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Main Title Here

Quadratic Functions
Sub-heading

Date
Dr. Jennifer Hoyte
Introduction
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• A Quadratic Function
• Is a special polynomial
• Always has degree 2
• Parent function: p(x)=x2
• Shape is called a parabola
• Has the general form of:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
p(x)=x2
• Where a is non-zero
Let’s• Main
Experiment
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• First we will look at the parent graph:
p(x)=x2
• What is the shape? Parabola.
• Does it open up or down? Up
• Do you notice that it is symmetric?
• What is the lowest point? (0, 0)
• This point is called the vertex and is where the graph turns.
p(x)=x2
• What is the Domain? (-∞,∞)
• What is the Range? (0, ∞)
• What are the values of a, b and c? a=1, b=0, c=0
• What are the x- and y-intercepts? (0, 0)
Let’s• Main
Experiment
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• Next we will look at the other parent graph:
p(x)= -x2
• What is the shape? Parabola.
• Does it open up or down? Down
• Do you notice that it is symmetric?
• Where is the vertex? (0, 0)
• Notice this time, it is now the highest point on the graph.
p(x)= -x2
• What is the Domain? (-∞,∞)
• What is the Range? (-∞, 0)
• What are the values of a, b and c? a=-1, b=0, c=0
• What are the x- and y-intercepts? (0, 0)
Digging Deeper
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• Graph each of the following functions and
complete the table (first one filled in for you):
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
0.5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
−𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 8
−3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 4
Feature x2-6x+2 0.5x2+2x+5 -x2+8x-8 -3x2-6x-4
a, b, c 1, -6, 2
f(x)= x2-6x+2
Opens up or down? Up
Vertex (3, -7)
Domain (-∞, ∞)
Range (-7, ∞)
X-intercept(s) (5.6,0), (0.4,0)
Y-intercept (0, 2)
Deeper Answers
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• Graph each of the following functions and
complete the table (first one filled in for you):
𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
0.5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
−𝑥 2 + 8𝑥 − 8
−3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 − 4
Feature x2-6x + 2 0.5x2 + 2x + 5 -x2 + 8x - 8 -3x2 - 6x - 4
a, b, c 1, -6, 2 0.5, 2, 5 -1, 8, -8 -3, -6, -4
f(x)= x2-6x+2
Opens up or down? Up Up Down Down
Vertex (3, -7) (-2, 3) (4, 8) (-1, -1)
Domain (-∞, ∞) (-∞, ∞) (-∞, ∞) (-∞, ∞)
Range (-7, ∞) (3, ∞) (-∞, 8) (-∞, -1)
X-intercept(s) (5.6,0), (0.4,0) None (1.2, 0), (6.8, 0) None
Y-intercept (0, 2) (0, 5) (0, -8) (0, -4)
Patterns
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• Can we determine information for the table below without drawing the graph? Yes!
• Let’s look for the patterns:
• The a value determines whether it opens up or down: • The domain is always all real numbers.
• If a > 0, graph opens Up and has a minimum point, • The range is based on the vertex.
• If a < 0, graph opens Down and has a maximum point. • If the range is all positive or all negative, then
• The c value determines the y-intercept. the graph never crosses the x axis so there are
no x-intercepts.
Feature x2-6x + 2 0.5x2 + 2x + 5 -x2 + 8x - 8 -3x2 - 6x - 4
a, b, c 1, -6, 2 0.5, 2, 5 -1, 8, -8 -3, -6, -4
Opens up or down? Up Up Down Down
Big Question:
Vertex (3, -7) (-2, 3) (4, 8) (-1, -1)
How do we determine
Domain (-∞,∞) (-∞,∞) (-∞,∞) (-∞,∞)
the vertex???
Range (-7,∞) (3,∞) (-∞, 8) (-∞, -1)
X-intercept(s) (5.6,0), (0.4,0) None (1.2, 0), (6.8, 0) None
Y-intercept (0, 2) (0, 5) (0, -8) (0, -4)
Determining the Vertex
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• To determine the vertex coordinates, the quadratic function needs
to be in a particular format.
• The general format of ax2+bx+c needs to be rewritten to format:
a(x + h)2 + k
• Where (h, k) are the coordinates of the vertex Feature x2-6x + 2
a, b, c 1, -6, 2
Opens up or down? Up
Guess what? So, from our example:
Vertex (3, -7)
−𝑏 −(−6)
h= h= =3 Domain (-∞, ∞)
2𝑎 2(1)
4(1)(2) −(−6)2 Range (-7, ∞)
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏2 k= =
8−36
= -7
k= 4(1) 4 X-intercept(s) (5.6,0), (0.4,0)
4𝑎 Y-intercept (0, 2)
= 𝑓(ℎ) Vertex is at (3, -7)
You •Try It Heading
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• Determine if each function below has a

