Computer Science & Computer Applications

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS::
ABACUS:

The ABACUS which uses movable beads strung on wires above the below a crossbar originated
in CHINA and was widely used 5000 years ago, but the exact year of its development is still
not clear.

Pascal mechanical calculator:

In 1642 Blaise Pascal the French mathematician invented a mechanical counter

That could add or subtract. It consisted of a set of wheels or gears. Each wheel had numbers
0 to 9 engraved on it, one set of numbers for each tooth of wheel.

Charles Babbage:

Charles Babbage, A professor of mathematics at Cambridge university, invented a machine

called differential engine. Which could evaluate accurately algebra, expressing and
mathematical tables. Correct up 20 decimal places. Later he developed analytical machine,
which could perform addition at the rate of 60 per minute.

Charles Babbage is remembered as father of computers.

1. Data and Information

All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as
numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase.
Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful,
and useful. During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such
as a printed report. The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.

Data Process Information / Results

2. Computer
Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes it
under the control of set of instructions (called program), gives the result (output), and saves it for the
future use. A computer has four functions:

a. accepts data Input

b. processes data Processing
c. produces output Output
d. stores results Storage

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Input (Data): Input is the raw information entered into a computer from the input devices. It is the
collection of letters, numbers, images etc.
Process: Process is the operation of data as per given instruction. It is totally internal process of the
computer system.
Output: Output is the processed data given by computer after data processing. Output is also called as
Result. We can save these results in the storage devices for the future use.
The size of memory is measured either in kilobytes or mega bytes, gega bytes, tera bytes.

Unit Description
Byte 1 Byte = 8 Bits
Kilo Byte (KB) 1 KB = 1024 Bytes
Mega Byte (MB) 1 MB = 1024 KB
Giga Byte (GB) 1 GB = 1024 MB
Tera Byte (TB 1 TB = 1024 GB
Peta Byte (PB) 1 PB = 1024 TB

3. Advantages and Characteristics of computer:

High Speed: Computer is a very fast device. It is capable of performing calculation of very large amount
of data. The computer has units of speed in microsecond, nanosecond, and even the picoseconds. It
can perform millions of calculations in a few seconds as compared to man who will spend many months
for doing the same task.

Accuracy : In addition to being very fast, computers are very accurate. The calculations are 100% error
free. Computers perform all jobs with 100% accuracy provided that correct input has been given.

Storage Capability : Memory is a very important characteristic of computers. A computer has much
more storage capacity than human beings. It can store large amount of data. It can store any type of
data such as images, videos, text, audio and many others.

Diligence: Unlike human beings, a computer is free from monotony, tiredness and lack of concentration.
It can work continuously without any error and boredom. It can do repeated work with same speed and
accuracy.

Versatility: A computer is a very versatile machine. A computer is very flexible in performing the jobs to
be done. This machine can be used to solve the problems related to various fields. At one instance, it
may be solving a complex scientific problem and the very next moment it may be playing a card game.

Reliability: A computer is a reliable machine. Modern electronic components have long lives.
Computers are designed to make maintenance easy.

Automation: Computer is an automatic machine. Automation means ability to perform the given task
automatically. Once a program is given to computer i.e., stored in computer memory, the program and
instruction can control the program execution without human interaction.

Reduction in Paper Work: The use of computers for data processing in an organization leads to
reduction in paper work and results in speeding up a process. As data in electronic files can be retrieved
as and when required, the problem of maintenance of large number of paper files gets reduced.

Reduction in Cost: Though the initial investment for installing a computer is high but it substantially
reduces the cost of each of its transaction.

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Disadvantages of computer
No Intelligence: A computer is a machine that has no intelligence to perform any task. Each instruction
has to be given to computer. A computer cannot take any decision on its own.

Dependency: It functions as per a user’s instruction, so it is fully dependent on human being

Environment: The operating environment of computer should be dust free and suitable.

No Feeling: Computers have any feelings or emotions. It cannot make judgment based on feeling, taste,
experience, and knowledge unlike a human being.

4. Components of Computer
A computer is a system made of two major components: hardware and software. The computer
hardware is the physical equipment. The software is the collection of programs (instructions) that allow
the hardware to do its job.

4.1 Hardware

Physical components that make up a computer system. The hardware components are the physical
attributes of a computer. Hardware represents the physical and tangible components of a computer i.e.
the components that can be seen and touched.
Examples of Hardware are following:

 Input devices -- keyboard, mouse etc.

 Output devices -- printer, monitor etc.
 Secondary storage devices -- Hard disk, CD, DVD etc.

4.2 Software

Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function

A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
The instruction tells computer hardware what to do and how to do it.
The instructions given to the computer in the form of a program is called Software.

5. Anatomy of a computer (Block diagram of digital computer )

The hardware component of the computer system consists of five parts: input devices, central
processing unit (CPU), primary storage, output devices, and auxiliary storage devices.
a. Primary Storage (Main Memory)
b. Auxiliary (Secondary) memory (hard disks, Thumb Drives, CD’s etc)
c. Central Processing Unit
d. Input Devices (Keyboard, mouse, scanner etc)
e. Output Devices (Monitor, printer, speakers etc)

The input device is usually a keyboard where programs and data are entered into the computers.
Examples of other input devices include a mouse, a pen or stylus, a touch screen, or an audio input unit.

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The output device is usually a monitor or a printer to show output. If the output is shown on the monitor,
we say we have a soft copy. If it is printed on the printer, we say we have a hard copy.

Primary storage, also known as main memory, is a place where the programs and data are stored
temporarily during processing. The data in primary storage are erased when we turn off a personal
computer or when we log off from a time-sharing system.

Auxiliary storage, also known as secondary storage, is used for both input and output. It is the place
where the programs and data are stored permanently. When we turn off the computer, or programs and
data remain in the secondary storage, ready for the next time we need them.

The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions such as arithmetic
calculations, comparisons among data, and movement of data inside the system. Today’s computers
may have one, two, or more CPUs.

Monitor : LCD (Liquid-Crystal Display) and LED (Light Emitting Diode) screens that displays text
and images made up to individual dots of color called pixel.

Keyboard Contains microprocessor that detects which key has been pressed and sends a signal to the
control processing unit.

Mouse : As the mouse is moved it sends co-ordinates to the computer, which moves the cursor on the
screen.
CPU: The central processing unit is the brains of the computer and carries out calculations and
instructions.

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Motherboard : This is the main circuit board. It connects the computer’s key components and passes
on instructions.

Ports : External devices such as flash sticks (pen drives), printers, scanners, digital music player, digital
camera and smart phones can be plugged in.

Hard disk : This magnetic disk is located within the main body of the computer and stores the computer’s
programs and data.

ROM: Read Only memory. This holds permanent data that remains ever when the computer is switched
off.

RAM: Random Access Memory. This holds data temporarily. The data is lost when the computer is
switched off, unless user has saved it.

Motherboard : A motherboard connects CPU, memory, hard drives, optical drives, video card, sound
card, and other ports and expansion cards directly or via cables. It can be considered as the backbone
of a computer.

Features of Motherboard
A motherboard comes with following features:
 Motherboard varies greatly in supporting various types of components.
 Normally a motherboard supports a single type of CPU and few types of memories.
 Video Cards, Hard disks, Sound Cards have to be compatible with motherboard to function
properly
 Motherboards, cases and power supplies must be compatible to work properly together.

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6. Operational overview of CPU

CPU (Central Processing Unit)

CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations.
It stores data, intermediate results and instructions (program). It controls the operation of all parts of
computer.
CPU itself has following three components
1. ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit) 2. Memory Unit 3. Control Unit

Memory or Storage Unit

This unit can store instructions, data and intermediate results. This unit supplies information to the other
units of the computer when needed. It is also known as internal storage unit or main memory or primary
storage or Random Access Memory (RAM). Its size affects speed, power and capability. Primary
memory and secondary memory are two types of memories in the computer. Functions of memory unit
are:
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

Control Unit
This unit controls the operations of all parts of computer but does not carry out any actual data
processing operations. Functions of this unit are:
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a
computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the
computer.
 It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)

This unit consists of two subsections namely Arithmetic section & Logic Section

Arithmetic Section Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of
above operations.

Logic Section Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as comparing, selecting,
matching and merging of data.

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7. Classification of Computers
Computers can be classified according to physical size, functionality and purpose as shown below.

