CHAPTER 6

SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT

Compendium

A. Introduction

B. Properties of Square Numbers

(a) Number of Digits in a Square Number
(b) Units digits of Square number
C. Interesting patterns in square numbers
(a) Adding Triangular numbers
(b) Numbers between square numbers
(c) Addition of consecutive odd numbers
(d) Product of consecutive even or odd numbers
(e) Some more patterns
D. Pythagorean triplets
E. Finding square roots
(a) Repeated subtraction Method
(b) Prime Factorisation Method
(c) Division method
(d) Square root of Decimals
(e) Square Root of Whole Numbers which are not Perfect
Squares
F. Estimation of Square root
G. Bird’s eye view
H. Solved examples
I. A piece of cake
J. Beat your brains out
K. Solutions

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A. Introduction
In the previous classes, you had studied positive integral powers of
integers. For example 23 = 2 × 2 × 2, 43 = 4 × 4 × 4, (–5)2 = –5 × –5

In this chapter, we will study a special natural number exponent: 2.

We will discuss its various properties and rules.

When a number is multiplied by itself, we say that the number is

squared and the product that we get is a new number which is
called square of the number or simply square number. Thus, if a
natural number a = b2, where b is also a natural number, then a is
called a square number. For example 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 100, 400 are square
numbers, as each one of them equals to a natural number raised to
the power 2, that is they are squares of natural numbers, as shown
below: 1 = 12, 4 = 22, 9 = 32, 16 = 42, 25 =52, 100 = 102, 400 = 202

Square numbers are also known as perfect squares. The numbers 10,
12, 20 are not square numbers because none of them can be written
as the square of a natural number.

Number Square Number Square Number Square

1 1 11 121 21 441
2 4 12 144 22 484
3 9 13 169 23 529
4 16 14 196 24 576
5 25 15 225 25 625
6 36 16 256 26 676
7 49 17 289 27 729
8 64 18 324 28 784
9 81 19 361 29 841
10 100 20 400 30 900

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B. Properties of square number

(a) Number of Digits in a Square Number
Suppose the given number has ‘x’ digits. The number of digits in
the square of the given number will be given by either (2x – 1) or
(2x).
Now, for example, consider single-digit numbers. By applying
formulae, they can either have
(2 × 1 – 1) = 1 digit or (2 × 1) = 2 digits.
For example, 52 = 25, 22 = 4
Now, consider 2-digit numbers. By applying formulae, they can
either have (2×2–1) = 3 digits or (2 × 2) = 4 digits.
For example, 102 = 100, 612 =3721

(b)Units Digits of the Squares of the Numbers

The units place digit in any number determines the units place
digit of its square number. Considering Table 3.1 again, we will
observe the following.

1. The square of a number has 1 in its one's place when the

original number has 1 or 9 in its one's place.
2. The square of a number has 4 in its one's place when the
original number has 2 or 8 in its one's place.
3. The square of a number has 9 in its one's place when the
original number has 3 or 7 in its one's place.
4. The square of a number has 6 in its one's place when the

original number has 4 or 6 in its one's place.

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5. The square of a number has 5 in its one's place when the

original number has 5 in its one's place. And the square of a

number has 0 in its tens and one's places when the original
number has 0 in its one's place. In fact, we can generalise the
above rules for any
number. For example, consider the number 48. According to the
rule, it must have 4 in the one's place of its square. Let us verify it.
We have, 48 x 48 = 2304, which has 4 in its one's place.

Units digit of the number Units digit of the square of

the number
0 0
1 or 9 1
2 or 8 4
3 or 7 9
4 or 6 6
5 5

Similarly, 762 = 76 x 76 = 57 76; the ones digit of square is 6 as one’s

digit in 76 is 6.

Example 1: State, which of the following can be perfect squares.

Give reasons.
(i)34900 (ii) 25821 (iii) 7589542

(iv)124785 (v) 363636

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Solution: (i) 34900 could be a square of a number ending with zero
since its one's digit is zero.
(ii) 25821 could be a square of a number ending with 1 or 9 since its
one's digit is 1.
(iii) 7589542 cannot be a square number as its one's digit is 2.
(iv) 124785 could be a square of a number ending with 5 since its
one's digit is 5.

Checkpoint-1

1. What are the ones digit of the following squares?

(i) 222 (ii) 762 (iii) 882 (iv) 942
(v) 492 (vi) 1542 (vii) 772 (viii) 212
2. Which of the following can be a perfect square? Give reasons.
(i) 12348 (ii) 21200 (iii) 599 (iv) 8277
(v) 126 (vi) 121 (vii) 1225

C. Patterns in square numbers

(a)Adding Triangular numbers

The numbers which can be arranged as dot patterns in squares are

called Square numbers.

1 4
9
16
Similarly, the numbers which can be arranged as dot patterns in
triangles are called triangles numbers.

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1 3 6 16
10
0
𝑛(𝑛+1)
nth triangular number =
2

Addition of two consecutive triangular numbers forms a square

number.

