Topic : Overview of ERP, SAP , ABAP

1) ERP
Enterprise Resource Planning
It's purpose is to manage any company functions.

2) SAP
SAP - System Application and Products for real time data processing.
or
SAP - System Application and Products in real time data processing.

3) History of SAP
SAP introduced by SAP AG in 1972 at Walldorf.( Germany)
SAP is a German based product.

4) Features of SAP
a)It is an integration of all functions in to one common software.
b)It is a Multi-lingual software.
C)It is a user-based license aggrement.( requires user name and password)

5) SAP R/3 Architecture

( 3 - 3 tier architecture , R- Real) - SAP is a real time architecture.

Layers - Presentation Layer( User Interaction Layer)

Application Layer( Writing the programs and applications)
Database Layer( To store and retrive the data).

6) SAP Netweaver
SAP NetWeaver(NW) is an integrated technology platform which can support various
SAP applications.
Examples -> SAP ERP(Enterprise Resource Planning)
SAP CRM( Customer relationship Management)
SAP SRM( Supply Relationship Management)
SAP PI( Process Integration).

7) ABAP/4 ->
Advanced Business Application Programming language.
It is a 4th generation language.
ABAP lies on application Layer.

8) Modules of SAP->
Functional Modules
Technical Modules

Functional Modules ->

SAP SD( Sales & Distribution)
SAP MM( Material Management)
SAP PS( Project System)
SAP FICO( Finance & Controlling)
SAP HR( Human Resources) -> HCM( Human Capital Management)
SAP WM( Warehouse Management)

Techical Modules->
SAP BASIS -> Administration and Monitoring of SAP systems.
SAP ABAP -> Programming language for SAP.
SAP BIBO( Business Intelligence , Business Objects) -> Reporting tool
10) SAP system Landscape

Development - Dedicated for development.

Quality -> Testing
Production( Live system) - Used by the customer.

Development->Quality->Production

Transport Request -> It is a Mechanism to transport the objects from one system
to another system.

11) SAP Logon Configuration:

Description: You can put any description of the system.

If we will not put any description, It is a combination of System Id and
Application Server.

Application Server: Enter IP address or Hostname of SAP application server.

Instance number: Instance number of SAP system which is defined during SAP
installation.
It is of 2 characters long.It varies from 00 to 99.

System ID(SID): System id is a unique identification code for every SAP system
which is defined
during SAP Installation.
It is of 3 characters long.
Example : S4H,A4H etc.

12) ABAP Workbench -> It is a collection of ABAP tools.

SE38 -> Program/Report
SE11-> ABAP Dictionary
SE37 -> Function Module
SE24-> Class

13) Transaction Code -> It is a shortcut to access ABAP workbench tools.

Examples :

/nxxxx - to call Transaction xxxx( override the existing session)

/oxxxx - to Call Transaction xxxx in a new Session

/NEX -> to close all the sessions

/n -> to cancel a session

/o- Display an Overview of sessions

14) User can open a maximum of 6 sessions.

15) F4 Help -> It tells us what are the various possible values for any Input
field.
F1 Help -> It gives us the technical information of any field/column.

Topic : SAP Specific Objects and Customer Specific

Objects.
1) Custom objects - starts with Z or Y.

2) SAP specific objects - other than Z or Y.

Topic : Concept of Object Navigator, Package,

Transport Request

SE80-> Object Navigator

Package -> It is a collection/container for the objects.( Table, Data element,

Domains, Structures,Programs etc.)
In SAP, every object stored in to a package.

( Package for local objects : $TMP , local objects can never be transported)

SE21-> To create a package.

Transport request -> Medium to transport the objects.

SE09 -> To create a transport request.( Workbench request)

Topic : Main Tables and Transaction codes for Different

Modules of SAP
( Concept of Header and Item Tables)

1) SAP Sales & Distribution(SD) ->

Sales Order Details
Transaction codes - VA01( Sales Order Create)
VA02( Sales Order Change)
VA03( Sales Order Display)

Tables- VBAK( Sales Document Header)

VBAP( Sales document Item)

Billing Document Details

Transaction codes -> VF01( Billing Document Create)
VF02( Billing Document Change)
VF03( Billing Document Display)

Tables - VBRK(Billing Document Header)

VBRP( Billing Document Item)

2) SAP Material Management(MM) ->

Material Master
Transaction codes - MM01( Material Create)
MM02( Material Change)
MM03( Material Display)

Tables - MARA( Material data)

MAKT( Material Description)

3) SAP FI(Finance) ->

Accounting Document ->
Transaction codes - FB01( Accounting Document Create)
 FB02( Accounting Document Change)
FB03( Accounting Document Display)

Tables- BKPF( Accounting document header)

BSEG( Accouting document item)

Topic : Data Dictionary

1) Data Dictionary is also called ABAP Dictionary or DDIC.