Classification of Computers
100

80
According to Physical Size According to the Functionality According to the Purpose
60 East
1.
100 Super computer 1.
100 Analog Computer 1.
100General purpose computer
West
2. Mainframe computer 402. Digital Computer 2. Special Purpose computer
3.80 Mini computer 3.80 Hybrid Computer 3.80Dedicated computer
North
20
4.60 Micro computer 60 East 60
East East
o Desktop 0
West West West
40 o Laptop 40 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 40
o Notebook North North North
20 20 20
o PDA, Tablets
0 o Workstations 0 0
o 1stKindle
Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
Classification computers According to Physical Size
o Supercomputers
o Mainframe Computers
o Minicomputers
o Microcomputers
On the basis of Size Computers can be broadly classified by their speed and computing power.

a) Super computer
Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available. Supercomputers are very
expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amount of mathematical
calculations (number crunching). For example, weather forecasting, scientific simulations, (animated)
graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of
geological data (e.g. in petrochemical prospecting).

b) Mainframe computers are very large, often filling an entire room. They can store enormous of
information, can perform many tasks at the same time, can communicate with many users at the same
time, and are very expensive. . The price of a mainframe computer frequently runs into the millions of
dollars. Mainframe computers usually have many terminals connected to them. These terminals look
like small computers but they are only devices used to send and receive information from the actual
computer using wires. Terminals can be located in the same room with the mainframe computer, but

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they can also be in different rooms, buildings, or cities. Large businesses, government agencies, and
universities usually use this type of computer.

c) Minicomputer

Minicomputers are much smaller than mainframe computers and they are also much less expensive.
The cost of these computers can vary from a few thousand dollars to several hundred thousand dollars.
They possess most of the features found on mainframe computers, but on a more limited scale. They
can still have many terminals, but not as many as the mainframes. They can store a tremendous amount
of information, but again usually not as much as the mainframe. Medium and small businesses,
Universities typically use these computers.

d) Micro Computer
Microcomputers are the types of computers we are using in your classes at your College. These
computers are usually divided into desktop models and laptop models. They are terribly limited in what
they can do when compared to the larger models discussed above because they can only be used by
one person at a time, they are much slower than the larger computers, and they can not store nearly as
much information, but they are excellent when used in small businesses, homes, and school classrooms.
These computers are inexpensive and easy to use. They have become an indispensable part of modern
life.

1) Desktop Computer: a personal or micro-mini computer sufficient to fit on a desk.

Although personal computers are designed as single-user systems, these systems are normally
linked together to form a network. In terms of power, now-a-days High-end models of the Macintosh
and PC offer the same computing power and graphics capability as low-end workstations by Sun
Microsystems, Hewlett-Packard, and Dell.

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2) Laptop Computer: a portable computer complete with an integrated screen and keyboard.
It is generally smaller in size than a desktop computer and larger than a notebook computer.

3) Palmtop Computer/Digital Diary /Notebook /PDAs: a hand-sized computer. Palmtops have no

keyboard but the screen serves both as an input and output device.

e) Workstations

Workstation is a computer used for engineering applications (CAD/CAM), desktop publishing, software
development, and other such types of applications which require a moderate amount of computing
power and relatively high quality graphics capabilities.

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2. Classification of Computer according to functionality

a) Analog Computer

An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English) is a form of computer that uses continuous
physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being
solved.

b) Digital Computer
A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits,
usually in the binary number system.

c) Hybrid Computer (Analog + Digital)

A combination of computers those are capable of inputting and outputting in both digital and analog
signals. A hybrid computer system setup offers a cost effective method of performing complex
simulations.

3. Classification of computers according to the Purpose

General Purpose Computer is built to perform a variety of tasks, including the most frequent computing
tasks, in a reasonably efficiently manner. It can store and execute multiple programs in its internal
storage. Personal Computers such as tablets, smart phones, notebooks and desktops are examples of
general purpose computers.
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Special-Purpose Computer - A computer designed from scratch to perform a specific function.

Contrast with general-purpose computer.
Special-purpose computers refer to computers that are built to perform specific tasks, such as automatic
teller machines or washing machines. Special-purpose computers also include systems to control
military planes, boats, surveillance equipment and other defense-oriented applications.

Dedicated Computer
A dedicated system is a general-purpose computer system confined to performing only one function for
reasons of efficiency or convenience.
For Example: PCs used for learning environment, Banking and communication etc.
A computer dedicated to a database may be called a "database server". "File servers" manage
a large collection of computer files. "Web servers" process web pages and web applications. Many
smaller servers are actually personal computers that have been dedicated to provide services for other
computers. Also a mail server.

9. Operating System Definition

An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among computer
hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and remains in
memory at all times.
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose
computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. Operating systems
perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display screen,
keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives
and printers.

Functions of an operating system

The basic functions of an operating system are:
1. Booting the computer 6. Communication
2. Manages I/O operations 7. Error Detection
3. Handles system resources 8. Protection
4. file management 9. Provides a user interface
5. Program execution 10. Storage management

Booting the computer: The process of starting or restarting the computer is known as booting.

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Manages Input /Output Operations

Operating System manages the communication between user and device drivers. The operating system
performs basic computer tasks, such as managing the various peripheral devices such as the mouse,
keyboard and printers. For example, most operating systems now are plug and play which means a
device such as a printer will automatically be detected and configured without any user intervention.
 I/O operation means read or write operation with any file or any specific I/O device.
 Program may require any I/O device while running.
 Operating system provides the access to the required I/O device when required.

Resource Manager
Operating System Also Known as the Resource Manager operating system wills manages all the
resources those are attached to the system. All the resource like memory and processor and all the
input output devices those are attached to the system are known as the resources of the computer
system.
Provides file management

The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and directories (folders) saved
or retrieved from a computer disk. The file management system allows the user to perform such tasks
as creating files and directories, renaming files, coping and moving files, and deleting files. The operating
system keeps track of where files are located on the hard drive through the type of file system. The type
two main types of file system are File Allocation table (FAT) or New Technology File system (NTFS).

Program execution

Operating system handles many kinds of activities from user programs to system programs like printer
spooler, name servers, file server etc.
Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to program management.
 Loads a program into memory.
 Executes the program.
 Handles program's execution.
 Provides a mechanism for process synchronization.
 Provides a mechanism for process communication.
 Provides a mechanism for deadlock handling.

Communication

In case of distributed systems which are a collection of processors that do not share memory, peripheral
devices, or a clock, operating system manages communications between processes. Multiple processes
with one another through communication lines in the network.
OS handles routing and connection strategies, and the problems of contention and security. Following
are the major activities of an operating system with respect to communication.
 Two processes often require data to be transferred between them.
 The both processes can be on the one computer or on different computer but are connected
through computer network.
 Communication may be implemented by two methods either by Shared Memory or by Message
Passing.

Error handling

Error can occur anytime and anywhere. Error may occur in CPU, in I/O devices or in the memory
hardware. Following are the major activities of an operating system with respect to error handling.
 OS constantly remains aware of possible errors.
 OS takes the appropriate action to ensure correct and consistent computing.
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Protection
Protection refers to mechanism or a way to control the access of programs, processes, or users to the
resources defined by a computer systems. Following are the major activities of an operating system with
respect to protection.
 OS ensures that all access to system resources is controlled.
 OS ensures that external I/O devices are protected from invalid access attempts.
 OS provides authentication feature for each user by means of a password.

Provides a user interface

A user interacts with software through the user interface. The two main types of user interfaces are:
command line and a graphical user interface (GUI). With a command line interface, the user interacts
with the operating system by typing commands to perform specific tasks. An example of a command
line interface is DOS (disk operating system). With a graphical user interface, the user interacts with the
operating system by using a mouse to access windows, icons, and menus. An example of a graphical
user interface is Windows Vista or Windows 7.
The operating system is responsible for providing a consistent application program interface (API) which
is important as it allows a software developer to write an application on one computer and know that it
will run on another computer of the same type even if the amount of memory or amount of storage is
different on the two machines.

Storage Management
Operating system also controls the all the storage operations means how the data or files will be stored
into the computers and how the files will be accessed by the users etc. All the operations those are
responsible for storing and accessing the files is determined by the operating system operating system
also allows us creation of files, creation of directories and reading and writing the data of files and
directories and also copy the contents of the files and the directories from one place to another place.

9. Memory Hierarchy

In computer architecture the memory hierarchy is a concept used for storing & discussing performance
issues in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions, and the lower level programming
constructs such as involving locality of reference. The memory hierarchy in computer
storage distinguishes each level in the hierarchy by response time. Since response time, complexity,
and capacity are related, the levels may also be distinguished by their performance and controlling
technologies.

A memory is just like a human brain. It is used to store data and instructions. Computer memory is the
storage space in computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are
stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a
unique address which varies from zero to memory size minus one. For example if computer has 64k
words, then this memory unit has 64 * 1024=65536 memory locations. The address of these locations
varies from 0 to 65535.