1+3=4 3+6=9 6 + 10 = 16 = 42
=22 =32

(b)Numbers between square numbers

In between two consecutive square numbers 𝑛2 and (𝑛 + 1)2, there
exists ‘2n’ non-perfect square numbers.

Consecutive Non-perfect square numbers Number of non-

square numbers between 2 consecutive square perfect square
numbers numbers

12 , 22 2,3 2=2×1

22 , 32 5, 6, 7, 8 4=2×2

32 , 42 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 6=2×3

⋮ ⋮ ⋮

𝑛2 , (𝑛 + 1)2 𝑛2 + 1, 𝑛2 + 2, 𝑛2 + 3, . . . , 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 2n = 2 × n

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(c)Addition of consecutive odd numbers
Observe the following pattern.
1 = 1 = 12 1 + 3 = 4 = 22 1 + 3 + 5 = 9
= 32 1 + 3 + 5 + 7
= 16 = 42 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25 = 52

Thus, the square of a number is the same as the sum of the same
number of odd numbers starting from 1.

(d)Product of consecutive even or odd numbers

● If two consecutive odd natural numbers are multiplied, and 1 is

added to the product, it is equal to the square of the even
number between them, i.e., {(2𝑛 − 1) × (2𝑛 + 1)} + 1 = (2𝑛)2

Example, 1 × 3 + 1 = 4 = 22 3 × 5 + 1 = 16 = 42 5 × 7 + 1 = 36 = 62

● If two consecutive even natural numbers are multiplied, and 1

is added to the product, it is equal to the square of the odd
number between them, i.e., {(2𝑛) × (2𝑛 + 2)} + 1 = (2𝑛 + 1)2

Example, 2 × 4 + 1 = 9 = 32 4 × 6 + 1 = 25 = 52 6 × 8 + 1 = 49 = 72

Some more patterns

● The natural numbers containing all digits as 6 with units digit

as 7 follow another interesting pattern.

72 = 49 672 = 4489 6672 = 444889 66672 = 44448889, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑜 𝑜𝑛.

Example 2: Write 144 as a sum of 12 numbers.

Solution: We know that 144 = 122. Therefore, 144 can be written as

the sum of the first 12 odd numbers.

144 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23

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Example 3: Find the number of non-square numbers between 112
and 132.

Solution: Since between (𝑛 + 1)2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛2 there are 2n non-square

numbers; The number of non-square numbers between 112 and 122 is
2 × 11 = 22.
The number of non-square numbers between 122 and 132 is 2 × 12 =24.
Thus, there are 22 + 24 = 46 non-square numbers between 112 and 132.

Checkpoint-2

1. Find the possible number of digits in the squares of the following

numbers.
(a)5 (b)98 (c)117 (d)287 (e)15
2. Find the units digits of the squares of the following numbers.
(a)12 (b)52 (c)23 (d)566 (e)179
3. Find the number of non-square numbers between the following
pairs.
(a)(9)2and (10)2 (b)(12) 2 and (13)2
(c)(24)2 and (25)2 (d)(39)2 and (40)2
(e)(52)2 and (53)2

D. Pythagorean Triplet
We studied the Pythagoras Theorem for a right-angled triangle last
year. It states that:
In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the
sum of the square of the other two sides. Thus if a, b and c are the
sides of a right-angled triangle, with c as the hypotenuse and a and

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SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
b the lengths of the two perpendicular sides, then c2 = a2 + b2.
A collection of three numbers is called a Pythagorean triplet if the
square of one is equal to the sum of squares of other two. 3, 4 and 5
forms a Pythagorean triplet since 52 = 32 + 42.

Finding Pythagorean Triplets

1. If m is a natural number greater than 1, then 2m, 𝑚2 −

1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚2 + 1 always form a Pythagorean triplet.

INFO-CORNER
Can we prove the above-given statement? The following
shows how we can do so.
We will have to show that (2m)2 + (m2 – 1)2 = (m2 + 1)2
(2m)2 + (m2 – 1)2 = 4m2 + m2 (m2 – 1) – 1 (m2 – 1)
= 4m2 + m4 – m2 – m2 + 1 =
4m2 – 2m2 + m4 + 1
= 2m2 + m4 + 1
Also, (m2 + 1)2 = (m2 + 1)(m2 + 1) = m2(m2 + 1) + 1(m2 + 1)
m4 + m2 + m2 + 1 =m4 + 2m2 + 1
Thus, these three numbers do form a Pythagorean triplet.

2. Let m be an odd natural number greater than 1. Then,

𝑚2 −1 𝑚2 +1
𝑚, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 forms a Pythagorean triplet.
2 2

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Example 4: Write a Pythagorean triplet with 6 as one of the
numbers

of the triplet.

Solution: Take m = 3. Now, 2m = 6 is one of the numbers of the

Pythagorean triplet. The other two numbers will be m2 – 1 = 32 – 1 =
8 And m2 + 1 = 32 + 1 = 10

Clearly, 102 = 82 + 62. Thus 6, 8 and 10 form a Pythagorean triplet.

