Chapter I

Introduction
Background of the Study

Agriculture is important in the Philippines' economy since a considerable proportion of

Filipinos live in rural areas and rely on agricultural activities for a living. Crop production,

particularly palay or rice, sugarcane, coconut, and bananas, was the highest in the country and

ranked high among expert products. According to the Statistica Research Department (2022), the

sector's gross output of palay production declined by 1.7 percent in 2022 due to the protracted

lockdown enforced by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as natural calamities that

happened in the country. Another difficult challenge that rice farmers face is that birds and rats,

which they cannot manage, harm their harvests. This is quite concerning and needs immediate

aid, especially at this critical time in our dear country when the price of rice is rising daily

because of land border closures against rice importation and indigenous farmers' incapacity to

fulfill local consumption demands.

Only four species of birds (and 14 in Southeast Asia) are known to feed on rice in our

country, notably the Eurasian Tree Sparrow (Passer montanus), Chestnut Munia (Lonchura

malacca), White-Bellied Munia (Lonchura leugaster), and Scaly-Breasted Munia (Lonchura

punctalata). And various rodent species are known to be rice pests; current collections around the

country show that the principal species occupying rice fields include Rattus argentiventer, Rattus

rattus mindanensis, Rattus exulans, and Rattus norvegicus. (Barbehenn et al., 1972, 1973) By

convention, the names R. argentiventer and R.r. mindanensis are now used by many biologists in

the region to appoint the most important Philippine crop tests. In this study, we hope to help

farmers and the country in increasing revenue and rice output. After the survey that was
conducted and by reading articles related to this topic, we discovered that farmers are dissatisfied

with their harvest season since, as previously showed, the price of rice is rising virtually daily

and even the fertilizers for their crops are surging, causing the rice rate to fall. In this case, this is

not favorable for both humans and the economy. As we are the future Agricultural and

Biosystems Engineers, we want to discover and implement this new device to encourage them

again to become artists on our farm. Even if we cannot foresee what might happens shortly with

this new device that we will develop, we are positive and confident that this project will become

successful with God's help.

Statement of the Problem

Farmers' annual income is dependent on the yield of crops that they produce, which is

continuously decreasing due to several factors, one of which is the damage caused by birds and

rodents. Considering the statistical survey of farmers on the percentage damage to crops caused

by birds and rodents, we would like to propose this model of automated bird detection and

repellent system using IoT based. This model has two main functions: motion detection (using

PIR sensor-based motion detectors) and repellent (using an Arduino platform and a megaphone

to make predator sounds that will drive the birds away from the field). This model's goal is to

maximize yield output and prove how IoT devices can abide in this.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of this study is to design IoT based advanced bird and rodent detector

and repeller system specifically aimed to:

• Evaluate the performance of IoT based advanced bird and rodent detector and repeller system

• Determine the efficiency of the increasing crop yield and crops using IoT based system
• To abstain the subjects from destroying and causing damages in the rice field

Significance of the Study

Given the importance of agriculture in our daily lives, we must preserve our crops from

harm. Furthermore, those tiny animals should not be killed. And as this project is being

conceptualized, we would ensure that this is safe for all of us. The advantage that we can gain

here is that it can reduce and prevent bird and rodent damage to crop yields, which can

encourage farmers to enhance crop yields and profits. The expansion of rice output will increase

as a result. This may be impossible to achieve, but we will strive for it since, as they say, "You

cannot be successful if you do not try.” Even though some articles believe that this will be

disadvantageous, we will uncover solutions that will support our findings and bear us in winning

this research. We will never give up trying and proving that this idea will benefit not just

ourselves and farmers, but the entire country and nation.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of the study will be limited to using an IoT based advanced bird and rodent

detector and repeller system. This study focused only on the evaluation of performance of the

IoT based advanced bird and rodent detector and repeller system, figuring out the efficiency of

the increasing crop yield and crops using it, and to abstain the subjects from destroying and

causing damages in the paddy.

Time and Place of the Study

 This study was conducted from – to – at the rice field of main campus, NVSU (Nueva

Vizcaya State University), Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya.

Definition of Terms

IoT - describes the network of physical objects— “things”—that are embedded with sensors,

software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data with other

devices and systems over the internet.