There are four major storage levels.

1. Internal – Processor registers and cache Memory.

2. Primary Memory /Main Memory– the system RAM and controller cards.
3. On-line mass storage – Secondary storage.
4. Off-line bulk storage – Tertiary and Off-line storage.

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CPU Registers

A register is a very small amount of very fast memory that is built into the CPU (central
processing unit) in order to speed up its operations by providing quick access to commonly used
values.

Cache Memory

Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer
between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most
frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by
operating system, from where CPU can access them.

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Advantages

The advantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory is faster than main memory.
 It consumes less access time as compared to main memory.
 It stores the program that can be executed within a short period of time.
 It stores data for temporary use.

Disadvantages

The disadvantages of cache memory are as follows:

 Cache memory has limited capacity.
 It is very expensive.

Primary Memory (Main Memory)

Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has
limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor
device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instruction required to be processed
reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

Characteristics of Main Memory

 These are semiconductor memories

 It is known as main memory.
 Usually volatile memory.
 Data is lost in case power is switched off.
 It is working memory of the computer.
 Faster than secondary memories.
 A computer cannot run without primary memory.

RAM (Random Access Memory) / Read-Write Memory is the internal memory of the CPU for storing
data, program and program result. It is read/write memory which stores data until the machine is working.
As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.Access time in RAM is independent of the
address that is, each storage location inside the memory is as easy to reach as other locations and
takes the same amount of time. Data in the RAM can be accessed randomly but it is very expensive.
RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we switch off the computer or if there is a power failure.
Hence a backup uninterruptible power system(UPS) is often used with computers. RAM is small, both
in terms of its physical size and in the amount of data it can hold.

RAM is of two types

 Static RAM (SRAM)
 Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Static RAM (SRAM)

The word static indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is being supplied.
However, data is lost when the power gets down due to volatile nature. SRAM chips use a matrix of 6-
transistors and no capacitors. Transistors do not require power to prevent leakage, so SRAM need not
have to be refreshed on a regular basis. Because of the extra space in the matrix, SRAM uses more
chips than DRAM for the same amount of storage space, thus making the manufacturing costs higher.
So SRAM is used as cache memory and has very fast access.

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Characteristic of the Static RAM

 It has long life
 There is no need to refresh
 Faster
 Used as cache memory
 Large size
 Expensive
 High power consumption

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

DRAM, unlike SRAM, must be continually refreshed in order to maintain the data. This is done by
placing the memory on a refresh circuit that rewrites the data several hundred times per second. DRAM
is used for most system memory because it is cheap and small. All DRAMs are made up of memory
cells which are composed of one capacitor and one transistor.

Characteristics of the Dynamic RAM

 It has short data lifetime
 Need to be refreshed continuously
 Slower as compared to SRAM
 Used as RAM
 Lesser in size
 Less expensive
 Less power consumption

ROM stands for Read Only Memory:

The memory from which we can only read but cannot write on it. This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently in such memories during manufacture. A ROM, stores such
instructions that are required to start a computer. This operation is referred to as bootstrap. ROM chips
are not only used in the computer but also in other electronic items like washing machine and microwave
oven.

Following are the various types of ROM

MROM (Masked ROM)

The very first ROMs were hard-wired devices that contained a pre-programmed set of data or
instructions. These kind of ROMs are known as masked ROMs which are inexpensive.

PROM (Programmable Read only Memory)

PROM is read-only memory that can be modified only once by a user. The user buys a blank PROM
and enters the desired contents using a PROM program. Inside the PROM chip there are small fuses
which are burnt open during programming. It can be programmed only once and is not erasable.
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EPROM (Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

The EPROM can be erased by exposing it to ultra-violet light for a duration of up to 40 minutes. Usually,
an EPROM eraser achieves this function. During programming, an electrical charge is trapped in an
insulated gate region. The charge is retained for more than ten years because the charge has no leakage
path. For erasing this charge, ultra-violet light is passed through a quartz crystal window(lid). This
exposure to ultra-violet light dissipates the charge. During normal use the quartz lid is sealed with a
sticker.

EEPROM (Electrically Erasable and Programmable Read Only Memory)

The EEPROM is programmed and erased electrically. It can be erased and reprogrammed about ten
thousand times. Both erasing and programming take about 4 to 10 ms (milli second). In EEPROM, any
location can be selectively erased and programmed. EEPROMs can be erased one byte at a time, rather
than erasing the entire chip. Hence, the process of re-programming is flexible but slow.

Advantages of ROM

The advantages of ROM are as follows:

 Non-volatile in nature
 These cannot be accidentally changed
 Cheaper than RAMs
 Easy to test
 More reliable than RAMs
 These are static and do not require refreshing
 Its contents are always known and can be verified

Secondary Memory / External Memory / Permanent storage device

This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory.
These are used for storing data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories
instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first
transferred to main memory, and then CPU can access it. For example : disk, CD-ROM, DVD etc.

Secondary memory (storage devices)

1. Hard Disk (Local Disk) 5. Floppy Disks

2. Optical Disks: CD-R, CD-RW, DVD-R, 6. Memory Cards
DVD-RW 7. External Hard Disk
3. Pen Drive
4. Zip Drive

Hard Disk

Hard Disk is present inside the system unit. Hard disk is the main secondary storage device that stores
large amount of data permanently. Hard disk is also called fixed disk. Hard disk stores operating system
software of a computer, data and other applications software. Hard disk consists of many metal disks or
platters coated with magnetic material that store data in tracks, which is further divided into sectors. The
various capacities of Hard disks are available in the market. Nowadays hard disk of 1TB (Tera Byte) is
available in the market.

Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is a portable storage device that stores data permanently. The floppy disk drive is used
to read and write data on a floppy disk. The storage capacity of Floppy disk is 1.44 MB (Mega Byte).

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Compact Disk/DVD

Compact Disk/Digital Versatile Disk stores huge amount of data permanently. The Compact Disk Drive
(CD-ROM) is required to read data from a compact disk. A CD-RW drive is used to write data on blank
CDs and delete, modify or add data on an already written CD-RW (CD-Rewritable).

DVD Drive (DVD-ROM) is required to read the data from DVD (Digital Versatile Disk). DVD Writer allows
you to read as well as write data on DVDs. The capacity of a compact disk is 700MB and DVD is 4.7
GB. CD/DVD is portable disk that can be used for transferring data and programs from one computer
to another computer. Since CDs and DVDs are reliable storage devices they are also used for keeping
backup copy of data and programs.

HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)

HVD is not the only technology in high-capacity, optical storage media. They will eventually store 1.6 TB
with a data transfer rate of 120 MB/s, and several companies are developing TB-level discs based on
3D optical data storage technology. Such large optical storage capacities compete favorably with the
Blu-ray Disc format. However, holographic drives are projected to initially cost around US$15,000, and
a single disc around US$120–180, although prices are expected to fall steadily.

Media type Ultra-high density optical disc

Encoding MPEG-2, MPEG-4 AVC (H.264), HEVC (H.265) and VC-1
Capacity 6 TB

Pen Drive

Pen drive is also called Flash Drive. Pen drive is a portable device used for transferring data and
programs from a computer to another computer. You can use a pen drive to copy data, songs, games
and programs from one computer to another computer. Different storage capacities of pen drives (256
MB to 32 GB and more) are available in the market.

External hard disk

To store huge amount of data or to take back ups we use external hard disks. It is also used for
transferring data and programs from a computer to another computer. The size of external hard disks
is 500 G.B to 1 T.B or more.

Memory Cards
Memory cards are used to store data such as documents, images, audio video file. They are mostly
used in digital cameras, Mobile phones.

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Characteristic of Secondary Memory

 These are magnetic and optical memories
 It is known as backup memory.
 It is non-volatile memory.
 Data is permanently stored even if power is switched off.
 It is used for storage of data in a computer.
 Computer may run without secondary memory.
 Slower than primary memories.

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The software is the collection of programs or instructions that allow the hardware to do its job. Computer
programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling computer hardware what to do and
how to do it. The instructions given to the computer in the form of a program.

 Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined function.

 A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular problem.
 An instruction is statement that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it.

11. Types of Computer Software

Computer software is divided in to two broad categories: system software and application software
System software manages the computer resources. It provides the interface between the hardware
and the users. System software is related to the hardware of the computer that is used to manage and
control operates the hardware of the computer. Ex: Operating System, Compilers, Interpreters, Device
Drivers etc,.

