EE 413 – Electromagnetic II

University of Tripoli

Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department

Dr. Mustafa Abdalla

2021
Main text book
Engineering Electromagnetic Fields and Waves
By CARL T.A. JOHNK
Required Chapters: 6,7, 8, 9, 10

Supplementary book
Elements of Electromagnetics
By MATTEW N/O.SADIKU

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 Chapter 0
Review
Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
 A changing magnetic field produces an electric field, and a changing electric field
produces a magnetic field.

 Accelerating charges produce electromagnetic waves.

 The existence of EM waves, predicted by Maxwell’s equations, was first investigated by

Heinrich Hertz (sometimes called Hertzian waves).
In general, waves are means of transporting energy or information. Typical examples of
EM waves include radio waves, TV signals, radar,…

Classifications of waves

Longitudinal Waves: Vibration is parallel to the direction of propagation. Sound and

pressure waves are longitudinal.

Transverse Waves: the motion of the matter particles is perpendicular to the direction of
propagation of the wave itself.

Mechanical Waves
 A material medium is necessary for the transmission for mechanical waves.
Mechanical waves cannot travel through vacuum.
 Disturbance is transmitted from one layer to the next through the medium.

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 Mechanical Waves

Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic Waves

 Electromagnetic waves travel through empty space

 All electromagnetic waves travels at c = 3x108 m/s in vacuum (speed of light).

 Electric field, magnetic field, and direction of travel are mutually perpendicular.

Goal in this chapter: Solve Maxwell’s equations and describe EM wave motion in the
following media:

where  is the angular frequency of the wave

The wave has the following characteristics

 It varies with both time and space.

 It is time harmonic.

 The amplitude of the wave is A.

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  The phase of the wave (in radians) is the term (ωt-βz), depends on time t and space
variable z.

 ω is the angular frequency in (radians/second).

 β is the phase constant, or wave number in (radians per meter).

Since it takes time for the wave to travel distance at the speed
  vT
1
v 

1
( v is the speed of the wave, depends on the medium  )


But T=1/f, where f is the frequency of the wave in Hertz (Hz)

v  f
since

  2 f , and 
v

This shows that for every wavelength of distance traveled, a wave undergoes phase change of
2 radians.

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Point P is a point of constant phase, therefore

 t   z  constant
dz 
 z   v
dt 
Notes:
Asin  t   z  is wave propagating in +z direction (forward traveling, or positive-going
wave)
Asin  t + z  is wave propagating in -z direction (backward traveling, or negative going
wave)

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 TABLE 1 Electromagnetic Spectrum

Example-1
An Electric field in free space is given by

(a) Find the direction of wave propagation.

(b) Calculate β and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ/2.

(c) Sketch the wave at t=0, T/4, and T/2.

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(a) The wave is propagating along  ax direction.
  108 1
(b) in free space v  c ,      rad/m
v c 3 108
3
If T is the period of the wave, it takes T seconds to travel a distance at speed c. Hence to
travel a distance /2 will take:

 Wave Propagation in Lossy Dielectrics

A lossy dielectric is a medium in which an EM wave, as it propagates, loses power owing to
imperfect dielectric. (partially conducting medium with σ ≠ 0)

In other words, a lossy dielectric is a partially conducting medium (imperfect dielectric or

imperfect conductor) with   0 , as distinct from a lossless dielectric (perfect or good
dielectric) in which   0 .

Consider a linear, isotropic, homogeneous, lossy dielectric medium that is charge free
macroscopic v  0 . Assuming and suppressing the time factor e j t , Maxwell’s equations
become

Taking the curl of both sides of equation (3) gives:

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We get

Note : E s  Eˆ and H s  Hˆ
α is attenuation constant (Np/m): defines the rate of decay of the wave in the medium.
measured in Nepers per meter (Np/m).

 α=0 for lossless medium (σ=0)

 An attenuation of 1 Neper indicates a reduction of e-1 of the original value.

 ( 1 Np  20 log 10e  8.686 dB ).

β is phase constant (rad/m) : is a measure of the phase shift per unit length in radians per
meter. (also called wave number)
2 
 
 v

This is a scalar wave equation, a differential equation with solution:

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( second part is zero since we assumed wave traveling along +a ).