SE11 -> Transaction code for Data Dictionary or ABAP Dictionary.

SE16-> Transaction code for Data Browser.
SE16N-> New Version of SE16

2) Domain -> Tells us about the technical characteristics of a Field/Column.

Technical characteristics -> Data type, length.

3) Data Element -> How a field/column will be visible to end user?

4) MANDT -> Client number of SAP system.

Tables having MANDT field are called as client dependent tables or Client-
Specific tables..
Tables does not have MANDT field are called as Client Independent tables.

5) Data browser/Table view maintenace options ->

Display/Maintenance allowed
Display/Maintenance not allowed
Display/Maintenance allowed with restrictions

6) Size Category -> A table can store how many number of records.

7) Types of SAP Data ->

Master Data-> Which is accessed very frequenty, but changed very rarely.
Transaction Data-> Which is always changing, number of records are continuously
increasing.
Configuration Data->Is something which we can customize,
Customizing depends on the business Scenario and customer
requirements.

Example -> Company ABC

Master Data ->

Employee Data of the Company ABC

Transaction Data ->

Transactions in the Company(Banking transactions,Revenue
transactions).

Configuration Data->
(Employee Designation-> Senior Consultant( Vehicle allowance
applicable)
(Employee Designation-> other than Senior consultant( Vehicle
allowance not applicable).
8) Data Class -> Tells us in which portion of database the table data will get
store.

9) Delivery class-> It is used for controlling data transport of tables during

installation,
upgrade and transporting between customer systems.

10) TMG( Table Maintenance Generator)

Authorization group : &NC&( Any user can maintain the data).
Single Step: Only overview screen is applicable
Two Step : Both Overview screen and single screen are applicable.

11) We can maintain data with the help of SM30.

12) Important Points related to TMG.

a) Data browser/Table view maintenace options needs to be Display/Maintenance
allowed.
b) Whenever you add new columns/fields to the table after generation of TMG,
The newly added fields
will not appear automatically while maintaining data with the help of SM30.
We need to delete the TMG and generate it again.
c) Deleting the TMG never delete the table data.
d) To delete the TMG, Open the table in Change Mode, otherwise delete button
will not be visible.

13) Shortcuts - CTRL + S = SAVE

CTRL + F2 -> Syntax Check
CTRL + F3 -> Activate
CTRL + SHIFT + F10 -> To check the contents of the table.

Topic : Primary-Foreign Key Relationship

Primary Key of one table act as a Foreign key in another table.

( Data/Record/Row/Tuple will be always in the primary key table, It may or may not
in the foreign key table)

Pre-requisite - Tables should have a common column/field.

Cardinality -> Number of records in key table, correponds to how many number of
records in to secondary/foreign key table.

Topic : Initial Values Check box in Table

1) We can select the checkbox Initial values for table fields, then the type
dependent NOT NULL value be
assigned to that field and the flag for NOT NULL is set to true on database.

Path to check : Utilities->Databaseobject->Display) - Refer column NOT NULL

and Default.

2)Many databases, will simply initialize the value of a field as NOT NULL even
if we are not selecting this checkbox.

Scenario: Suppose we added a new column NEW_1 to table ZTORDH_78 and for
NEW_1 , the NOT NULL flag is true.
 First Query will not return any result and the second query will return the
result.
DATA : lt_ordh_78 TYPE TABLE OF ZTORDH_78.
SELECT * FROM ZTORDH_78
INTO TABLE lt_ordh_78
WHERE NEW_1 IS NULL. "No Output

DATA : lt_ordh_78 TYPE TABLE OF ZTORDH_78.

SELECT * FROM ZTORDH_78
INTO TABLE lt_ordh_78
WHERE NEW_1 = ' '. " Output

DATA : lt_ordh_78 TYPE TABLE OF ZTORDH_78.