Example 5: Write a Pythagorean triplet with 7 as a member.

Solution: Let m = 7, and since it is an odd number, the other two

𝑚2 −1 𝑚2 + 1
numbers are , .
2 2

1 1 1
That is, (72 − 1) = (49 − 1) = (48) = 24
2 2 2

1 1 1
And, (72 + 1) = (49 + 1) = (50) = 25
2 2 2

Further we can see that, 72 + 242 = 49 + 576 = 625 = 252.

Thus 7, 24 and 25 forms a Pythagorean triplet.

Checkpoint-3

1. Write a Pythagorean triplet with the following as one of its

numbers:

(i) 8 (ii) 11 (iii) 5

(iv)16 (v)13

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E. Finding Square roots

Square root of a number n is that number which when multiplied

by itself gives n as the product. In other words, if n is the given
number and m is its square root, then 𝑛 = 𝑚2 . The square root is
represented by the symbol √ , i.e., √𝑛 = 𝑚.

For example,

42 = 16 ⇒ √16 = 4 52 = 25 ⇒ √25 = 5 132 = 169 ⇒ √169 = 13

Properties of square roots

Let’s continue with what you have learnt about the properties of
squares and apply them to the properties of square roots.

I. A number ending with 2, 3, 7 or 8 does not have a natural

number as its square root.
II. A number ending with an odd number of zeros does not have
a natural number as its square root. However, if a number ends
with even number of zeros, its square root is a natural number
ending with half the number of zeros than the given number.
III. The square root of an even square number is always even.
IV. The square root of an odd square number is always odd.
V. If a number has a natural number as its square root, then it
must end with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.

Units digit of square 0 1 4 5 6 9

Units digit of square root 0 1 or 9 2 or 8 5 4 or 6 3 or 7

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VI. Negative numbers do not have square roots in the system of
rational numbers.

Methods to find square roots

(a)Repeated subtraction method

We have, earlier in this chapter, studied that the sum of the first n
odd numbers is n2. We can use this fact to find the square root of a
number, say a.
● From the number, the odd numbers starting from 1, that is 1, 3,
5, 7 are subtracted successively till the final result is zero.
● The number of times the subtraction is done to arrive at zero is
the square root of the given number a.
● If the successive subtractions do not yield zero, then the number
is not a perfect square.

Example 6 Find the square root of 121 using repeated subtraction.

Solution: We consecutively subtract 1, 3, 5 ... from 121 as follows:

1. 121 – 1 = 120
2. 120 – 3 = 117
3. 117 – 5 = 112
4. 112 – 7 = 105
5. 105 – 9 = 96
6. 96 – 11 = 85
7. 85 – 13 = 72
8. 72 – 15 = 57
9. 57 – 17 = 40
10. 40 – 19 = 21
11. 21 – 21=0

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Zero is obtained after subtraction is performed 11 times, thus

√121 = 11.
Example 7: Find if 65 is a perfect square by continued subtraction.
Solution: We consecutively subtract 1, 3, 5 ... from 65.

1. 65 – 1 = 64 2. 64 – 3 = 61 3. 61 – 5 = 56
4. 56 – 7 = 49 5. 49 – 9 = 40 6. 40 – 11 = 29
7. 29 – 13 = 16 8. 16 – 15 = 1 9. 1 – 17 = –16

We do not get zero on continued subtraction. Therefore, 65 is not a

perfect square.

Checkpoint-4

1. Find the square root of the following numbers, using repeated

subtraction:

(i) 289 (ii) 361 (iii) 81 (iv) 441

(v) 225 (vi) 169

2. Find if 680 is a perfect square by continued subtraction. If not,

find the smallest number which should be subtracted from 680
to give a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the square
thus obtained.

3. Using repeated subtraction, find the smallest number that

should be added to 4740 to get a perfect square. Also, find the
square root of the perfect square.

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(b) Prime Factorisation Method

Step 1: Break the given number into its prime factors by repetitive
division.

Step 2 : Make pairs of prime factors till all factors are exhausted.

Step 3 : Take one factor from each pair.

Step 4 : Find the product of all the factors taken in step 3.

Step 5 :The resultant product is the square root of the given number.

Example 8:
Find the square root of 9,216 by prime factorisation method.
Solution:
Writing 9,216 as a product of its prime factors, we get
Writing 9,216 as a product of its prime factors, we get
9,216 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3

=2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3

= 96

∴ √9,126 = 96 (Taking one factor each pair and finding the product)

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Example 9:

5 2,025

5 405

3 81

3 27

3 9

3 3

2,025 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each

row contains as many plants as the rows. Find the number of rows
and the number of plants in each row?

Solution:

Let the number of rows = x

∴ Number of plants in each row = x

∴ Total number of plants = 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2

According to the question, 𝑥 2 = 2,025

So, the number of rows = 45 and the number of plants in each row
= 45.

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Example10 : Find the smallest square number divisible by each one
of the numbers 6, 10, 12, 15.