A Sketch of |E| at times t = 0 and t =Δt is shown

An E-field with an x-component traveling in the +z-direction at times t = and t  t ; arrows indicate
instantaneous values of E.

Notice E has only x-component and it is traveling in the +z direction

H(,) can be obtained as:

where is complex quantity known as , in ohms of the medium.

With

or

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• Notice that E and H are out of phase by Ѳη at any instant of time. Thus , E leads H (or H
lags E) by Ѳη.

• The ratio of the magnitude of the conduction current density Jc to that of the displacement
current density Jd in a lossy medium is

Loss angle of a lossy medium

Where tanѲ is known as the loss tangent and Ѳ is the loss angle of the medium.

 tanѲ is used to determine how lossy the medium is:

 Good (lossless or perfect) dielectric if tanѲ is vary small (σ<<ωε)
 Good conductor if tanѲ is very large (σ>>ωε)

Behaviour of a medium depends not only on parameters σ, ε, and μ, but also on the
frequency. A medium regarded as a good conductor at low frequencies may be a good
dielectric at high frequencies.

is called the complex permittivity of the medium.

Notice that the ratio of  '' to  ' is the loss tangent of the medium; that is.

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 Plane waves in lossless dielectrics
In a lossless dielectric, σ<<ωε (special case ), except that

Also, Since

And thus E and H are in time phase with each other.

 Plane waves in free space

In free space

This may be regarded as special case of section

Where c=3x108 m/sec, is the speed of light in a vacuum

 is called the intrinsic impedance of free space.

If E  E o cos( t   z )ax
Eo
Then H  H o cos( t   z )ay where H  cos( t   z )ay

In general, if aE , aH and ak are unit vectors along the E field and H field, and the direction of
wave propagation

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 ak  aE  aH
ak  aH  aE
aE  aH  ak

Plots of E and H (a) as functions of z at t 5 0; and (b) at z 5 0. The arrows indicate instantaneous values.

 Wave representation

Different types of Wave representation

 Both E and H fields (or EM waves) are everywhere normal to the direction of wave
propagation, ak.

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 They form an EM wave and have no electric or magnetic field components along the
direction of propagation. Such a wave is called a transverse electromagnetic (TEM)
wave.

 A combination of E and H is called a uniform plane wave because E (or H) has the same
magnitude throughout any transverse plane, defined by z=constant.

 Uniform plane waves serve as approximations to practical waves such as those from a
radio antenna a distance sufficiently far from radiating sources.

Plane Waves in Good Conductors

A perfect or good conductor is one in which σ>>ωε

Also, since

Thus E leads H by 45

 Therefore, as the wave travels in a conducting medium, it amplitude is attenuated by a

factor e-αz.

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 The distance δ, through which the wave amplitude decreases to a factor e-1 (about 37% of
the original value) is called skin depth or penetration depth of the medium.
The skin depth is a measure of the depth to which an EM wave can penetrate the medium

Illustration of skin depth

 Plane Waves in Good Conductors

 The skin depth decreases with increasing frequency. Thus, E and H can hardly propagate
through good conductors.
 The fields and currents are confined to a very thin layer (the skin) of the conductor
surface.

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 For a wire of radius a, it is a good approximation at high frequencies to assume that all of
the current flows in the circular ring of thickness δ. (as shown )

Skin effect : is the tendency for high-frequency currents to flow on the surface of a
conductor. * The effective conductor cross section decreases and the conductor resistance
increases. It is used to advantage in many applications:

 Since the skin depth in silver is very small, silver plating is often used to reduce the
material cost of waveguide components. (e.g silver-plating on brass).

 Hollow conductors are used instead of solid conductors in outdoor television antennas,
and thus saving weight and cost.

The dc resistance is given by R dc 

 Acs
The surface or skin resistance Rs (in  ) is given by
1 f 
Rs  ( real part of  for a good conductor0
 

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The ac resistance Rac is calculated by using the dc formula with cross section area
Acs   w where w is the width
Rs
R ac  
w w
For a conductor of radius a, w a, w  2 a . So

R ac  2 a a a
    f 
R dc 2 2
 a 2
At high frequencies, Rac is far greater than Rdc

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