SELECT * FROM ZTORDH_78
INTO TABLE lt_ordh_78
WHERE NEW_1 IS NOT NULL. " Output

Topic : Types of SAP Database tables

1) Transparent table - There is 1:1 relationship between the ABAP dictionary and
the database.( One table in ABAP dictionary corresponds to one table in database)
2) Pooled table - There is N:1 relationship between the ABAP dictionary and the
database.( Many tables in ABAP dictionary corresponds to one table in database)
3) Cluster table - There is N:1 relationship between the ABAP dictionary and the
database.( Many tables in ABAP dictionary corresponds to one table in database )

Pooled -> Primary-foreign key relationship is not required.

Cluster -> Primary-foreign key relationship is mandatory.

Structure of a Pooled table at the database layer - Tabname Varkey Dataln vardata
Structure of a cluster table at the database layer - Key Pageno Vardata

Topic : Table Buffering

Buffer is a temperory storage on the application layer.

Buffering Options:

1) Buffering not allowed-> Table buffering is not performed for the table.
2) Buffering switched on-> Table buffering is performed for the table.
3) Buffering allowed, but switched off-> Table buffering is not performed for the
table when delivered,
but It can be activated in other systems
depending on how the table is used.

Types of Buffering:

1) Single Record buffering -> Single Record will be in the buffer.

Advantage -> It will ocucupy less memory on the application layer.

Disadvantage -> Number of Iterations will not be reduced between Application layer
and database layer,
if we are not fetching the same record.

2) Full Buffering -> Full table will be in the buffer.

Advantage -> Number of Iterations between Application and database layer will be
significantly reduced
Disadvantage -> It will occupy more memory on the application Layer.

A table which stores transaction data should not be opted for Full buffering.

3) Generic area buffering -> It is used to cover a generic area.( Language

dependent tables)

The numbers of key field for a generic area buffering is less than the primary keys
of the table.

Topic : Structures

Structures -> Is a collection of fields/columns of different data type or similar

data type.

ZEMP -> EID -> N(10)

ENAME ->C(40)

ZEMP1 ->EID -> N(10)

ESAL ->N(10)

Difference between table & Structure -> Table has data , Structure does not have
any data.

Include -> 1) It is a reusebale Structure.

2) We can insert the include structure at any point.
3) It is applicable to customer specific tables, It is not applicable
to SAP specific tables.

Append -> 1) It is not a reuseable structure.

2) It always inserts at the last.
3) It is applicable to both customer specific tables and SAP tables.

Topic : INDEX

A Index is created to give the high performance.

Types of Index -> 1) Primary Index -> Primary Key Will act as a Primary Index.
2) Secondary Index -> Based upon the requirement , We will
create secondary Indexes.

Disadvantage -> Index will occupy space on the database Layer.

A Index name is 3 characters long.

Index will store like this - Table name~Index name( Example - ZEMPTABLE~ABC , Where
ZEMPTABLE is table name , ABC is Index name).
Index for all database systems-> Index will be created on all the databases.
Index for Selected database systems-> We can choose database, where we want to
create the index.
No database Index-> Index will remove from the database, It's definition will be
there.

Topic : Views

View -> A view is virtual table.

A view is a logical database.
It does not have any data.

Differece b/w table and View -> Table has data. View does not have any data.

1) Database View -> It is a collection of one or more database tables.

Pre-requisite -> Tables should have a relationship between them.

2) Projection View -> It is applicable to single table.

Select those fields which are required.

3) Maintenance View -> It's purpose is to maintain multiple tables.

Pre-requisite -> Tables should have a relationship between them.

MANDT field is required.

4) Help view -> It is used in search helps.

Pre-requisite -> Tables should have a relationship between them.

Imp Point for Maintenance View and Help View : Not More than one record should
exist in the dependent/Secondary table.

Q-1 : In which scenario - Database View = Projection View.

Answer : If we are creating database view for a single table, In that case Database
View = Projection View.

Q-2 : In which type of View content button is disabled?

Answer : Contents button in disabled in Help view. Help view will display the
contents when it is used in search help.

Topic : Search Help

Search help -> It is also called as F4 help. It's purpose is to display the various

possible values for any Input field.

Types of Search Help -> a) Elementary Search help-> Single search help.
b) Collective search help-> It is a combination of
elementary search helps.

Selection Method -> It is the name of the table or name of the view from where we
are fetching the data.

Dialog Type ->

Display values Immediately -> Values will display Immediately.

Dialog with values restriction -> Before displaying the values, restriction dialog
will appaer.
Dialog depends upon set of values -> If the table has less than 100 values ,It will
switch to Display values Immediately.
If the table has greater than 100,It will
switch to Dialog with value restriction.

