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Development Dynamics

The document discusses the evolution of development administration as a concept from the 1960s to the 1980s. It started as a state-led approach focused on economic growth and modernization in the 1960s, but shifted to include basic needs, equity, and indigenous approaches in the 1970s in response to failures. The 1980s saw further shifts toward people-centric and learning approaches as well as the rise of neoliberalism.

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GhanshyamDixit
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10 views

Development Dynamics

The document discusses the evolution of development administration as a concept from the 1960s to the 1980s. It started as a state-led approach focused on economic growth and modernization in the 1960s, but shifted to include basic needs, equity, and indigenous approaches in the 1970s in response to failures. The 1980s saw further shifts toward people-centric and learning approaches as well as the rise of neoliberalism.

Uploaded by

GhanshyamDixit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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27/08/2019

Development Dynamics
-Development Administration
As a concept it is a recent addition in vocabulary of Public
Administration moreover it is the concept developed by Scholars of
Developed Countries and exclusively to capture the administration of
Post-colonial countries in Asia , Africa & Latin American Countries .
1st World -> Where Industrialization Came for first time.
2nd World -> Communist, Socialist, Societies
3rd World -> Post – Colonial Societies
4th World -> Under Developed or Remote Societies
5th World -> Fundamentalism
UN now only was less developed and more developed
Let us try to understand it from centric point of view for this we have to
taqker help of non- developmental Administration .], Functions of Govt
can be broadly divided into .
Developmental Functions, Education Health Etc.
Non Developmental Functions- Law & Order, DEFENSE Etc
Symbolic Functions Collaborations, Aditfacts
The administration which deals with developmental functions is
developmental administrator.
The administration that deals with non-developmental administration.
They both cannot become partialised as they are interlinked /
interrelated.
Western Scholars have defined development administration in no of
ways (there is disagreement).There view can be divided in 2
i) Narrow View Every Definition of Development
Administration
ii) Broader View
Theorist like Montegonens Fainsod has taken narrow view, they
believed dev ad refers to a type of Ad Systems Engaged to bring about
economic growth / engaged to bring about engager, in capital formation
growth infrastructure .The focus of these societies is towards:
- Nation Building
- Rapid Socio Economic Change
For this they need finance.

Other theorist like Riggs, Edward Wildner or Pryor Diamond they have
taken broader view .Acc to Them Dev Ad is concerned with bringing
about comprehensive changes it not mere economic growth but also
political, social and cultural changes .They believed that it’s engaged in
Nation Building itself.

Riggs maintains development Act includes all of development &


development of Ad Studying and strengthening, training, infusing
finances in administration, introducing them so that administration
became capable being capable is able to carry out its development goal.
He maintains no of this primary relationship is of egg and chicken
relationships simultaneously both have to be taken into a/c
Wedner maintained that development is change oriented, i8t involves
positive change moreover progress .Dev Ad is change oriented, and
result oriented action oriented administrative system

- It cannot be based on Weber’s Administration. Which is rule and


means oriented?
- One of the widely accepted definition has been put forward by a
theorist named “George Gant”
- Acc to ‘Gant ‘Dev Ad is characterized by its purpose, loyalty and
attitude.
- It will be difficult on the basis of these 3.
- By purpose he refers ad , being goal oriented result oriented &
constitution value oriented & oriented towards social ethos
- By Loyalties, the Ad is loyal to people committed to people /
public interest rather than vested interests or to any Pvt Interest.
- By attitude the ad is to be flexible not rigid, it should be creative,
innovative, friendly associative should have ability to take risk.
- Generalizations on the basis of Above theories
- Dev Ad unlike to Weberian Ad System is:

i) Change ORIENTED – Result , Action


ii) Flexible Creative and Innovative
iii) Decentralized & Democratic
iv) Participative & Accommodative

Dev Ad is a conceptual Dev of western scholars under the ages of CPA,


Thereby Dev Ad is a intellectual contribution of CPA.

28/08/2019
Changing Profile Of Development Administration.

Intellectually developed the thinkers of CPA


Other important events in its development

1) The Great Depression: Case for increased role of state


Keynesian theory.
2) The Marshall Plan : A reconstruction plan put World war for
European Countries [US initiated it]
3) The Success of State laid planned approach by Soviet Russia.

Based on these developments the post world war assistance program by


the west was developed UN, WHO, UNESCO, Ford Foundation came
into the existence.
This development with setting up of institutions like comparative
politics Group, comparative AD group to study non- western systems.
All this combining resulted into what is known as development
administration

Development Ad of 1960s was considered to be as an imp contribution


of achievement of public administration.

WAS CONSIDERED Administrative Framework with aim of catching


solving the problem / issues of developing societies.
During this period Dev Ad was based on theoretical framework of
economic growth and modernization.
Development was conceptualized to the extent of economic growth.
Economic growth theory emphasized on need for economic growth as
the basis for development .Thereby it emphasized on production,
investment and on growth .Dev was moreover a technical project rather
than a human project .More emphasis was on planning, exp,
management, production scheduling etc.