Application software, on the other hand is directly responsible for helping users solve their problems.
Application software is software i.e. developed by a person or group for their own purpose. Ex: payroll
system, banking, super market,..etc

Applications of Computer
Computer is a device through which you can perform a variety of jobs. You can use your computer
system for different applications by changing the software packages. Here are the list of uses or
applications of computer:
For Scientific Research
Scientific research was the first application of computer as computer was first used to perform this job
that is scientific research. At that time to now, the speed and accuracy of computer enabled scientific
analysis carried out too fast.
Computer controlled robots must be used in all those areas where there is danger to human being
such as in nuclear research and deep sea investigation etc.
For Business Application
Computer can also be used for the purpose of business.
Through computer, companies can grow their
business as fast as possible through quick
analysis of their previous project on the
computer screen (according to the data feeded
inside) and deciding what to do next without
any delay.
As from individual to multinational companies,
all are using computer for business purpose

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like keeping account information, stocks,

prices, items etc.
For Education
You can also use your computer system to educate yourself through audio, videos or images etc.Now-
a-days, there are thousands of websites available over Internet that are ready to deliver education for
free in almost every subjects.
You can choose whether you want to learn
online or offline. In online learning, you can
open any website to read your desired topic
while in offline learning you can learn through
videos, PDFs photos etc., all these documents
can be downloaded through internet.

In Banks
Banks are the place where there is continuous uses of computer or we can says that banks are the
major users of computers. For example, ATM (Automated teller machine) is used where we are free to
either deposit or withdraw our cash in/from our Bank.

In banks, all information such as account

holders detail, deposits, withdrawal, interest,
etc. are managed by computers.

Banks are also using computer network to

interconnect all of its branches so that their
users feel always free to deposit his or her
money in any branch of the same bank.

For Communication
Using your computer system for the purpose of communication gives you a lot of benefits. For example,
if you will use email to send message or anything to your friends or any of your contacts, then you don't
have to use pen and paper to write and take that paper to post office and then postman will deliver that
later after some or few days that will not good if you want to send any urgent information to the same
person.
Therefore, using email, you can also saves your time and cost to deliver any information very fast. You
only need a computer and internet connectivity.
Now-a-days, peoples are using chat message, email, voice-mail etc. for communication purpose.

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Now you have got enough idea about communication through computer. It's time to move on another
application of computer which is engineering.
Communication is a way to convey a message, an idea, a picture, or speech that is received and
understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant. Some main areas in this category
are −
 E-mail  Video-conferencing
 Whats up  Social Networking (Facebook,
 Chatting Instagram, Twitter etc)

For Engineering Design

Computers are widely used for Engineering purpose.
One of the major areas is CAD (Computer Aided Design) that provides creation and modification of
images. Some of the fields are –

 Structural Engineering − Requires stress and strain

analysis for design of ships, buildings, budgets, airplanes, etc.
 Industrial Engineering − Computers deal with design,
implementation, and improvement of integrated systems of
people, materials, and equipment.
 Architectural Engineering − Computers help in planning
towns, designing buildings, determining a range of buildings
on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

For Accounting Purposes

Computers are highly used for accounting purposes to handle company financial accounts and
inventory management using some accounting software like Tally.
With the use of computer the task of maintaining accounts become very easy. Later you can also
retrieve the data on the basis of various pattern or requirement very easily.
For Book Publishing
Book publishing becomes an easy task with the use of computer.
Book publishers are now using DTP (Desktop publishing) software like MS-Word to publish their
books.
For Medicines & Healthcare Related
Computer plays an important role in medical field also. For example in ICU (Intensive Care Unit)
chamber in hospital, computer keeps track of each and everything going inside the patient's body such
as blood pressure and Heartbeat etc.
Computers have become an important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. They are being used
in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also used in scanning and diagnosing

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different diseases. ECG, EEG, ultrasounds and CT scans, etc. are also done by computerized
machines.
Following are some major fields of health care in which computers are used.
Diagnostic System − Computers are used to collect data
and identify the cause of illness.

 Lab-diagnostic System − All tests can be done and the

reports are prepared by computer.

 Patient Monitoring System − These are used to check

the patient's signs for abnormality such as in Cardiac
Arrest, ECG, etc.

 Pharma Information System − Computer is used to

check drug labels, expiry dates, harmful side effects, etc

 Surgery − Nowadays, computers are also used in

performing surgery.

For Personal Use

Computer can also be used for personal purposes.One can use computer system to keep all the day-
to-day details that are essential to keep anywhere.You can use it for personal things such as
investments, incomes, expenditures, savings etc.

Insurance
Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers. Insurance
companies, finance houses, and stock broking firms are widely using computers for their concerns.
Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with information showing

 Procedure to continue with policies  Maturity date

 Starting date of the policies  Interests due
 Next due installment of a policy  Survival benefits
 Bonus
E- Commerce
Commercial transactions conducted electronically on the Internet is called E-Commerce. E-
commerce is the activity of buying or selling of products on online services or over the Internet.

Online shopping
The action or activity of buying goods or services over the Internet.
Marketing
In marketing, uses of the computer are following −

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Advertising − With computers, advertising

professionals create art and graphics, write and revise
copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of
selling more products.

Home Shopping − Home shopping has been made

possible through the use of computerized catalogues
that provide access to product information and permit
direct entry of orders to be filled by the customers.

Military
Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks,
missiles, weapons, etc. Military also employs
computerized control systems. Some military areas
where a computer has been used are −
 Missile Control
 Military Communication
 Military Operation and Planning
 Smart Weapons

For Entertainment
Most of the persons are using computer for entertainment purposes such as:
watching movies  photos
watching videos  animations etc.
listening songs
Computer can be used to create these things in an attractive manner so that user loves to enjoy the
things.
For Games
Now-a-days, peoples are using computers most of the time to play games.
For online games to play, you must have the internet connectivity whereas for offline games, you can
start without any internet connectivity.
There are a variety of games available in computer world. Here are some of the category available in
the game field:
 action  puzzle
 racing  simulations
 adventurous  combat etc.

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Peoples are playing (mostly today's or new generation childs) games on computer for few to many
hours.
Some popular games are listed here:

 Minecraft  Skyrim
 Counter Strike  Angry Bird
 PubG  Call of Duty
 WoW  Halo
 Grand Theft Auto  Pokemon
 Super Mario Bros etc.

Government
Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields in this category are −
 Budgets  Computerization of PAN / Aadhaar Card
 Collecting Bills(Electricity, Water, Tax) etc
 Sales tax department  Registrations (land,home, vehicles)
 Income tax department  Railways/Airlines/RTC
 Computation of male/female ratio  RTO (Regional Transport office)
 Computerization of voters lists  Issuing certificates
 Weather forecasting

Microsoft Office Word

Microsoft Office Word allows you to create and edit personal and business documents, such as letters,
reports, invoices, emails and books. By default, documents saved in Word are saved with the .docx
extension. Microsoft Word can be used for the following purposes −
 To create business documents having various graphics including pictures, charts, and diagrams.

 To store and reuse readymade content and formatted elements such as cover pages and sidebars.

 To create letters and letterheads for personal and business purpose.

 To design different documents such as resumes or invitation cards etc.

 To create a range of correspondence from a simple office memo to legal copies and reference documents.

Procedure to open MS – Word

Step 1 − Click the Start button.

Step 2 − Click the All Programs option from the menu.
Step 3 − Search for Microsoft Office from the submenu and click it.
Step 4 − Search for Microsoft Word 2010 from the submenu and click it.
This will launch the Microsoft Word 2010 application window.

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File Tab
The File tab replaces the Office button from Word 2007. You can click it to check the Backstage view.
This is where you come when you need to open or save files, create new documents, print a document,
and do other file-related operations.
Quick Access Toolbar
This you will find just above the File tab. This is a convenient resting place for the mostfrequently used
commands in Word. You can customize this toolbar based on your comfort.
Ribbon

Ribbon contains commands organized in three components −

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 Tabs − These appear across the top of the Ribbon and contain groups of related commands. Home, Insert,
Page Layout are examples of ribbon tabs.

 Groups − They organize related commands; each group name appears below the group on the Ribbon. For
example, group of commands related to fonts or group of commands related to alignment, etc.

 Commands − Commands appear within each group as mentioned above.

Title bar
This lies in the middle and at the top of the window. Title bar shows the program and document titles.
Rulers
Word has two rulers - a horizontal ruler and a vertical ruler. The horizontal ruler appears just beneath
the Ribbon and is used to set margins and tab stops. The vertical ruler appears on the left edge of the
Word window and is used to gauge the vertical position of elements on the page.
Help
The Help Icon can be used to get word related help anytime you like. This provides nice tutorial on
various subjects related to word.
Zoom Control
Zoom control lets you zoom in for a closer look at your text. The zoom control consists of a slider that
you can slide left or right to zoom in or out; you can click the + buttons to increase or decrease the
zoom factor.
View Buttons
The group of five buttons located to the left of the Zoom control, near the bottom of the screen, lets you
switch through the Word's various document views.
 Print Layout view − This displays pages exactly as they will appear when printed.

