1)What is Rigidity?

The spin axis of a gyroscope will maintain a fixed direction unless acted
upon by an external force.
This is a gyroscopic property known as rigidity.
2)Define TAS
The true airspeed (TAS) of an aircraft is the speed of the aircraft relative
to the air mass through which it is flying.
The true airspeed is important information for accurate navigation of an
aircraft.

3)What is EFIS?
EFIS full form is Electronic Flight Instrument System.
Used in aircraft for the presentation and control of navigational information and, for
presentation of engines and systems information.

4)Define Elevation.
Elevation refers to the height of an Aircraft on Earth's surface above mean sea level.
It’s important for various aspects of flight such as navigation, obstacle clearance, and for
ensuring safe separation from terrain and other aircraft

5)What is Aurora?
When a solar storm comes toward us, some of the energy and small particles can travel down
the magnetic field lines at the north and south poles into Earth's atmosphere.
There, the particles interact with gases in our atmosphere resulting in beautiful displays of
light in the sky. These lights are called Auroras
SEC B
(1)Write the construction of pressure altimeter

❖ The function of the pressure altimeter is to indicate the aircraft height above a
given pressure datum.
❖ It operates on the principle of decreasing atmospheric pressure with
increasing height
❖ A schematic diagram of a simple pressure altimeter is shown in Figure 1.5.
Expansion of the aneroid capsule will cause a lever to pivot about its
attachment to the instrument casing.
▪ This lever is connected to a drum by means of a chain and its pivoting motion
causes the drum to rotate. The drum is attached to a pointer, which will
consequently rotate against a calibrated card scale.
➢ If the pointer is set to read zero with the aircraft on the airfield the altimeter
will thereafter indicate height above the airfield. Alternatively, if when the air-
craft is on the airfield, the pointer is set to read height above mean sea level it
will thereafter show height above mean sea level.
2) Symbol vertical speed indicator

• The Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) displays rate of climb or descent. The
instrument senses rate of change of static by comparing the present static
pressure with the static pressure measured 4-6 seconds earlier.
• The VSI can also be known as the Rate of Climb and Descent Indicator (RCDI).
• When an aircraft departs from level flight, the static pressure will change. The
VSI measures the pressure difference between each side of a restricted
choke/metering unit.
• In level flight the pressures on each side of the choke are the same, during a
climb or descent, air fed to the choke immediately responds to the change of
atmospheric pressure but the choke transmits this change at a lower rate.
• if the aircraft is climbing, the pressure in the capsule will be less than that in
the case, the consequent compression of the capsule is converted by a
suitable linkage to a pointer indication of rate of climb.
3) Turn and bank indication of Aircraft.
The turn and slip indicator, also known as the turn and bank indicator, is an essential flight
instrument in aviation.
The purpose of the turn and bank indicator is to measure and display the aircraft rate of turn
and to indicate whether the aircraft is correctly banked for a co-ordinated turn with no slip or
skid.

Turn Indicator
• To measure the rate of turn, rate of movement about the yaw axis actually, the instrument
employs a rate gyro that is sensitive to movement about the aircraft yaw axis only.
• The gyro rotor is mounted in a gimbal with its spin axis aligned with the lateral axis of the
aircraft. The single gimbal is pivoted fore and aft in the instrument casing, in line with the
aircraft longitudinal axis.

Fig:Rate gyro Fig: Bank Indicator

Bank Indication
• The bank indication given by the turn and bank indicator displays to the pilot whether or not
the aircraft is correctly banked for the turn being made.
• If the aircraft is banked excessively it will tend to slip toward the centre of the turn, whereas if
it is underbanked it will skid outwards, away from the centre of the turn.
• Commonly known as the turn and slip indicator.
 Section C

2-A) Explain Direction Gyro

Direction Indicator (directional gyro)

• The function of the directional gyro is to indicate the aircraft heading, utilizing the rigidity of a spinning
gyroscope.
• The gyro spin axis is maintained horizontal and it can be set so that it is referenced to either magnetic north or
true north. A compass scale is attached to the outer gimbal of the gyroscope.
• As a two-gimbal gyro, it has two degrees of freedom of precession.
• The rotor of the directional gyro is mounted in an inner gimbal ring with its spin axis horizontal, so that it is free to
rotate in the vertical plane.
• The inner gimbal is in turn pivoted to an outer gimbal, so that it is free to move about a horizontal axis at right
angles to the spin axis.
• The outer gimbal is pivoted to the case of the instrument and is free to rotate about the vertical axis.
• The rotor is normally driven by air drawn in through the aircraft's vacuum system and directed by a nozzle onto
buckets machined in the rim of the rotor.
• The rotor typically rotates at about 12 000 rpm.
2-B) Short note on Air Data Indicator
(ADI)

Air Data Indicator (ADI):

1. Overview:
o An Air Data Indicator (ADI) is an essential avionics instrument used in aircraft to
provide pilots with real-time and accurate information about essential air data
parameters.
o It typically displays critical data such as airspeed, altitude, and vertical
speed. This information is crucial for pilots to make informed decisions during
flight
o It has standard dimensions that fit into the instrument panel with an opening of
57 mm diameter.
2. Features:
o Airspeed: Displays real-time airspeed information.
o Altitude: Provides accurate altitude data.
o Outside Air Temperature: Indicates the temperature outside the aircraft.
3. User Interface:
o The ADI has several buttons for user input.
o Navigation through menus involves using checkboxes, selection controls, spin
controls, and sliders.
o The main screen displays essential information.
4. Operating Modes:
o Main Screen: Shows real-time air data.
o QNH Mode: Allows setting the local altimeter pressure.
o Setup Mode: Customizes display settings, airspeed calibration, vertical speed,
temperature, battery, warnings, units, system time, and password.

ADI is a critical instrument for safe flight, and pilots should always follow proper procedures
and guidelines when using it in the cockpit.