Search Help Parameter - Field of Search Help.

LPOS -> List position( When values got displayed)

SPOS-> Screen position( Before displaying the values)

Modify -> It's purpose is to modify the data element.

SDI's -> It's purpose is to make any field in the read only mode.

Default value -> To provide the default values.

Importing -> Input

Exporting ->To Export the values from the hit list to the screen fields(Input
fields).

Hot Key -> The hot key permits the user to select an elementary search help from
the collective search help directly in the

input field with the short notation

Q-1: What is the pre-requisite for the default value?

answer : Importing should be unticked.

Topic : Lock Objects

Locking -> If multiple users want to change the same data at the same time ,
then at a time only one user can change the data. The purpose of locking
is to achieve synchronization.

Lock object name should start with E.( EZ or EY).

While creating a Lock Object, SAP automatically create 2 FM's.

ENQUEUE_Lock Object name -> For Locking.

DEQUEUE_Lock Object name -> For Unlocking.

Lock Modes : 1) Read Lock( Shared Lock , S) - Others user can view the data, but
can not changed the data.
2) Write Lock( Exclusive lock , E) - Others user can not view the data
and can not changed the data.
3) Enhanced Write Lock( Exclusive lock without cumulation,X) - Others
user can not view the data and can not changed the data +
 It
protect the further access for the same transaction.

SM12 -> To see the lock entries.

Topic : Database Utility

1) The database Utility acts as a Interface between the ABAP dictionary and the
database.
2) The database utility allows you to edit database objects.
3) Transaction Code : SE14

Precaution :

1) Do not Perform any database operation on the table while performing the database
utility.

Topic : ABAP Programming

Transaction code : SE38

CTRL + D - To duplicate a line.

CTRL + < , * - Comment
CTRL + > - Uncomment
: - Chain Operator.
. - Period, To end a line.

Pretty Printer -> for Proper Indentation. Makes the code easy to read.

Topic : Parameters & Select-options

Parameters - Accepts Single Input.

Select-options - We can pass range of values.

Low, High, Multiple Selection

Select options is a range table.

Obligatory -To make parameters or select-options mandatory.

No-Intervals - To remove the high range of Select Option.
No Extension - Used to remove the multiple selection option.

For Parameters, Use = in the where condition.

For Select-options, Use IN in the where condition

Q-1 : What are the 4 parts of a Select-option?

Answer : SIGN(1) - I/E( Include, Exclude)
OPTION(2) -> Relational operator( EQ, BT-------)
LOW - Low value
HIGH - High value
Q-2 : If we are passing only a low value in Select-option, what is the relational
operator?
Answer : EQ

Q-3 : If we are passing only a low value and High value in Select-option, what is
the relational operator?
Answer : BT

Topic: Difference between Type and Like.

1) TYPE - We assign data type directly to the data object while declaring.
It is a keyword used to refer to a data type.
DATA : LV_DATA TYPE CHAR1.

2) LIKE ->We assign the data type of another object to the declaring data
object.The data type is referenced indirectly.
Like is a keyword used to copy the existing properties of already
existing data object.

DATA : LV_DATA1 TYPE CHAR1.

DATA : LV_DATA TYPE LV_DATA1.

Topic : IF and CASE Statments( Conditional

statements)

IF -> It is a conditional statment. mutiple statements blocks are there, depends

upon the condition one block will execute.

If None of the If and Elseif conditions are satisfied, It will go to ELSE

part.

CASE - It is also a conditional statment. mutiple statements blocks are there,

depends upon the condition one block will execute.

If none of the condition is satisfied, It will fo to OTHERS part.

Important Point:( Difference between Case and IF from Performance Perspective )

Case is always much more efficent ....because while you are using ELSEIF
condtion ...it will check all the condition ...untill it will get get a true
condtion ...

while you are using case...it will only go to the true condition

Topic: String Operations

1) CONCATENATE -> The Purpose of CONCATENATE is to CONCATENATE the Strings.

Syntax : CONCATENATE ( Variable 1) ( Varibale 2) ( Variable 3) INTO ( Final
Variable) SEPERATED BY 'Seperator'.
Example - CONCATENATE lv_data1 lv_data2 lv_data3 INTO lv_final SEPERATED BY '.'.

2) SPLIT -> It's purpose is to SPLIT the string.