 Full Screen Reading view − This gives a full screen view of the document.

 Web Layout view − This shows how a document appears when viewed by a Web browser, such as Internet
Explorer.

 Outline view − This lets you work with outlines established using Word’s standard heading styles.

 Draft view − This formats text as it appears on the printed page with a few exceptions. For example, headers
and footers aren't shown. Most people prefer this mode.

Document Area

This is the area where you type. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion point and it represents
the location where text will appear when you type.
Status Bar

This displays the document information as well as the insertion point location. From left to right, this
bar contains the total number of pages and words in the document, language, etc.
You can configure the status bar by right-clicking anywhere on it and by selecting or deselecting options
from the provided list.
Dialog Box Launcher
This appears as very small arrow in the lower-right corner of many groups on the Ribbon. Clicking this
button opens a dialog box or task pane that provides more options about the group.

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2. Opening and Closing of documents;

Opening New Document

A new, blank document always opens when you start Microsoft Word. Suppose you want to start
another new document while you are working on another document, or you closed an already opened
document and want to start a new document. Here are the steps to open a new document −
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the New option.

Step 2 − When you select the New option from the first column, it will display a list of templates in the
second column. Double-click on the Blank document; this is the first option in the template list. We
will discuss the other templates available in the list in the following chapters.
You should have your blank document as shown below. The document is now ready for you to start
typing your text.

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You can use a shortcut to open a blank document anytime. Try using the Ctrl + N keys and you will
see a new blank document similar to the one in the above screenshot.

Opening Existing Document

There may be a situation when you open an existing document and edit it partially or completely. Follow
the steps given below to open an existing document −
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Open option.

Step 2 − This will display the following file Open dialog box. This lets you navigate through different
folders and files, and also lets you select a file which you want to open.

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Step 3 − Finally, locate and select a file which you want to open and click the small triangle available
on the Open button to open the file. You will have different options to open the file, but simply use
the Open option.

This will open your selected file. You can use the Open Read-Only option if you are willing just to read
the file and you have no intention to modify, i.e., edit the file. Other options can be used for advanced
usage.

3. Closing of documents;
Here are simple steps to close an opened document −
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Close option.

Step 2 − When you select the Close option and if the document is not saved before closing, it will
display the following Warning box asking whether the document should be saved or not.
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Step 3 − To save the changes, click Save, otherwise click Don't Save. To go back to the document,
click Cancel. This will close the document and if you have other documents open, Word displays the
last document you used, otherwise, you see a blank Word window as shown below −

4. Text creation and Manipulation

Let us see how easy it is to enter text in a Word document. We assume you know that when you start
Word, it displays a new document by default as shown below −

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Document area is the area where you type your text. The flashing vertical bar is called the insertion
point and it represents the location where the text will appear when you type. keep the cursor at the
text insertion point and start typing the text. We typed only two words "Hello Word" as shown below.
The text appears to the left of the insertion point as you type −

The following are the two important points that will help you while typing −
 You do not need to press Enter to start a new line. As the insertion point reaches the end of the line, Word
automatically starts a new one. You will need to press Enter, to add a new paragraph.

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 When you want to add more than one space between words, use the Tab key instead of the spacebar. This
way you can properly align text by using the proportional fonts.

5. Saving New Document

Once you are done with typing in your new Word document, it is time to save your document to avoid
losing work you have done on a Word document. Following are the steps to save an edited Word
document −
Step 1 − Click the File tab and select the Save As option.

Step 2 − Select a folder where you will like to save the document, Enter the file name which you want
to give to your document and Select the Save As option, by default it is the .docx format.

Step 3 − Finally, click on the Save button and your document will be saved with the entered name in
the selected folder.

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Saving New Changes

There may be an instance when you open an existing document and edit it partially or completely, or
an instance where you may like to save the changes in between editing of the document. If you want
to save this document with the same name, then you can use either of the following simple options −
 Just press the Ctrl + S keys to save the changes.

 Optionally you can click on the floppy icon available at the top left corner and just above the File tab. This
option will also help you save the changes.

 You can also use the third method to save the changes, which is the Save option available just above the Save
As option as shown in the above screenshot.

If your document is new and it was never saved so far, then with either of the three options, Word will
display a dialogue box to let you select a folder, and enter the document name as explained in case of
saving new document.

6. Copy & Paste Operation

The Copy operation will just copy the content from its original place and create a duplicate copy of the
content at the desired location without deleting the text from it's the original location. Following is the
procedure to copy the content in word −
Step 1 − Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 2 − You have various options available to copy the selected text in clipboard. You can make use
of any one of the options −
 Using Right-Click − When you right-click on the selected text, it will display the copy option, click this option
to copy the selected content in clipboard.

 Using Ribbon Copy Button − After selecting text, you can use the copy button available at the ribbon to copy
the selected content in clipboard.

 Using Ctrl + c Keys − After selecting a text, just press Ctrl + c keys to copy the selected content in clipboard.

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Step 3 − Finally click at the place where you want to copy the selected text and use either of these two
simple options −
 Using Ribbon Paste Button − Just click the Paste button available at the ribbon to paste the copied content
at the desired location.

 Using Ctrl + v Keys − This is simplest way of pasting the content. Just press Ctrl + v keys to paste the content
at the new location.

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Note − You can repeat the Paste operation as many times as you like to paste the same content.
7. Cut & Paste Operation
The Cut operation will cut the content from its original place and move the content from its original
location to a new desired location. Following is the procedure to move the content in word −
Step 1 − Select a portion of the text using any of the text selection methods.

Step 2 − Now, you have various options available to cut the selected text and put it in the clipboard.
You can make use of one of the options −
 Using Right-Click − If right-click on the selected portion of text, it will display cut option, just click this option
to cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.
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 Using Ribbon Cut Button − After selecting a portion of text, you can use cut button available at the ribbon to
cut the selected content and keep it in clipboard.

 Using Ctrl + x Keys − After selecting a portion of text, just press Ctrl + x keys to cut the selected content and
keep it in clipboard.

Step 3 − Finally, click at the place where you want to move the selected text and use either of these
two simple options −
 Using Ribbon Paste Button − Just click the Paste button available at the ribbon to paste the content at the
new location.

 Using Ctrl + v Keys − This is simplest way of pasting the content. Just press Ctrl + v keys to paste the content
at the new location.

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Note − You can repeat the Paste operation as many times as you like to paste the same content.
Copy, Cut & Paste in different documents
You can use the same procedure that we discussed above to copy and paste or cut and
paste content from one document to another document. This is very simple, just copy or cut the desired
content from one document and go into another document where you want to paste the content and
use mentioned step to paste the content.
You can use the Alt + Tab keys to switch through the different documents and select the desired
destination document.

7. Formatting of text

1. Setting Text Fonts 6. Indent paragraphs

2. Text Decoration 7. Create Bullets
3. Change Text Case 8. Set Line Spacing
4. Change Text Color 9. Borders and Shades
5. Text Alignments

1. Change the Font Type & Size

We will understand in brief the font buttons that we will further use in this tutorial. Following is a
screenshot to show you a few font related buttons.

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Step 1 − Select the portion of text the font of which needs to be changed and click the Home tab. Now
click the Font Type button to list down all the fonts available as shown below.

Step 2 − Try to move the mouse pointer over the listed fonts. You will see that the text font changes
when you move the mouse pointer over different fonts. You can use the Font Scroll Bar to display
more fonts available. Finally select a desired font by clicking over the font name in the list. We have
selected MV Boli as the font for our sample text.

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Step 3 − Similar way, to change the font size, click over the Font Size button which will display a font
size list. You will use the same procedure to select a desired font size that you have used while selecting
a font type.

Use Shrink and Grow Buttons

You can use a quick way to reduce or enlarge the font size. As shown in the first screenshot, the Shrink
Font button can be used to reduce the font size whereas the Grow Font button can be used to enlarge
the font size.

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Try to click either of these two buttons and you will see the effect. You can click a single button multiple
times to apply the effect. Each time you click either of the buttons, it will enlarge or reduce the font size
by 1 point.
Clear Formatting Options
All of the setting can be reset to plain text, or the default formatting. To reset text to default settings −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that you want to reset.
Step 2 − Click the Clear Formatting button in the Home tab Font group, or simply use Ctrl +
SPACEBAR.