Sensors - a device which detects or measures a physical property and records, shows, or

otherwise responds to it.

Detector - a device or instrument designed to detect the presence of a particular object or

substance and to emit a signal in response.

Repeller - the opposite of an attractor, in dynamical systems' theory.

Deteriorating - becoming progressively worse

 Chapter II
Review of Related Literature
IoT Sensors using Arduino Platform

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an ecosystem of connected devices, such as people,

gadgets, articles, or creatures, with unique IDs that are accessible over the Internet. It can send

data across a network without requiring any human intervention. (Mind Majix Technologies,

2022)

IoT sensors are manual or digital sensors that link to circuit boards like the Raspberry Pi

2 or the Arduino Uno. (Mind Majix Technologies, 2022). Arduino is a free and open-source

platform for creating electronic projects. Arduino is made up of a physical programmable circuit

board (also known as a microcontroller) and a piece of software known as an IDE (Integrated

Development Environment) that runs on your computer and is used to create and upload

computer code to the physical board. (SparkFun Electronics) The Arduino Uno is the ideal board

for learning about electronics and coding. The most popular and well-documented board in the

Arduino family is the platform UNO, which is the sturdiest board to begin with. (Arduino, 2021)

The Arduino hardware and software were created for artists, designers, hobbyists, hackers,

newcomers, and anyone else interested in creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino

can communicate with buttons, LEDs, motors, speakers, GPS units, cameras, the internet, and

even your smartphone or television! This flexibility, combined with the fact that the Arduino

software is free, the hardware boards are priced, and both the software and hardware are simple

to learn, has resulted in a large user community that has contributed code and released

instructions for a wide range of Arduino-based projects. (SparkFun Electronics) Through

automation, IoT sensors give constant control over data, offering actionable insights. It can be
used by businesses for predictive maintenance, cost reduction, and increased efficiency. The

primary function of sensors is to collect data from their surroundings, which is then connected

directly or indirectly to the IoT network. Because of technological improvements, customers

want to connect gadgets such as smartphones to household appliances in the future. The

connection protocol and networking have enabled people and machines to communicate on the

same platform. This way, the actions of machines can be readily controlled by smart devices.

Furthermore, IoT supplies several job opportunities that must be capitalized on. It causes the

vital talent that will set you apart from the crowd. (Mind Majix Technologies, 2022)

Bird and Rodent Detector and Repeller System

According to palay production in the Philippines, based on the rate of all palay

distribution by ecosystem, palay production was 14.35 million metric tons in 2018, accounting

for 75.3 percent of total poultry production. This share rose to 76.9 percent in 2019 before falling

to 75.5 percent in 2020. Rainfed farms, on the other hand, decreased from 23.6 percent in 2018

to 22.1 percent in 2019 and will increase to 23.4 percent in 2020. Upland farm production

remained at 1% of overall palay production in 2018-2020. And, because of the protracted

lockdown enforced by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as natural disasters that

struck the country, the sector's gross output for palay production fell by 1.7 percent in 2022.

(Statistics Research Development, 2022) Another difficult challenge that farmers encounter is

that uncontrollable birds and rats destroy their crops. This is quite concerning and brings about

immediate intervention, especially at this pivotal juncture for our dear country when the price of

rice is rising every day because of land border restrictions preventing rice importation. To hand

over more effective methods of bird and rodent expulsion, we chose to install a solar-powered
bird and rodent detection and repelling system. According to the study, those annoying animals

are terrified of high-intensity ultrasonic sounds. Ultrasonic sound waves are defined as those

with frequencies greater than 20 kHz. The sound frequency that we will use is between 20 and 50

kHz, which is exactly imitating and acoustically unbearable for birds and rodents. We chose the

PIR sensor for the bird and rodent repellent because it features infrared motion detection,

coverage of more than 120 degrees, and a range of 9 meters. It can also be used in automated

mode, which generates sounds at 530-minute intervals. The maximum sound action surface area

is 4000 square meters. This repeller makes sounds to scare eagles, hawks, owls, and other

predatory birds, as well as rodents.