Solution:

2 6, 10, 12, 15
2 3, 5, 6, 15
3 3, 5, 3, 15
5 1, 5, 1, 5
1, 1, 1, 1

LCM of 6, 10, 12, 15 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 = 60

Now write 60 as a product of prime factors of the given numbers

2 60

2 30

3 15

5 5

So, 60 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 5
Factors 3 and 5 are left unpaired.
To make it a perfect square, we need to multiply 60 by 3 × 5.
So, 60 × (3 × 5) = 60 × 15 = 900
Hence, the smallest square number divisible by 6, 10, 12, 15 is 900.

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Example 11 : The product of two numbers is 256. If one number is 4
times the other, find the numbers.
Solution:
Product of two numbers = 256
Let one number be x.
256
Then the other number =
𝑥
256
According to the question, 𝑥 = 4 ×
𝑥

Writing 9,216 as a product of its prime factors, we get 9,216 =

2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×2×3×3

= 2 × 2 ×2 × 2 × 2 ×3

= 96

2 1,024
2 512
2 256
2 128
2 64
2 32
2 16
2 8
2 4
2 2
1

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Checkpoint-5

1. Using prime factorisation, find the square root of the following

numbers:
(i)784 (ii) 2116 (iii) 3364
(iv)11664 (v)11025 (vi)16641
2. Find the smallest square number which is divisible by each of the
given collection of numbers:
(i) 6, 10 and 15 (ii)4, 6 and 9
3. Find the smallest number, on multiplying by which, the numbers
given below will yield a perfect square. Also, find the square root
of the perfect square thus obtained.
(i)648 (ii)1458

(c)Division method

Let us understand this method with the help of an example.

Example: Find the square root of 4096.
Solution:
Step 1: Mark the digits of the number in pairs; 40 and 96.
Step 2: Now, take the first group (40) from the left side. Since 6 × 6 =
36, which is the greatest perfect square below 40, we take 6 as
divisor and quotient.
6
6 40 96
−36

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Step 3: Subtract 36 from 40. You will get 4. Now, bring down the
remaining part of the dividend to get 496.

64
6 40 96
+6 −36 
124 4 96
−4 96
0

Step 4: Now, double the ones digit of the first divisor (6 + 6 = 12). This
forms the first part of the new divisor. The rest part of the new
divisor is obtained by trial and error method using the digits
starting from 1, in order to get the product of new divisor and new
quotient equal to new dividend so that there is no remainder.

Here, you will get 4 as 124 × 4 = 496.

Step 5: So, you have the first part of the new divisor as 12 and the
second part as 4. It means the new divisor is 124, which when
multiplied by 4 gives 496, which is the new dividend. Thus, you will
get zero remainder in this case.

The quotient is 64. So, the square root of 4096 is 64.

Example 12: Find the square root of 5476 using division method.

74
7 54 76
−49 
144 5 76
−5 76
0

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Solution:

Therefore, √5476 = 74

(d)Square root of Decimals

To find the square root of a decimal number, we follow these steps:

(a) Pair up the digits from right to left in case of an integral part and

from left to right in case of the decimal part.

For example, let us consider the number 42.25. We will pair the
digits as 42. 25
(b) Now, follow the usual long division process of finding out the

square root of the number.

6.5
6 42.25
+6 −36 
125 625
−625
0

So, √42.25 = 6.5

(e)Square Root of Whole Numbers which are not Perfect

Squares (correct up to two decimal places)

Let us understand the method with an example. Take a number

4097.
Step 1: Pair up the digits of the number. Thus, the 1st part is 40, and
the 2nd part is 97.
Step 2: Now, taking the first group from the left side, we take the
divisor as 6 because 6x6 = 36 is the greatest perfect square below
40. So, the quotient is 6.
Step 3: The remainder is 4 and takes down the remaining part of
the dividend, so the new dividend becomes 497.

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Step 4: Now, double the ones digit of the divisor to get 12, which is
the first part of the new divisor. We will get the second part by trial
and error method. By multiplying 124 with 4, we get 496, which is
the closest we can get to the new dividend. So, the quotient
becomes 64.

64 . 08
6 40 97 . 00 00
+6 −36 
124 4 97
−4 96  
1288 1 00 00
− 99 84
16

Step 5: Now, the remainder is smaller than quotient. In order to get

the result correct to two decimal places, we put four zeroes and pair
them up to get 2 decimal places. On further division, we get the
quotient up to two decimal places as 64.08.
So, the approximate square root of 4097 is 64.08.

Checkpoint-6

1. Using long division method, find the square root of the following
numbers:
(i)9604 (ii)45796 (iii)544.7556
(iv)10404 (v)7106.49 (vi)3364
(vii)12633.76
2. Find the number of digits in the square root of :
(a)13660416 (b)1522756

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3. Using long division, find the smallest number which should be
subtracted from the following number, to get a perfect square.
Also, find the square root of the new number:

(i)3456 (ii)3317.763 (iii)6345

(iv)12678.765 (v)245 (vi)547.569

(vii)7174.12 (viii)967

4. 5000 chairs are to be arranged in rows and columns, such that

the number of rows is equal to the number of columns. Will all
the chairs be accommodated in this arrangement? If not, how
many will be left out?