The approach was means – end approach.

- Modernization: - It was believed that development & under


development was differentiated by Modernity & tradition.
These 2 factors were dichotomized
Modernization:
i) Economy Perspective
- Urbanization
- Industrialization
- Mechanization
ii) Social Perspective /Culturally
- Acquiring Rational Ideas
- Death Of Tradition
- Moving Away From Convention
- Adopting Value of Reason/ logic
iii) Political Perspective
Adopting Western Ideas

Modernization in reality was westernization [ CAP that time ]


Because widely it was believed west is modern(developed) & rest is
traditional (Underdeveloped)

 During this period (Post World War ) Dev A d was based on state
Liad approach (1960s)
 Dev Ad was structurally founded in Weberian Bureaucracy.
 The focus was on capacity building i.e. making this administration
more acceptable and development oriented.
 Dev Ad in 1960s was adopted with optimistic approach i.e.
optimistic in nature / ethnocentric
 Western systems was imposed with no question on western
wisdom .It’s advices willingly adopted.

1970s
There was some changes significant shifts .Prior to 1970s in 2 nd half of
1960s many development paradigm of west was changing studies
conducted in south Vietnam , South Korea ,Iran, Indicates that
development administration of 190s have painfully failed
Almost in all developing countries the failure was very well perceived
Some studies came up :
i) Study by International Labor Org & certain other revealed that
in north – south relationship there ius inflow towards north.
ii) This resulted into certain imp changes the problem still
continues new problems have emerged (in south0 [ Population
Growth ]
Some reformative changes & radical changes

(1) ILO called for basic need approach.


(2) World Bank also gave minimum need approach
(3) The emphasis was not only limited to Minimum Need but
also an distribution social equity.

The State laid Weberian approach towards Development


Administration, ILO etc. Emphasized on alternative approach.
Alternative Approach was more endogenous 7 indigenous efforts was
organized .
Radical Theorist was termed as dependency theorists as they
advocated dependency, theory also known as master puppet theory..

Theorist: AG Frank. Powl Pran etc.


They were highly critical of western paradigm of development in fact
believed that western is still imposing project.

Colonization: They have pursuing through new strategy of neo-


colonialism, i.e. there is no of physical occupation & controlling their
resources through idea, finance and technology
They emphasized that developing countries will never develop till
they have relationship with developed countries .The changes in
developing countries are as per reqnt of the west.
The relationship can be metamorphicaly relationship b/w interpolitan
core & interpolitan periphery.
This relationship is not of assistance rather it’s colonization in a new
form, The link with the west needs to be completely cut & strategy of
developed is evolved from within.

They are rejecting western paradigm of west itself .Optimism is


vanished and ethrocentrity is being questioned 1970‘s would be
known for celebrating for v=being other than west.
They are being criticized of being romanticizing of being other.

The proposal of DAG, Hammarskjold foundation in 09=1


 In 1973 comparative administrative Group [CAG] was dismantled,
in 1979 the journal was also discontinued.
 Much of intellectual effort to redevelopment ad was discontinued
in 1970s.
 During this period Dev Ad was continued and 2 imp strategies
approaches.
i) Adopted an unified approach in which previous approach of
considering separately culture, economic, political& cultural
components.
i) Emphasized on Participative approach i.e. dev ad should not
be technical elitist official it’s should take into a/c rural, non
official, non technical.

1980s
 Developmentally 1980s was considered as a lost decade because
most of 1970s was of crisis.
 At the same time this decade would be known for some significant
reorientation of development administration
o This decade gave legitimacy to neo liberalism.
 In terms of strategies these was emphasis on bringing about shifts /
changes.
 Pople centric approach from production approach. Moving away
from blue print approach towards learning approach
 Moving away from aero plane approach towards helicopter
approach.
 1980s would be known from shifting approaches.
 Known for going legitimacy of neo-liberalism.

1990s
 1990s would be known for de-regulation, demoralization &
democratization along with networking/ collaboration.
 One of the dominant paradigms was New Right Philosophy & New
Managearilism.
 Some of theorists have referred the Dev Ad of 1990s as
Development Management.
 Dev Ad during 1990s and after will be known as Good
Governance.

Public Governance / New Public Governance


NPM= Market Approach
NP Govt= Collaboration is emphasized i.e. networking
NP Service= Critic of NPM

2000’s /21ST Century


Dev Ad is
 Defined through management orientation , governance orientation
 Witnessing some changes in 21st century , as per assistance it used
to be North assisting South , But south – south assistance has
solved New Economics have came up
 If it is that assistance from south there are not much conditionality
 At the same time, the dev paradigm of these countries consist more
legitimacy.
 Dev Ad through has adopted the New Managerial Approach with
Governance Approach , the development administration also
experiencing as significant modification with the development
models of countries in the south itself

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