Control of Bird and Rodent

Sound bird and rodent deterrents, according to Alex (2016), leverage birds' and rodents'

instincts to scare them away from big open spaces. When recorded distress calls are transmitted

alongside predator calls, birds and rodents instinctively evacuate the area. Those annoying

creatures can hear sounds in the same frequency range as humans. As a result, sound-producing

Ultrasonic Sound is the sole workable choice for electrical sound deterrents. Given that

ultrasonic have been proven unsuccessful. Thus, instead of ranging to 20 and 35 kHz, we decided

to higher its frequencies to 50 kHz. Through that, we can make sure that the birds and rodents

will hear it actively in the maximum sound action surface area is 4000 square meters, which

generates sounds at 530-minute intervals.

 Chapter III
Methodology

Study Area

The study was carried out in Nueva Vizcaya State University Bayombong Campus

(16°28'47"N, 121°8'44"E). Bayombong is a municipality in the landlocked province of Nueva

Vizcaya, and it serves as the provincial capital. It was founded in the southeastern area of

present-day La Torre, where the Bayumbung River flows. Bayombong is derived from the

Gaddang term "Bayongyong," which says the confluence of a great river. It refers to a 2-meter-

long bamboo used to transport fresh water from wells erected along riverbanks. The Spanish

friars named the place "Bayumbung" and later altered it to "Bayombong" for convenience and a

lack of a suitable name.

Site Selection

The site selection area was considered on the flood free basis and resources allocation

which are specifically concentrated on Quezon Street, Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya. Researchers

chose this as the study area, given that it is inside their school campus and nearby in their

residential home, it is easy for them to see anytime and do the experimental activities.

Literary Survey
 Without agriculture, we cannot sustain our daily needs, especially the food that is

essential to our daily lives. Agriculture has a significant impact on everyone, as well as on the

economy. And all of us are conscious of the absence from the agriculture sector, that is only

carried out if our crops are gathered properly and not damaged for whatever reason. From past

research and projects that was shown and presented, one of the major problems caused to the

crops by birds and rodents. From the research ‘Automated Bird Detection and Repeller System

Using IOT Devices: An Insight from the Indian Agriculture Perspective,’ it is stated there that

the research work done by Azamjon, Yun Chan, Daeyoung Na, Cheolwon Lee, and Heung Seok

Jeon (2017) was on the topic of keeping birds away from destroying crops, and one of the

solutions they used was the solar-powered bird repeller system with the effective bird scarer

sound, which uses solar energy to create loud noises to startle the birds and other species and

cause them to flee away from that area. It is incredibly eco-friendly and a brilliant idea, however

solar electricity is not long-lasting and requires daily solar recharges, and it would not help areas

that lack strong sunny weather. There is no such perfect research or an output, not unless we

improve it. And to add something new to this topic, we combined the IoT based system and solar

panel as one of the main materials that we will be using which will make things technologically

easier and more long-lasting in this modernized generation. As it continues to raise the price for

the products used in rice fields, we need to protect or hold a security of our agricultural field. As

researchers, we produced this to protect our agricultural products, specifically rice, from the

damage caused by birds and rodents. Based on the research that we showed above, the sector's

gross output of palay production declined by 1.7 percent in 2022 due to the protracted lockdown

enforced by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, as well as natural calamities that happened

in the country. By the year 2023, the researchers will make sure to increase it by putting our trust
and confidence in this IoT based system that was created by us. Each species or group of animals

has a unique set of hearing frequencies. A unique reasoning is used to estimate their bothersome

frequency. We will employ a sound frequency between 20 and 50 kHz, which is perfectly

mimicking and acoustically uncomfortable for birds and rodents. They used a megaphone, a PIR

motion detector sensor, an audio amplifier, an MP3 module, an Arduino UNO, and a solar panel

as a battery to build this project, which resulted in a unique idea that may be extended on a larger

scale and primarily concentrating on birds and rodents to drop the causes.

Materials and Methods

Proposed Model

The stated goals of this project are to evaluate the operation of the IoT-based innovative

bird and rodent detector and repeller system, figuring out the efficiency of the increasing crop

yield and crops using it, and prevent subjects from destroying and creating damage in the paddy.