F. Estimation of Square roots

Very often, we need to estimate the square root of a number.

Before we discuss how to find this estimate, consider the following
natural numbers and their respective squares given below:

Number Square Number Square

10 100 50 2500
15 225 60 3600
20 400 70 4900
25 625 80 6400
30 900 90 8100
40 1600 100 10000

Now, suppose we have to estimate √7425.

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From the above table, it is clear that √7425 lies between 85 and 90.
We will now narrow down the range. We first find 852 = 7225. Thus
√7425 lies between 85 and 90.

Now, 862 = 7396 and 872 = 7569. Since 7425 is closer to 7396, thus
√7425 is approximately equal to 86.

Example 13: Find the estimate square root of 5322.

Solution: We know that 702 = 4900 and 802 = 6400, thus the square
root of 5322 lies between 70 and 80. Now, 752 =5625, thus the square
root of 5322 further lies between 70 and 75. Now, 722 = 5184 and 732
= 5329. Since 5329 is very close to 5322, √5322 is approximately 73.

Bird’s-eye view

● A natural number b that can be written as a2, where a is also a

natural number is called a square number or a perfect square.
The number a is called the square root of b, and we write √𝑏 = 𝑎.
● All square numbers have 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9 in their one's place.
● A number which has zeros at the end can be a square number if
the number of zeros at the end is even.
● The squares of even and odd numbers are even and odd,
respectively.
● The sum of the first n odd numbers is equal to n2.
● The square of an odd number can be written as the sum of two
consecutive integers.
● The difference of the squares of two consecutive integers is equal
to the sum of the two numbers.

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● If m is an even natural number greater than one, then the
numbers 2m, m2 – 1, m2 + 1 form a Pythagorean Triplet.

● If m is an odd natural number greater than one, then the

1 1
numbers 𝑚, (𝑚2 − 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑚2 + 1) form a Pythagorean Triplet.
2 2

● The square root of a perfect square can be obtained by continued

subtraction of odd numbers, by prime factorisation of the square
or by the long division method.

Solved examples

Example 1 Find the square root of 784.

Solution: 784 = 24 × 72

√784 = √24 × 72
= 22 × 7 (powers are divided by 2) = 𝟐𝟖
2 784

2 392

2 196

2 98

7 49

7 7

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Example 2. In a cinema hall, the number of rows is equal to the
number of chairs in each row. If the hall can accommodate 7744
seats, find the number of chairs in each row.
Solution: Let the number of chairs in each row = 𝑥
∴ Number of chairs in 𝑥 rows = 𝑥 × 𝑥 = 𝑥 2
According to the problem, 𝑥 2 = 7744
or, 𝑥 = √7744

= √26 × 112
= 23 × 11 = 𝟖𝟖 chairs in each room, 88 chairs in each row.

2 7744

2 3872

2 1936

2 968

2 484

2 242

11 121

11 11

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Example 3: Find the least number by which 6125 should be
multiplied to get a perfect square number. Also, find the number
whose square is the resulting new number.
Solution: Resolving 6125 into prime factors, we get 6125 = 5 × 5 × 5 ×
7 × 7.
Clearly, on grouping the prime factors of 6125 into pairs of equal
factors, we are left with a factor 5, which cannot be paired.
Thus, we must multiply 6125 by 5 to get a perfect square number.
5 6125
5 1225
5 245
7 49
7 7
1
New number = 6125 × 5

=5×5×5×5×7×7
= 52 × 52 × 72
= (5 × 5 × 7)2
= (175)2
Hence, the number whose square is the new number is 175.

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
Example 4: Find the least number by which 768 should be divided
to get a perfect square number. Also, find the number whose
square is the resulting new number.
Solution: Resolving 768 into prime factors, we get

2 768
2 384
2 192
2 96
2 48
2 24
2 12
2 6
3 3
1

768 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
Clearly, by grouping the prime factors of 768 into pairs of equal
factors, we are left with a factor 3, which cannot be paired. Thus,
we must divide, 768 by 3 to get a perfect square number.
New number = 768 ÷ 3 = 256
256 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2
= 22 × 22 × 22 × 22
= (2 × 2 × 2 × 2)2
= (16)2
Hence, the number whose square is the new number is 16.

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
Example 5: Find the smallest square number, which is divisible by
each of the numbers 9, 10, 12 and 15.
The least number divisible by each one of these numbers 9, 10, 12
and 15 is their LCM.

2 9,10,12,15

3 9, 5, 6, 15

5 3, 5, 2, 5

3, 1, 2, 1

The LCM of 9, 10, 12 and 15 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 3 × 2 = 180

Now 180 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5
Clearly, the prime factor 5 is not in pair.
Therefore, 180 is not a perfect square.
In order to make it a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 5.
Hence, the required square number = 180 × 5 = 900.