Pre-requisite -> Seperator must be there.
Syntax : SPLIT ( Final Variable) AT ( Seperator) INTO variable1 variable2 -------.
Example - SPLIT lv_final AT '.' INTO lv_data1 lv_data2 lv_data3.

3) CONDENSE-> Used to remove the leading and trailing spaces.

 A blank at the end of a line is a trailing space.

4) CONDENSE NO-GAPS -> Used to remove the leading space , trailing space and spaces
between the individual strings also.

5) FIND -> FIND statement is used for finding occurrences of a pattern within a
string.

6) STRLEN -> Used to find the length of the string.

7) TRANSLATE -> The TRANSLATE statement converts characters into upper or lower
case.

8) SHIFT -> This command is used to shift the contents of a string. It shifts a
string by a given number of places.
Syntax : shift s_field [ by n places ] <mode>( By default mode is LEFT)
Example : SHIFT lv_data BY 5 places LEFT/RIGHT/CIRCULAR.

Topic : Loop and Loop commands.

DO -> Unconditional Loop.

WHILE -> Conditional Loop.
LOOP-> For the Internal table.
EXIT-> is used to exit from the loop.
CONTINUE -> will skip the current processing of the record and then process the
next record in the LOOP statement.
CHECK -> We can use Inside a loop and outside a loop.
Inside a loop - If the check condtion is not true, loop will skip the
current loop pass and move to next loop pass.
Outside a loop - If the statement CHECK is used outside a loop and
condtion is false, this statement exits the current processing block.

Topic : System Variables

SY-SUBRC - It is SAP system variable

RC( return code)
SY-SUBRC = 0 (Successful)
SY-SUBRC <> 0 ( Unsuccessful)

SY-TABIX -> It is a system variable . It retruns the current line index inside a
loop.

SY-DATUM - system variable for current date.( Internal format - YYYYMMDD)

SY-UNAME - It returns the User name.

SY-UZEIT - It returns the current system time in HH:MM:SS format

SY-UCOMM - System variable for User command.

Topic : Internal Table & Work areas

Internal Table - Temperory storage on the application Layer.( Can store any number
of records at run time)
Work area - Temperory storage on the application Layer.( Only one record at
run time)

Topic : Types of Internal Table

1) Standard Internal table -> Simplest Internal table(based upon Linear Search -
Sequential Search).

2) Sorted Internal table -> Binary Search( It will search for middle element, in
the upper half the values will be less than the middle element,
In the lower half the values will be
greater than the middle element).
3) Hashed Internal table -> Hash function( Hashing- It will directly return the
address of the record)

Topic : Categories of Internal table

1) Internal table with header line -> Implicit(Internal) work area. SAP will
automatically create the work area.
Work area name is same as that of internal
table.
Obsolete now

As work area name is same as that of internal table, So clear and REFRESH have
different meaning in Internal table with HEADER LINE.

CLEAR[] - It will clear the contents of Internal table.

REFRESH - It will clear the contents of Internal table.
CLEAR - It will clear the work area.

2) Internal table without header line-> Explicit( External) work area.

We are explicitly specifying the work area.

As work area name is different from Intenal table name, so both CLEAR and REFRESH
is used to clear the contents of Intenal table.

CLEAR, REFRESH - It will clear the contents of Internal table.

CLEAR - It will clear the work area.

Topic : Internal Table Operations

APPEND -> Which Inserts data to internal table.

DELETE -> Delete the records from the Internal table.

MODIFY -> To Modify the records of the Internal table.

SORT -> Is to sort the internal table.If we are not specifying anything, then by
default It will sort in the ascending order.
If we want to sort in descending order, then we need to specify the keyword
Descending.
LOOP -> To read the records one by one from the Internal table.

READ TABLE-> It will read the first matching record from the Internal Table.

DESCRIBE TABLE -> It will retrun the number of records in the internal table.

Syntax : DESCRIBE TABLE (name of the internal table) LINES ( varibale name ) .

CLEAR,REFRESH -> To clear the contents of the Internal table.

COLLECT -> It will make sum of amount values, based upon unique character values.

Example :
Company name Department Amount
Capgemini HR 10000
Capgemini Admin 20000
Capgemini Training 10000
Capgemini Admin 10000
Capgemini HR 20000

Company name Department Amount

Capgemini HR 30000
Capgemini Admin 30000
Capgemini Training 10000

Topic : Contol break structures/Control break

statements

Pre-requisities : 1) Internal table should be in the sorted order.