Our model will be constructed on an elevated platform in the center of the field track, with a

coverage angle of more than 120 degrees and a range of 9 meters. This concept is built on the

increasing Internet of Things (IoT) technology, which has been a milestone in offering answers

to people's needs. It has intimately tied real-world objects, humans, and animals to the Internet as

a whole. This type serves two purposes: motion detection (through PIR sensor-based motion

detectors) and repellent (using an Arduino platform and a megaphone to make predator sounds

that will drive the birds away from the field). The purpose of this model is to perfect yield output

and prove how IoT devices may do it. The model's parts are as follows:

1. Arduino UNO: Arduino UNO is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It

has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
 inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header

and a reset button. It holds everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply

connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or

battery to get started.

2. PIR Motion Detector Sensor: Considering PIR Sensors are endowed with specialized

functions at a cheap cost, they have been extensively adopted by the open-source

hardware community for projects including Arduino and Raspberry Pi. With all these

materials at their disposal, it has significantly aided newcomers in learning about the PIR

sensor. A PIR Sensor is a type of electrical sensor that detects infrared light emitted by

objects in its range of vision. They are commonly found in PIR-based motion detectors.

PIR sensors are widely used in security alarms and automated lighting. It has a range of 9

meters and a coverage angle of more than 120 degrees. In general, PIR can detect

animal/human movement within a specified range given by the spec of the individual

sensor. The detector does not emit any energy, but instead passively collects and detects

infrared light from its surroundings. When compared to the other sensors, the PIR Sensor

is more complex. Because they have two slots, and the slots are made of a delicate

material. The Fresnel lens is applied to ensure that the two PIR slots can view beyond a

certain distance. Whenever the sensor is turned off, the two slots detect the same quantity

of IR. As a result, we will be able to find the presence of birds and rats in the rice field.

3. MicroSD Card: This is a detachable memory chips that is used to store data. This card

will have sound noises of predators such as birds and rats.

4. MP3 Module: It is a portable consumer electrical gadget that can store and play the

ultrasonic sound which are programmed using the Arduino Programming. The MicroSD
 card will be put into the MP3 module, and the audio from it will be read and used to

regulate the level of the sound generated.

5. Audio Amplifier: This gadget will aid in amplifying the signals received from the MP3

module to make them louder.

6. Megaphone: The amplified signals will be broadcast through this megaphone at 15W

which will coverage around the 4000 square meters or 1 acre; if the agricultural tract is

huge in area, we will need to raise the wattage, and vice versa and add more devices to

completely drift away the said targets.

7. Solar Panel: As an alternative to hassle charging, we decided to put a solar as it

functions as a battery, which is necessary for charging.

Megaphone PIR Motion Detector Sensor

Audio Amplifier MP3 Module Arduino UNO

 Solar Panel

Figure 1 – Bird and Rodent Detector and Repeller Diagram

Start

Movement of birds and rodents near the device

PIR Sensor Activation

Collect the data

Send the signal to MP3 Module

 Sound signals are amplified using amplifier

Sounds are transmitted via Megaphone at 15

watts ranging frequencies of 20 to 50 kHz to drift
away the subjects

Stop

Figure 2. Flowchart of the Proposed Model

Construction of the Repellent

Conclusion

The presented paradigm is a low-cost, dependable, and easily understood solution. This

method is based on the belief that clear issues such as the security of our food, specifically crops,

from birds and rodents, and many other related issues can be resolved under this area of interest,

thus trying to broaden the horizon of research groups to bring on efficient implementable

concepts or solutions for various problems such as this. Finally, we highlight the benefits of our

paradigm, including automatic detection and repeller approaches that require no human

intervention.

Future Scope
 With this model, we collect data from PIR sensor output, which we may use to further

evaluate and refine the model. Second, by interconnecting several similar models, we may put up

this system on a big scale. More study in this subject will allow us to install better sound versions

that will scare birds and rodents away from the field while still being non-hazardous to people.

We have several areas for improvement in our model, including the use of improved motion

detection sensors that particularly detect birds and rodents, as well as the use of a display image

analysis monitor that will show images of the predators and will be beneficial for safeguarding

the crops from the subjects.