Example: 6 The following numbers are not perfect squares. Give

reason.
(a) 122 (b) 9763 (c) 5247 (d) 2398
Solution: We know that natural numbers ending in the digits 2, 3, 7
or 8 are not perfect squares.
Hence, none of the numbers a. 122, b. 9763, c. 5247 and d. 2398 is a
perfect square.

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
Example: 7 : What will be the units digit of the squares of the
following numbers?
(a) 79 (b) 681 (c) 8753 (d) 3214
Solution: We know that the units digits of the squares of numbers
ending in 9 or 1 is 1.
(a) ∴ The units digit of the square of the number 79 is 1.
(b) And the units digit of the square of the number 681 is 1.
(c) Again, the units digit of the square of a number ending in 3 is 9.
∴ The units digit of the square of the number 8753 is 9.
(c) Also, the units digit of the square of a number ending in 4 or 6 is
6.
∴ The units digit of the square of the number 3214 is 6.

Example 8: Express the following.

(a) 81 as the sum of 9 odd natural numbers

(b) 196 as the sum of 14 odd natural numbers.

Solution: We know that the sum of the first n odd natural numbers
is 𝑛2 .

(a)81 = 92 = Sum of the first 9 odd natural numbers

=1+3+5+7+9+11+13+15+17 196 = 142 =

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 14 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 +
15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25 + 27

Example 9: Express each of the following as the sum of two

consecutive natural numbers.

(a) 212 (b) 132

29
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
Solution: We know that square of any odd number can be
expressed as the sum of two consecutive positive integers which are
𝑛2 −1 𝑛2 +1
given by and , where n is the odd number.
2 2

212 −1 212 +1 441−1 441+1

(a) 212 = + = +
2 2 2 2

440 442
= + = 220 + 221
2 2
132 −1 132 +1 169−1 169+1
(b) 132 = + + +
2 2 2 2

168 170
= + = 84 + 85
2 2

Example 10: Evaluate the following.

11 2 −7 2
(a) ( ) (b) ( )
13 8

11 2 11 11 121
Solution: (a) ( ) = × =
13 13 13 169

−7 2 (−7) (−7) 49
(b) ( ) = × =
8 8 8 64

Example 11: Find the squares of the following numbers.

Solution

(a) 332 (b) 4022 (c) 992

(a) 332 = (30 + 3)2

= 30(30 + 3) + 3(30 + 3) [Using distributive property]

= 302 + 30 × 3 + 3 × 30 + 32
= 900 + 90 + 90 + 9
= 1089
(b) 4022 = (400 + 2)2

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
= 4002 + 2 × 400 × 2 + 22 [Using (𝑎 + 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ]

= 160000 + 1600 + 4
= 161604
(c) 992 = (100 − 1)2

= 1002 − 2 × 100 + 12 [Using (𝑎 − 𝑏)2 = 𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 ]

Example 12 Evaluate √15876.

Solution: By prime factorisation, we get

15876 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 7

∴ √15876 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 7 = 126
2 15876

2 7938

3 3969

3 1323

3 441

3 147

7 49
7 7
1

Example 13: Find the smallest number by which 2028 must be

multiplied so that the product becomes a perfect square. Also, find
the square root of the perfect square so obtained.

Solution: By prime factorisation, we get

2028 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 13 × 13

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
Clearly, on grouping the prime factors of 2028 into pairs of equal
factors, we are left with factor 3, which cannot be paired.
Thus, to make 2028 a perfect square, it must be multiplied by 3.
New number = 2028 × 3
= 6084
= 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 13 × 13
= (2 × 3 × 13)2
2 2028
2 1014
3 507
13 169
13 13
1

∴ Square root of the new number (perfect square)

= 2 × 3 × 13 = 78
11
14. The product of two numbers is 2475, and their quotient is . Find
9

the numbers.

Solution: Let one of the two numbers be x. Then, the other

2475 11
number = Given, the quotient of the two numbers =
𝑥 9

𝑥 11
⇒ =
2475 9
𝑥
11
⇒ 𝑥2 = × 2475
9
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 3025
⇒ 𝑥 2 = 5 × 5 × 11 × 11
⇒ 𝑥 = 5 × 11
⇒ 𝑥 = 55

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
2475 2475
∴ = = 45
𝑥 55
Hence, the numbers are 55 and 45.

Example 15 Find the square root of 529 by long division method.

Solution:

2 3
2 5 29
−4
43 1 29
−1 2 9
0
∴ √529 = 23

Example 16 Evaluate √1296 using long division method.

Solution:

36
3 12 96
−9
66 3 96
−3 9 6
0

∴ √1296 = 36

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
Example 17 Find the square root of 15129.

Solution :

1 2 3
1 1 51 29
−1
22 51
−4
4
243 7 29
−7 2 9
0

∴ √15129 = 123

Example 18 Evaluate √403225.