2) Control break structures should be applied inside a loop.

AT FIRST -> It will trigger for the first iteration of the Internal table.
AT LAST -> It will trigger for the last ireration of Internal table.
AT NEW <FIELDNAME> -> Statements will execute for a group of records, having the
same value for field name, but for the first time.
AT END OF <FIELDNAME> -> Statements will execute for a group of records, having the
same value for field name, but for the last time.

IS NOT INITIAL -> IS NOT NULL, IS NOT BLANK.

IS INITIAL -> IS NULL, IS BLANK.

Topic : OPEN SQL & NATIVE SQL

OPEN SQL -> Database Independent.
Native SQL -> Database Dependent.

Topic : Best Coding Practises

1) Never Use * , Make a structure of those columns which are required in the
output.
2) Fetching sequence should be same as that of structure sequence, otherwise type
mismatch or wrong output will be there.
3) Fetching sequence should be same as that of Data Dictionary sequence.
4) Where condition sequence should be same as that of Data Dictionary sequence.
5) Never use corresponding keyword.
6) Use Binary Search in Read table.
7) For Fetching data from Foreign key tables/depenedent tables - check for SY-SUBRC
, Internal table not Initial condition.
8) Use Paraller cursor in Nested loops.
9) For Mutiple conditions, Use CASE Instead of IF.

Paraller Cursor -> It's purpose is to achieve performance in case of nested loops.

Topic : Transaction Code

Transaction Code : SE93( Create customer specific transaction codes)

The screen number of Selection screen is 1000.

Transaction code for Program and Selection screen.

Trasaction code for tables.

Topic : Message class

Messages always plays an Important role for End user.

Error( E)
Warning/Information-> I
Success -> S

Transaction code for Message Class = SE91.

A message number is 3 characters long.( 000-999)

Syntax :

MESSAGE E000(ZMSG_88).
Where
Message = Pre-defined keyword.
E = Message Type
000 = Message Number
ZMSG_88 = Message Class.

Q-1 : How to pass values to a message number?

Answer : & -> Operator which is used to pass values to a message number.

Q-2 : How many & can be passed to message number?

Answer : 4.

Topic : Classical Report Events

The program in which we are displaying the output with the help of WRITE statement
is called as classical report.

1) Initialization - This events calls before displaying the selection screen/Input

screen.
It's purpose is to assign the default values to Parameters
and Select-options.
2) AT Selection Screen -> This events calls when user performs some action( Enter,
F4 etc) on to the selection screen.
It's purpose is to validate the Input.

3) START-OF-SELECTION -> This events calls when user clicks execute button on the
selection screen.
The selection logic is the part of this event.

4) END-OF-SELECTION -> This Event calls when selection process ends.( Call after
End of data/Records).

5) TOP-OF-PAGE -> The purpose of this event is to provide title/header at the

begining of a new page.

6) END-OF-PAGE -> The pupose of this event is to provide footer or some information
at the end of a page.
Pre-requisite : We need to provide LINE-COUNT.
Example - LINE-COUNT 5(2) -> It means end of page event will trigger after 3
lines of data and 2 lines are reserved for the footer.( Total : 3+2 = 5).

Topic : Interactive classical Report Events

PF-STATUS -> Personal Functions( We can create our own functions).

The syntax to create own personal function( PF-STATUS) -> SET PF-STATUS 'STAT'.
( STAT is the name of PF-status)

1) AT USER-COMMAND -> When user clicks on the button created by PF-status, at that
time AT USER-COMMAND Event is triggering.
system variable for User command -> SY-UCOMM.

2) AT LINE-SELECTION-> When user double clicks on the line or select a line and
press F2, at that time AT LINE-SELECTION event will trigger.

SY-LISEL - It is a system variable which returns the Contents of the selected

line.
SY-LSIND - It is a system variable which returns the Index of the displayed
list.

Q-1: What are the four parts of GUI status?

Answer : Menu Bar, Function Keys, Title Bar, Application Tool bar.

Q-2 : How many basic list are there in classical repoting?

Answer : 1.

Q-3 : How many secondary list are there in classical repoting?

Answer : 20.

Q-4: How to enable double click on a line While creating your own PF functions?
Answer : You need to provide the function code for F2 in Recommended Function key
settings.