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2. Text Decoration

Making text bold

We use bold text to give more emphasis on the sentence. It is very simple to change a selected portion
of text into bold font by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that the font of which needs to be made bold. You can use any of
the text selection methods to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Font Bold [ B ] button in the Home tab Font group, or simply use Ctrl + B keys to
make the selected portion of text bold.

Making Text Italic

An italic text appears with a small inclination and we use the italicized text to differentiate it from other
text. It is very simple to change the selected text into italic font by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text the font of which needs to be italicized. You can use any of the text
selection methods to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Font Italic [ I ] button in the Home tab Font group, or simply use the Ctrl + I keys
to convert the portion of text in italic font.

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Underline the Text

An underlined portion of text appears with an underline and we use the underlined portion of text to
make it more distinguished from other text. It is very simple to change the selected text into underlined
font by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text which needs to be underlined. You can use any of the text selection
method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click Font Underline [ U ] button in the Home tab Font group, or simply use the Ctrl + U keys
to put an underline under the text.

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Strikethrough the Text

Strikethrough portion of text will look as if a line has been drawn through the middle of it. A strikethrough
portion of text indicates that it has been deleted and that the portion of text is not required any more. It
is very simple to change a selected portion of text into a strikethrough portion of text by following two
simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that you want to change to a bold font. You can use any of the text
selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click Font Strikethrough [ abc ] button in the Home tab Font group to put a line in the middle
of the text which is called strikethrough the text.

3. Change Text to Sentence Case

A sentence case is the case where the first character of every sentence is capitalized. It is very simple
to change the selected portion of text into sentence case by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that that needs to be put in sentence case. You can use any of the
text selection methods to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Change Case button and then select the Sentence Case option to capitalize the
first character of every selected sentence.

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Change Text to Lowercase

Changing text to lowercase is where every word of a sentence is in lowercase. It is very simple to
change a selected portion of text into lowercase by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that needs to be put in lowercase. You can use any of the text
selection methods to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Change Case button and then select Lowercase option to display all the selected
words in lowercase.

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Change Text to Uppercase

This is where every word of a sentence is in uppercase. It is very simple to change selected text into
uppercase by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that you want to change to a bold font. You can use any of the text
selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Change Case button and then select UPPERCASE option to display all selected
words in all caps. All characters of every selected word will be capitalized.

Capitalize Text
A capitalize case is the case where every first character of every selected word is in capital. This is
very simple to change selected text into capitalize by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that needs to be capitalized. You can use any of the text selection
method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Change Case button and then select the Capitalize Each Word option to put a
leading cap on each selected word.

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Toggle the Text

The Toggle operation will change the case of every character in reverse way. A capital character will
become a character in lower case and a character in lower case will become a character in upper case.
It is very simple to toggle case of the text by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that you want to change to a bold font. You can use any of the text
selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Change Case button and then select the tOGGLE cASE option to change all the
words in lowercase into words in uppercase; the words in uppercase words change to words in
lowercase.

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Change Font Colors

The text that we type comes in black by default; you can always change the color of the font to a color
of your choice. It is very simple to change the text color by following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text the font color of which needs to be changed. You can use any of the
text selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Font Color button triangle to display a list of colors. Try to move your mouse pointer
over different colors and you will see the text color will change automatically. You can select any of the
colors available by simply clicking over it.
If you click at the left portion of the Font Color button, the selected color gets applied to the text
automatically; you need to click over the small triangle to display a list of colors.

If you do not find a color of your choice, you can use the More Colors option to display the color
pallet box which allows you to select a color from a range of colors.
Highlight Text with Colors
You can highlight a selected portion of text using any color and it will look like it was marked with a
highlighter pen. Usually we highlight a text using yellow color. It is very simple to highlight a portion of
text with a color by following two simple steps
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that needs to be highlighted with color. You can use any of the text
selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Text Highlight Color button triangle to display a list of colors. Try to move your
mouse pointer over different colors and you will see the text color changes automatically. You can
select any of the colors available by simply clicking over it.
If you click at the left portion of the Text Highlight Color button, then the selected color gets applied
to the portion of text automatically; you need to click over the small triangle to display a list of colors.

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Apply Text Effects

Microsoft word provides a list of text effect which add to the beauty of your document, especially to the
cover page or the headings of the document. This is very simple to apply various text effects by
following two simple steps −
Step 1 − Select the portion of text that you want to change to a bold font. You can use any of the text
selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Text Effect button to display a list of effects including shadow, outline, glow,
reflection etc. Try to move your mouse pointer over different effects and you will see the text effect will
change automatically. You can select any of the text effect available by simply clicking over it.

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Text Alignments
Left-Aligned Text
A paragraph's text is left aligned when it is aligned evenly along the left margin. Here is a simple
procedure to make a paragraph text left-aligned.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to align and click the Align Text Left button
available on the Home tab or simply press the Ctrl + L keys.

e
Center Aligned Text
A paragraph's text will be said center aligned if it is in the center of the left and right margins. Here is a
simple procedure to make a paragraph text center aligned.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to align and click the Center button available on
the Home tab or simply press the Ctrl + E keys.

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Right-Aligned Text
A paragraph's text is right-aligned when it is aligned evenly along the right margin. Here is a simple
procedure to make a paragraph text right-aligned.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to align and click the Align Text Right button
available on the Home tab or simply press the Ctrl + R keys.

Justified Text
A paragraph's text is justified when it is aligned evenly along both the left and the right margins.
Following is a simple procedure to make a paragraph text justified.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to align and click the Justify button available on
the Home tab or simply press the Ctrl + J keys.

When you click the Justify button, it displays four options, justify, justify low, justify high and justify
medium. You need to select only the justify option. The difference between these options is that low
justify creates little space between two words, medium creates a more space than low justify and high
creates maximum space between two words to justify the text.
Indent Paragraphs
You can indent paragraphs in your document from the left margin, the right margin, or both the margins.

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Left Indentation
Left indentation means to move the left edge of the paragraph inward towards the center of the
paragraph. Let us use the following steps to create left indentation.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to indent left and click the Increase Indent button
available on the Home tab or simply press the Ctrl + M keys. You can click multiple times to create
deeper indentation.

Step 2 − You can remove left indentation by clicking the Decrease Indent button available on Home
tab or simply press Ctrl + Shift+ M keys. You can click multiple times to remove deeper indentation.
You can also use the Paragraph Dialog Box to set left and right indentations. We will see this dialog
box in the last section of this chapter.
Right Indentation
Right indentation means to move the right edge of the paragraph inward towards the center of the
paragraph. Let us use the following steps to create right indentation.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to indent and then click on the Increase Right
Indent spinner available on the Page Layout tab. You can click on the spinner multiple times to create
deeper indentation. You can use the Left Indent spinners as well to set left indentation from the same
place.

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Step 2 − You can remove right indentation by clicking the Decrease Right Indent spinner in the
opposite direction.
You can also use the Paragraph Dialog Box to set the left and the right indentations. We will see this
dialog box in the next section.
First Line Indentation
You can move the left side of the first line of a paragraph inward toward the center. Let us see the
procedure to perform first line indentation.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to indent right and click the Paragraph Dialog
Box launcher available on the Home tab.
Step 2 − Click the Before Text spinner to set left indentation and select the First Line Option to move
the left side of the first line of a paragraph inward toward the center. You can control the movement by
setting the Indentation Unit. A preview box will give only the idea and not the indentation status.

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Hanging Indentation
You can move the left side of the first line of a paragraph leftward, away from the center which is called
the hanging indentation. Let us see the procedure to perform hanging indentation.
Step 1 − Click anywhere on the paragraph you want to indent right and click the Paragraph Dialog
Box launcher available on the Home tab.
Step 2 − Click the Before Text spinner to set left indentation and select Hanging Option to move the
left side of the first line of a paragraph leftward, away from the center. You can control the movement
by setting the Indentation Unit. A preview box will give only the idea and not the indentation status.

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Create Bullets
Create a List from Existing Text
This is very simple to convert a list of lines into a bulleted or numbered list. Following are the simple
steps to create either bulleted list or numbered list.
Step 1 − Select a list of text to which you want to assign bullets or numbers. You can use any of the
text selection method to select the portion of text.
Step 2 − Click the Bullet Button triangle to display a list of bullets you want to assign to the list. You
can select any of the bullet style available by simply clicking over it.

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Step 3 − If you are willing to create a list with numbers, then click the Numbering Button triangle
instead of the bullet button to display a list of numbers you want to assign to the list. You can select
any of the numbering style available by simply clicking over it.