Solution:

63 5
6 40 32 25
−3
6
123 4 32
−3 69
1265 63 25
−6 2 5
3
0

∴ √403225 = 635

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
Example 19 Find the square root of 1046529.

Solution:

1 23
1 1 04 65 29
−1
20 0 4
−0 0
202 46 5
−4 4
0
6 12 9
−6 1 2 9s
0

∴ √1046529 = 1023

Example 20 Evaluate √50625 and hence find the value of √5.0625 +

√506.25.

Solution :

2 25
2 5 0625
−
4
42 1 06
− 84
445 2225
− 2225
0

∴ √50625 = 225

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 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
50625 50625
Now, √5.0625 + √506.25 = √ +√
10000 100

√50625 √50625 225 225

= + = +
√10000 √100 100 10
= 2.25 + 22.5 = 24.75

Practice yourself

Multiple choice Question

1. 42 +______+ l2 = 92
(a)52 (b)62 (c)82 (d)22
2. 92 +______+ 32 = 100
(a)1 (b)9 (c)10 (d)15

3. If 172 = 289, then =______.

(a)14 (b)17 (c)15 (d)20

4. The square root of (2×2×7×7×5×5) is

(a)70 (b)15 (c)14 (d)50

5. √𝑥 2 𝑦 2 =________

(a)xy (b)xy2 (c) x2y (d)x4y4

6. Square of (xy2) is______.
(a)xy (b)x2y2 (c)x2y4 (d)x4y4
7. Square of 67 is______
(a)4489 (b)4456 (c)3452 (d)3891

36
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
8. The number of digits in the square root of 225 is______.
(a)1 (b)4 (c)2 (d)3
9. Square root of 625 is______.
(a)30 (b)15 (c)20 (d)25
10. Find the square root of 16y2.
(a)4y2 (b)2y2 (c)4y (d)16y

2 marks question

1. What could be the possible digits in the one's place of the square
root of the following numbers?
(i)1515361 (ii)5513104
(iii)1512900 (iv)5452225
(v)4955076 (vi)5414929
2. State with reasons, which of the following cannot be a perfect
square.
(i)56260 (ii)132422
(iii)1884 (iv)2495
3. Find the answers from (i) to (iv) with calculation and by using the
pattern observed, answer (v) without actual calculation.
(i)3 × 11 (ii)33 × 11
(iii)333 × 11 (iv)3333 × 11
(v) 33333 × 11
4. Write the Pythagorean triplet with the following numbers as one
of its members:
(i)10 (ii)15 (iii)9 (iv)24
5. In a triangle ABC, ∠B = 90°. If AB = 6 cm and BC = 8 cm, find AC.

37
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
3 marks question
6. Find the smallest square number that is divisible by each of the
following numbers:
(i) 4, 9 and 10 (ii)6, 18, 21
7. Using prime factorisation find the square root of the following
numbers
(i)2116 (ii)722 (iii)3969 (iv)4761
8. Using prime factorisation, find the smallest number, on dividing
by which, 8712 will yield a perfect square. Also, find the square
root of the perfect square thus obtained.
9. Using continued subtraction, determine if 175 is a perfect square
or not. If not, find the smallest number that must be subtracted
from 175 to get a perfect square.

10. Two poles 8 m high and 13 m high are placed opposite to each
other across a 12 m long road. Find the distance between their
tops.

4 marks question
11. 2025 plants are to be planted in a garden in such a way that each
row contains as many plants as the number of rows. Find the
number of rows and the number of plants in each row.

12. Find the square root of the following numbers using prime
factorisation method:

(i)7056 (ii)9216 (iii)15376 (iv)38416

13. Find the smallest number that should be multiplied to 2028 to

make it a perfect square. Also, find the square root of the perfect
square thus obtained.

38
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
14. Find the square root of the following using the long division
method.
(i)6241 (ii)1444 (iii)55696 (iv)103041
(v)1211.04 (vi)56026.89 (vii)21257.64
15. Find the smallest number that must be subtracted from the
given numbers to get a perfect square. Also, find the square root
of the perfect square thus obtained.
(i)1883.565 (ii)3893.766
(iii)16052.92 (iv)11913.048
16. Find the number of digits in the square root of:
(i)45369 (ii)1468944

17. Estimate the following:

(i)√1855 (ii)√7921

(iii)√82944 (iv)√16821

18. Find the largest four-digit number that is a perfect square. Also,
find its square root.

19. Find the smallest six-digit number that is a perfect square. Also,
find its square root.

39
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

1. Use the division method to find the square roots of:

(a)225 (b)361
(c) 55696 (d) 262144
(e)1444 (f)44521
(g) 3136 (h) 5.4289
(i) 3.59 (j)559.3225
2. Find the square roots of:
(a)6.76 (b)156.25 (c)39.9424 (d)1.5876
3. Find the square roots of:
(a)52 (correct to 1 decimal places)
(b)89 (correct to 2 decimal places)
(c)562 (correct to 2 decimal places)
(d)36.28 (correct to 3 decimal places)
(e)126 (correct to 3 decimal places)
4. Find the square roots of the following (correct to 2 decimal
place):
3 4 3 3
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 2
4 5 8 16
3 3 × 25
[Hint: i. 2 = 2 + = 2.75. Then find √2.75 by division method.]
4 4 × 25