Topic : Modularization Techniques(INCLUDE

PROGRAM)
INCLUDE Program -> We can create with the help of SE38 transaction code. It is not
an executeable program.
We can reuse Include program.

Way to Reuse : INCLUDE ( Include progrm name).

Example : Suppose Include program name is ZINCLUDE.

INCLUDE ZINCLUDE.

Topic : Modularization Techniques(Function

Module)

Function Module -> It is a reuseable component. We will create only once and we can
use at several places. It is an example of Modularization technique.

Transaction code : SE37

Function Group -> It is container for the function modules.

Transaction Code : SE80

Various tabs in Function Modules

Attributes - It provides the generic infomation about the Function Module.( Date,
User name, Function group name , Package name).
Import - Input
Export - Output
Changing - Input/ Output.
Tables -> For Internal tables
Exceptions - It's purpose is to raise the exception/Error.
Source Code - It's purpose it to write the logic.

Ways to Declare Internal tables and Work areas

DATA : LT_DATA TYPE TABLE OF ( Local Structure ).

DATA : LT_DATA TYPE TABLE OF ( Global Structure ).
DATA : LT_DATA TYPE (TABLE TYPE).

DATA : LS_DATA TYPE ( Local Structure).

DATA : LS_DATA TYPE ( Global Structure).

Modularization Techniques(Sub routines)

It is also an Modularization technique. There is no seperate transaction code( ABAP

workbench tool) to create a Subroutine.

Syntax : PERFORM ( PERFORM NAME) TABLES USING CHANGING.

We can not change the sequence of TABLES USING CHANGING, but If one is not required
, We can skip it.

Example - If Tables is not required , then we can use USING CHANGING.

How to reuse a Sub routine :

PERFORM ( PERFORM NAME) IN PROGRAM ( PROGRAM NAME) TABLES USING CHANGING IF FOUND.
Q-1 : Difference between Include program and Function Module.

Answer : Include Program does not have any Interface( No Input/Output Provison),
But the Function module has a Interface.( Input/ output provison with

the help of Import/Export tabs).

Q-2 : Difference between Include program and Sub routine.

Answer : Include Program does not have any Interface( No Input/Output Provison),
But the Subroutine has a Interface.( Tables, Using, Changing)

Q-3 : Difference between Function module and Subroutines.

Answer : Function Module : There is a Seperate transaction code SE37 ( Workbench

tool) to create a Function module.
Subroutines : There is no seperate workbench tool to create a Subroutine.

Function Module : We can check the output of Function module using F8.( We
can independently run a Function module to check the output)
Subroutines : We can not run a subroutine independently.

Function Module : There is an Exception tab to raise the exception.

Sub routines : There is no exception tab.

Topic : Debugging

Debugging - 1) Debugging is a technique by which we can find the error, Correct the
error and detect the error.
2) SAP Debugger is a part of ABAP workbench only.

Ways of Debugging - 1) Put the breakpoint on any executeable statement and program
will automtically stop at that point.
2) We can debug the code with the help of transaction code /h.

Execution Keys - 1) F5 - Step by Step Execution

2) F6- Line by line Execution
3) F7 - Return
4) F8 - Continuous Execution or Exit.

System Variables in Debugging Mode - SY-SUBRC , SY-TABIX

Static and Dynamic break-point ->

Static break-points -> User Independent break-points

Syntax : BREAK-POINT

Dynamic break-point : User dependent break-point.

Syntax : BREAK User name.

Various Features in Debugging Mode for Internal tables -> 1) Change the contents of
selected rows.
2) Delete Selected rows.
3) Delete all
rows( Delete complete table)
4) Append Row

Path to move to a selected line : Debugger - Go to statement( Shift + F12).

Put the Breakpoint on Keywords in Debugging Mode- Example - SELECT, CALL FUNCTION ,
MESSAGE

Deleting and Deactivating breakpoints -> Deleting - Permanently deleting the

breakpoints
Deactivating - Temperory deleting the
break-points in that particular session.
When the program again
runs, the breakpoints will be there.

Watch-points -> To monitor the values of variables and Internal tables.

Break-points limit = 30
Watch point limit = 10

Topic : Field-Symbols

Field symbol is a placeholder for data object, which points to the value present at
the memory address of a data object
at run time.

Link for Field-symbols:

https://blogs.sap.com/2017/09/05/dynamic-programming-in-abap-part-1-introduction-
to-field-symbols/

Link for RICEFW:

https://erproof.com/what-is-ricefw-in-sap/