Create a List as You Type

You can create a bulleted list as you type. Word will automatically format it according to your text.
Following are the simple steps to create bulleted list as you type.
Step 1 − Type *, and then either press the SPACEBAR or press the TAB key, and then type the rest
of what you want in the first item of the bulleted list.
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Step 2 − When you are done with typing, press Enter to add the item in the list automatically and go
to add next item in the list.
Step 3 − Repeat Step 2 for each list item.

You can create a numbered list as you type. Word will automatically format it according to your text.
Following are the simple steps to create numbered list as you type.
Step 1 − Type 1, and then either press the SPACEBAR or press the TAB key, and then type the rest
of what you want in the first item of the numbered list.
Step 2 − When you are done with typing, press Enter to add the item in the list automatically and go
to add next item in the list.
Step 3 − Repeat Step 2 for each list item.

You can create sub-lists. These sub-lists are called multi-lists. It is simple to create sublists; press the
Tab key to put items in sub-list.

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Set Line Spacing

spacing between Lines
Following are the simple steps to adjust spacing between two lines of the document.
Step 1 − Select the paragraph or paragraphs for which you want to define spacing. You can use any
of the text selection method to select the paragraph(s).
Step 2 − Click the Line and Paragraph Spacing Button triangle to display a list of options to adjust
space between the lines. You can select any of the option available by simply clicking over it.

Spacing between Paragraphs

You can also set distance between two paragraphs. Following are the simple steps to set this distance.
Step 1 − Select the paragraph or paragraphs for which you want to define spacing and click
the Paragraph Dialog Box launcher available on the Home tab.
Step 2 − Click the Before spinner to increase or decrease the space before the selected paragraph.
Similar way, click the After spinner to increase or decrease the space after the selected paragraph.
Finally, click the OK button to apply the changes.

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Borders and Shades

Add Borders to Text

Following are the simple steps to add border to any text or paragraph.
Step 1 − Select the portion of text or paragraph to which you want to add border. You can use any of
the text selection method to select the paragraph(s).
Step 2 − Click the Border Button to display a list of options to put a border around the selected text
or paragraph. You can select any of the option available by simply clicking over it.

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Step 3 − Try to add different borders like left, right top or bottom by selecting different options from the
border options.

Step 4 − To delete the existing border, simply select the No Border option from the border options.
Note − You can add a horizontal line by selecting the Horizontal Line option from the border options.
Otherwise type --- (three hyphens) and press ENTER. A single, light horizontal line will be created
between the left and the right margins.
Add Borders to Page
You can add borders of your choice to word pages by following the steps given below.
Step 1 − Click the Border Button to display a list of options to put a border. Select the Border and
Shading option available at the bottom of the list of options as shown in the above screenshot. This

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will display a Border and Shading dialog box. This dialog box can be used to set borders and shading
around a selected text or page borders.

Step 2 − Click the Page Border tab which will display a list of border settings, styles and options
whether this border should be applied to the whole document or just one page or the first page.
Step 3 − You can use the Preview section to disable or enable left, right, top or bottom borders of the
page. Follow the instruction given in the preview section itself.
Step 4 − You can customize your border by setting its color, width by using different art available under
the style section.

You can have similar or even better borders as given below.

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Add Shades to Text

The following steps will help you understand how to add shades on a selected portion of text or a
paragraph(s).
Step 1 − Click the Border Button to display a list of options to put a border. Select the Border and
Shading option available at the bottom of the list of options as shown in the above screenshot. This
will display a Border and Shading dialog box. This dialog box can be used to set borders and shading
around a selected portion of text or page borders.

Step 2 − Click the Shading tab; this tab will display the options to select fill, color and style and
whether this border should be applied to a paragraph or a portion of text.
Step 3 − You can use the Preview section to have an idea about the expected result. Once you are
done, click the OK button to apply the result.

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Copy and Apply Text Formatting

The following steps will help you understand how to copy and apply text formatting from one portion of
text in your document to another portion of text in your document.
Step 1 − Select the portion of text containing the formatting that you want to copy. I have selected a
text which has bold and underlined font as shown below.

Step 2 − click the Home tab and click the Format Painter button to copy the format of the selected
text. As soon as you click the format painter button, the mouse pointer changes to a paint brush when
you move the mouse over your document.
Step 3 − Now you are ready to apply the copied text format to any of the selected text. So select a text
using mouse where you want to apply the copied text format. While selecting a portion of text, you have
to make sure that your mouse pointer is still in paint brush shape. After selecting the text, just release
the right-click button of the mouse and you will see that newly selected text is changed to the format
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used for the original selection. You can click anywhere outside the selection to continue working on
your document for further editing.

Copy and Apply Text Formatting multiple times

Step 1 − If you are intended to apply formatting at multiple places, then you will have to double-click
the Format Painter button while copying the text format. Later on, you just keep selecting the text
where you want to apply the text formatting.
Step 2 − When you are done with applying formatting at all the places, click Format Painter to come
out of the format applying operation.

8. Table handling
Create a Table
The following steps will help you understand how to create a table in a Word document.
Step 1 − Click the Insert tab followed by the Table button. This will display a simple grid as shown
below. When you move your mouse over the grid cells, it makes a table in the table that appears in the
document. You can make your table having the desired number of rows and columns.

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Step 2 − Click the square representing the lower-right corner of your table, which will create an actual
table in your document and Word goes in the table design mode. The table design mode has many
options to work with as shown below.

Step 3 − This is an optional step that can be worked out if you want to have a fancy table. Click
the Table Styles button to display a gallery of table styles. When you move your mouse over any of
the styles, it shows real time preview of your actual table.

Step 4 − To select any of the styles, just click the built-in table style and you will see that the selected
style has been applied on your table.

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Delete a Table
Following are the simple steps to delete an existing table from a word document.
Step 1 − Click anywhere in the table you want to delete.
Step 2 − Click the Layout tab, and click the Delete Table option under the Delete Table Button to
delete the complete table from the document along with its content.

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9. Spell check
Check Spelling and Grammar using Review tab
Here is the simple procedure to find out the spelling mistakes and fix them −
Step 1 − Click the Review tab and then click the Spelling & Grammar button.

Step 2 − A Spelling and Grammar dialog box will appear and will display the wrong spellings or errors
in grammar. You will also get suggestions to correct as shown below −

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Now you have following options to fix the spelling mistakes −

 Ignore − If you are willing to ignore a word, then click this button and Word ignores the word throughout the
document.

 Ignore All − Like Ignore, but this ignores all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once but throughout
the document.

 Add to Dictionary − Choose Add to Dictionary to add the word to the Word spelling dictionary.

 Change − This will change the wrong word using the suggested correct word.

 Change All − Like Change, but this changes all occurrences of the same misspelling, not just once but
throughout the document.

 AutoCorrect − If you select a suggestion, Word creates an AutoCorrect entry that automatically corrects this
spelling error from now on.

Following are the different options in case you have grammatical mistake −
 Next Sentence − You can click Next Sentence to direct the grammar checker to skip ahead to the next
sentence.

 Explain − The grammar checker displays a description of the rule that caused the sentence to be flagged as a
possible error.

 Options − This will open the Word Options dialog box to allow you to change the behavior of the grammar
checker or spelling options.

 Undo − This will undo the last grammar changed.

Step 3 − Select one of the given suggestions you want to use and click the Change option to fix the
spelling or grammar mistake and repeat the step to fix all the spelling or grammar mistake.
Step 4 − Word displays a dialog box when it finishes checking for spelling and grammar mistakes,
finally Click OK.

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Check Spelling and Grammar using Right Click

If you will right-click the mouse button over a misspelled word, then it will show you the correct
suggestions and the above mentioned options to fix the spelling or grammar mistake. Try it yourself.

10. Printing of word document.

Printing Documents
The following steps will help you print your Microsoft Word document.
Step 1 − Open the document for which you want to see the preview. Next click the File tab followed by
the Print option which will display a preview of the document in the right column. You can scroll up or
scroll down your document to walk through the document using given Scrollbar. The middle column
gives various options to be set before you send your document to the printer.

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Step 2 − You can set various other printing options available. Select from among the following options,
depending on your preferences.

S.No Option and Description

1 Copies
Set the number of copies to be printed; by default, you will have one copy of the document.

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Print Custom Range

2 This option will be used to print a particular page of the document. Type the number in Pages option, if
you want to print all the pages from 7 till 10 then you would have to specify this option as 7-10 and Word
will print only 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th pages.

Print One Sided

3 By default, you print one side of the page. There is one more option where you will turn up your page
manually in case you want to print your page on both sides of the page.

Collated
4 By default, multiple copies will print Collated; if you are printing multiple copies and you want the copies
uncollated, select the Uncollated option.