5. Find the values of:

8 11
(a)√(95 + √25) (b) √2 − √1
196 25

(c) √(1.85)2 − (1.75)2

40
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
6. Find the smallest 6-digit number, which is a perfect square.
7. To a relief fund, each member of a club donated as much money
as the number of members. If ₹2025 was collected, find the
number of members of the club.
8. Find the length of side of a square whose area is equal to the
area of a rectangle 17 m 64 cm x 3 m 24 cm.
9. Six times a number multiplied by five times the number is 9720.
Find the number.
10. Find the number whose one-third value multiplied by its two-
fifth value is 2430.
11. A gardener plants 1296 sunflower plants in as many rows as the
number of sunflower plants in each row. How many rows were
planted?
12. The soldiers of an army were to stand in a square formation. In
doing so, 48 soldiers were left out. If there were 10452 soldiers in
the regiment, find the number of soldiers in the front row.

41
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS

Solutions

Checkpoint-1

1. (i) 4 (ii) 6 (iii) 4 (iv) 6 (v) 1 (vi) 6 (vii) 9 (viii) 1

2. (ii) 21200 can be a perfect square as it has a 0 in the one's place.
(iii) 599 can be as it has a 9 in the one's place.
(v) 126 can be a perfect square as it has a 6 in the one's place
(vi) 121 can be as it has a 1 in the one's place.
(vii)1225 can be as it has a 5 in the one's place.

Checkpoint -2

1. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 5

(e)3

2. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 9 (d) 6

(e)1;

3. (a) 18 (b) 24 (c) 48 (d) 78

Checkpoint -3

1. (i) 8,15,17 (ii) 11,60,61 (iii) 5,12,13 (iv) 16,63,65 (v) 13,84,85

Checkpoint -4

1. (i) 17 (ii) 19 (iii) 9 (iv) 21 (v) 15 (vi) 13

2. 4 should be subtracted from 680. √676 = 26.

3. 21 should be added to 4740. Square root of 4761 is 69.

42
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
Checkpoint -5

1. (i) 28 (ii) 46 (iii) 58 (iv) 108 (v) 105 (vi) 129

2. (i) 900 (ii) 36

3. (i) 2; 36 (ii) 2; 54

Checkpoint -6

1. (i) 98 (ii) 214 (iii) 23.34 (iv) 102 (v) 84.3 (vi) 58

(vii) 112.4

2. (i) 4 (b) 4

3. (i) 92, 58 (ii) 0.0030, 57.6 (iii) 104, 79 (iv) 0.0050, 112.6

(v) 20, 15 (vi) 0.009, 23.4 (vii) 0.03, 84.7 (viii) 6, 31

4. No. 100

Novice level

1 marks question

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C C B A A C A C D C

2 marks question

1. (i) 1 or 9 (ii) 2 or 8 (iii) 0 (iv) 5 (v) 6 or 4 (vi) 3 or 7

2. (i) 56260 cannot be a perfect square as the number of zeros is
odd
(ii) 132422 cannot be a perfect square as it has a 2 in the ones place

43
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOTS
3. (i) 33 (ii) 363 (iii) 3663 (iv) 366663

4. (i) 10, 24, 26 (ii) 15, 112, 113 (iii) 9, 40, 41 (iv) 24, 143, 145

5. 10 cm

3 marks question

6. (i) 900 (ii) 1764 (iii)281 7. (i) 46 (ii) 85 (iii) 63 (iv) 69

8. 2, 66 9. Not a perfect square. 6

10. 13 m

4 marks question

11. 45 12. (i) 84 (ii) 96 (iii) 124 (iv) 196

13. 3, 78

14. (i) 79 (ii) 38 (iii) 236 (iv) 321 (v) 34.8 (vi) 236.7 (vii) 145.8

15. (i) 0.0050, 43.4 (ii) 0.0060, 62.4 (iii) 0.03, 126.7 (iv) 1.5084, 109.14

16. (i) 3 (ii) 4

17. (i) 43 (ii) 89 (iii) 288 (iv) 411

18. 9801, 99

19. 100489, 317

Advanced level

1. i. 15 ii. 19 iii. 236 iv. 512 v.38

vi.211 vii. 56 viii. 2.33 ix. 1.89
x. 23.65
2. i. 2.6 ii. 12.5 iii. 6.32 iv. 1.26
3. i. 7.2 ii. 9.43 iii. 23.71 iv. 6.02 v. 11.225

44
 CHAPTER 6
SQUARES AND SQUARE ROOT
4. i. 1.66 ii. 1.95 iii. 2.72 iv. 1.48
5. i. 10 ii. 8/35 iii. 0.6
6. 100489 7. 45 8. 7m, 56cm 9. 18 10. 135
11. 36 12. 120

45