maximum or minimum.
• Graph each to check your answer.

𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10

𝑔 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 + 5𝑥

𝑚 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 11𝑥 − 10
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−𝑏
h=
• Determine the vertex and range of each 2𝑎
4𝑎𝑐 − 𝑏 2
function below. k=
4𝑎
• Graph each to check your answer.

𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 12

𝑔 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 5

𝑚 𝑥 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥
Increasing / Decreasing Behaviors
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• Let’s look back at our first graph.
• Over what interval is the quadratic
function increasing or decreasing?
• You guessed it!
• We can use the coordinates of the
vertex as the turning point. f(x)= x2-6x+2

• So for our function, the graph is:

• Decreasing over interval (-∞, 3), and,
• Increasing over interval (3, ∞)
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• For each function below, determine over what interval it
is increasing and decreasing.
• Draw the graph to check your answer.

2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 8

−𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10

𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 12
Quadratic Function Transformation
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• Just like any other function, a quadratic can be reflected and
translated to change its size or location.
• The general form of a quadratic function is:
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• The vertex form of a quadratic function is:
𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘
• The values for a, b, c, h and k, can be changed to model
different shapes.
The •Power of ABC
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• The general form of a quadratic function is: 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
• The vertex form of a quadratic function is: 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑎(𝑥 − ℎ)2 +𝑘
• Let’s see the power of ABC:
• In Desmos, enter the general form of the function .
• Create sliders for a, b and c.
• Manipulate the sliders to see how the function graph changes.
• Now enter the vertex form of the function, and create sliders.
• Try to manipulate the vertex form until the graph matches the general form
graph you created.
• Are the equations the same?
Finding Parabolas
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• Look around you for any parabola-shape you can find in real
life.
• It can be in a photograph, image online, take a picture,
whatever you find.
• Bring it with you to the next class.
Sign• of a Quadratic
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• A function can be positive, negative or zero.
• The sign of a function can be determined by how it interacts
with the x-axis.
• If the function is above the x-axis, it is considered to be
positive.
• If the function is below the x-axis, it is negative.
• Where it touches or crosses the x-axis, the function is zero,
and those points are the solutions or zeros of the function.
• Let’s see how this works.
Sign• of a Quadratic
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• Let us go back to our example function.
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2
• This function crosses the x-axis in 2 places: 0.35 and 5.65.
• To the left of 0.35, the graph is above the x-axis, so it is
considered to be positive.
• Between the two points, the graph is below the x-axis, so
is considered negative.
• We can therefore say that:
• f(x) > 0 over interval (-∞, 0.35) U (5.65, ∞)
• f(x) < 0 over interval (0.35, 5.65)
f(x)= x2-6x+2
• f(x) = 0 at (0.35,0) and (5.65, 0)
You •Try It Heading
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• Graph the function:
3𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 10
• Identify the intervals, if any, over which it is positive,
negative or zero.
• Graph the function:
−𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 5
• Identify the intervals, if any, over which it is positive,
negative or zero.
Coming Up
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• Find out how we use the Sign of a Quadratic