th Generation: From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32 bit
microprocessors by using HCMOS fabrication. INTEL-80386 and
Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the popular processors.

• 5th Generation: From 1995 to until now this generation has been
bringing out high-performance and high-speed processors that make
use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include Pentium, Celeron,
Dual and Quad core processors.
INTEL 4004
➢ Introduced in 1971.

➢ It was the first microprocessor by Intel.

➢ It was a 4-bit µP.

➢ 4 KB main memory
➢ Its clock speed was 740KHz.

➢ It had 2,300 transistors.

➢ It could execute around 60,000 instructions per

second.
5
INTEL 8008
➢ Introduced in 1972.
➢ It was first 8-bit µP.
➢ 16 KB main memory
➢ Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
➢ Could execute 50,000 instructions per
second.

8
INTEL 8080
➢ Introduced in 1974.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ 64 KB main memory
➢ Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
➢ It had 6,000 transistors.
➢ Was 10 times faster than
8008.
➢ Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per
second. 9
INTEL 8085 ➢ Introduced in 1976.
➢ It was also 8-bit µP.
➢ Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
➢ Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-
bit.
➢ It had 6,500 transistors.
➢ Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per
second.
➢ It could access 64 KB of
memory.
➢ It had 246 instructions.
10
 ➢ Introduced in 1978.
INTEL 8086
➢ It was first 16-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz,

depending on the version.

➢ Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.

➢ It had 29,000 transistors.

➢ Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.

➢ It could access 1 MB of memory.

➢ It had 22,000 instructions.

12
INTEL 8088
➢ Introduced in 1979.

➢ It was also 16-bit µP.

➢ It was created as a cheaper version of Intel’s 8086.

➢ It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.

➢ Only difference of the 8088 CPU from the 8086 is the external data
bus width - it was reduced from 16 bits to 8 bits.

➢ The 8088 CPU uses two consecutive bus cycles to read or write 16 bit
data instead of one bus cycle for the 8086, which makes the 8088
processor to run slower

➢ Hardware changes to the 8088 CPU made it compatible with

8080/8085 support chips.
13
INTEL 80186 & 80188

➢ Introduced in 1982.
➢ They were 16-bit µPs.
➢ The Intel 80186 is based on the earlier 8086 CPU with the same 20-bit
address bus
➢ The 80188 had an 8-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus.
➢ The 80188 series was generally intended for embedded systems, as
microcontrollers with external memory.
➢ Clock speed was 6 MHz.

14
INTEL 80286

➢ Introduced in 1982.

➢ It was 16-bit µP.

➢ Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

➢ It was the first 8086 based CPU with separate, non-

multiplexed address and data buses

15
INTEL 80386
➢ Introduced in 1986.
➢ It was first 32-bit µP.
➢ Its data bus is 32-bit and address bus is 32-bit.
➢ It could address 4 GB of memory.
➢ The Intel 80286, a 16-bit processor with a segment-based memory
management and protection system.
➢ The 80386 added a 32-bit architecture and a paging translation unit,
which made it much easier to implement operating systems that
used virtual memory.

17
INTEL 80486
➢ Introduced in 1989.
➢ It was also 32-bit µP, with data bus size is of 32- bit.
➢ It had 1.2 million transistors.
➢ Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the
various versions.
➢ A 50 MHz 80486 executes around 40 million instructions per second
on average and is able to reach 50 MIPS peak performance.

18
INTEL PENTIUM
➢ Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-
compatible microprocessors produced by Intel since 1993.
➢ 32-bit microprocessor, 64-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus.

➢ The core execution units are two integer pipelines and a floating point
pipeline with dedicated adder, multiplier and divider .

➢ The Pentium processor can decode two consecutive “Simple” instructions

I1 and 12.

➢ It was originally named 80586.

➢ Its clock speed was 66 MHz.

19
Block Diagram of 8085
Three Units of 8085
• Processing Unit
• Instruction Unit
• Storage and Interface Unit
Processing Unit
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit
• Accumulator
• Status Flags
• Temporary Register
Instruction Unit
• Instruction Register
• Instruction Decoder
• Timing and Control Unit
Storage and Interface Unit
• General Purpose Registers
• Stack Pointer
• Program Counter
• Increment/Decrement Register
• Address Latch
• Address/Data Latch