Orientation
5 By default, page orientation is set to Portrait; if you are printing your document in landscape mode then
select the Landscape mode.

A4
6
By default, the page size is A4, but you can select other page sizes available in the dropdown list.

Custom Margin

7 Click the Custom Margins dropdown list to choose the document margins you want to use. For instance,
if you want to print fewer pages, you can create narrower margins; to print with more white space, create
wider margins.

1 Page Per Sheet

8 By default, the number of pages per sheet is 1 but you can print multiple pages on a single sheet. Select
any option you like from the given dropdown list by clicking over the 1 Page Per Sheet option.

Step 3 − Once you are done with your setting, click on the Print button which will send your document
to the printer for final printing.

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11. Language settings

Changing Language Settings

There are two main ways to set the language of a new document in Microsoft Word. The
first is to use the “Review” tab on the main ribbon:

1. Go to the “Review” tab and find the “Language” section

2. Click on “Language” and select “Set Proofing Language…”
3. Choose the language required in your document from the new window and click “OK”

The second option is possibly even simpler:

1. Click on the language section of the blue bar at the bottom of your document (this
will display the current language settings by default)

2. In the new window, select your chosen language and click “OK”

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Either approach will ensure the spellchecker looks for spellings specific to your region. For
American English, the correct option is “English (United States).” If you click “Set as
Default,” the same settings will be applied to all new documents.
Applying a New Language to Existing Text

If you’re applying new language settings to an existing document rather than starting
from scratch, you’ll need to select the text you want to modify first.

You can do this by selecting the passages you want to check and using the steps outlined
above to pick a new proofing language. This also allows you to use different language
settings in different parts of the same document, if required.

Alternatively, you can quickly select all of the text in a document using “Ctrl + A” (or
“Cmd + A” on Mac computers), then apply a new language as described above.

Thesaurus

The Thesaurus Language specification is determined by the Language of the last term
looked up when you use the right-click method. It is persistent until you look up a
word/phrase in a different Language. To 'reset' it to English [which really isn't necessary
:-)], just;
1. Make sure the text is formatted as English,
2. Right-click any word
3. Select Synonyms> Thesaurus... from the contextual menu

UNIT II:

SPREAD SHEET

Excel is an extremely powerful tool for manipulating a very large amount of data. It is really
works well for any type of day to day simple calculations and tracking almost any kind of
information. The unique future of excel is the grid of cells. Cells can contain numbers, text or
formulas. You put data in your cells and group them in rows and columns. That allows you to
add up your data, sort and filter it, put it in tables, and build great-looking charts. Let’s learn
the basic steps to get you started.

Create a new workbook

Excel documents are called workbooks. Each workbook contains one or more sheets,
typically called spreadsheets. You can add as many sheets as you want to a workbook, or
you can create new workbooks to keep your data separate.

When you start excel first time (see the following picture) you can open existing workbook
over here or start with a template. Since this is your first time click on the Blank workbook.

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The area down here is where you create your worksheet.

Input your data

 Click an empty cell. For example, cell B2 on the below sheet.

 Type text or a number in the cell.

 Press Enter or Tab to move to the next cell.

Note : Cells are referenced by their location in the row and column on the sheet.

In the following workbook address of 1 is cell B2, 2 is cell B3, and 3 is cell B4.

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Create a simple formula

Adding numbers is just one of the things you can do, but Excel can do other arithmetical
formulas too. Here are some simple formulas to add, subtract, multiply or divide your
numbers.

 Move the mouse in a cell and type an equal sign (=). That tells Excel that this cell will contain a formula.
 Type a combination of numbers and calculation operators, like the plus sign (+) for addition, the minus sign (-)
for subtraction, the asterisk (*) for multiplication, or the forward slash (/) for the division.

For example =(6+6*2)/3

 To execute the above formula Press Enter.

Note : To stay on the active cell Press Ctrl+Enter.

Apply a number format

To distinguish between different types of numbers, add a format, like currency, percentages,
or dates.

 Select the cells that have numbers you want to format.

 Click Home tab --> General.

 Pick a number format

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To write fraction number select "fraction". Here is a sample worksheet with some
fraction number.

Add your data use AutoSum

When you've entered numbers in your sheet, you can add them up to use a fast way that is
AutoSum.

AutoSum adds up the numbers and shows the result in the cell you selected.

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Press Enter to get desire result.

Put your data in a table

You can store a huge amount of data in a table. That lets you quickly filter or sort your data for
starters.

 Select your data by clicking the first cell and dragging to the cell in your data.

To use the keyboard, hold down Shift while you press the arrow keys to select your
data.

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 Click the Quick Analysis button in the bottom-right corner of the selection.

After clicking Quick Analysis we get the following menu then click on table button.

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 To filter data, uncheck the Select All box to clear all check marks, and then check the boxes of the data you
want to show in your table.To sort the data, click Sort A to Z or Sort Z to A.

Show totals for your numbers

The Quick Analysis tools let you help to total your numbers quickly, that is the sum, average,
or count whatever you want, see the picture below.

 Select the cells which contain numbers which you want to add or count.

 Click the Quick Analysis button in the right-bottom corner of the selection area.

 Then click the Total button or move your cursor across the Total button to see the calculation results for the
data.

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Add meaning to your data

You can see the online preview of your most important data by using conditional formatting or
sparklines which highlight your valuable data for better analyzing with visualization. You can
use the Quick Analysis tool for a Live Preview to try it out.

Select the data you want for your analyzing.

Click the Quick Analysis button image that appears in the right-bottom corner of your
selection, shown in the picture below.

Click on Analysis Tool and get the picture below.

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Click on the Formatting tab and get the options shown below.

Now pick a color from Color Scale and click Sparklines and move the mouse pointer on the
options and get an instant preview, shown below.

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Show your data in a chart

You can use your data to convert into a chart by using Quick Analysis tool for better visual
presentation in just a few clicks.

Select your data then quick analysis tool will appear at the right bottom corner of the selection
area as shown in the picture below.

Click on Quick Analysis tool then click on Chart and move your mouse pointer on the
recommended chart and see which one is your choice. See the picture below.

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Click on your choice and the chart will appear in your data sheet as shown below.

Save
To save a file you can use the save button from the Quick Access Toolbar or press Ctrl+S.
See the picture below.

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You can save the file in another way. Click File -- > Save and the following screen will appear.

If you are saving the workbook first time the Save As window will appear and you can choose
the default showing a folder for saving your workbook otherwise you can browse the folder
where you want to save as shown in the above picture. Then in the file name box type the
name of the file and click on Save button.

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Print
Click the File --> then click Print or press Ctrl+P from the keyboard the preview window will
appear.

Print preview always appears in black and white format, it depends on the printer setting.

Page setting and printing setting can be changed by using other setting options.

Then click Print to print the page.

Then click Excel 2013. The following window will appear. Click on Blank Workbook. A blank
workbook with at least worksheet will be created.

Create a new, blank workbook from Excel 2013

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Suppose you are already working with a workbook and now you need to create a new blank
workbook. In this situation click the File tab. The Backstage view will appear.

Click New tab then click Blank workbook. A new workbook with a sheet will appear.

The keyboard shortcut to create a new, blank workbook is press CTRL+N.

Open an existing workbook

If you want to open a previously saved workbook follow the steps below. Click on the File tab.
the following Backstage view will appear.

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You can choose from recent workbooks otherwise click on Computer and choose any drive or
you can choose OneDrive to choose your files. See the following picture.

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Also, you can browse to select the files. See the following picture.

ENTERING DATA
Entering data is usually the most exciting and important first task for Excel beginners. The
magical Excel worksheet area, where the user can do the most excitement works such as

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entering text, data, formulas and plenty of interesting jobs very easily.

If you want to become the genius of Excel don't waste your time, start and learn to know the
navigation within the worksheet of Excel.

Here is the worksheet area within a workbook shown below. The worksheet is made up by a
grid format which contains billions of boxes or cells.

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The below picture shows the row. A row is a container of lots of cells in the grid arranged in a
horizontal line.

The below picture shows a column. A column is a container of one or more cells in the grid
arranged vertically .

The picture shown below referred the Columns and Rows. The columns are referred by letters
and rows are referred by numbers.

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Here is the picture below shows the cell. A cell is an adjacent point of a row and column. In
the below picture the cell address B4 is the adjacent point of column B and row 4.

There are 16384 columns and 1048576 rows in a worksheet which gives you over 16 billions
of cells. The first column is referred by 'A' and the last column is 'XFD' and also first-row
number is 1 and last row number is 1048576.

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Clicking in a cell is the currently selected cell. Here in the picture below B4 is the currently
selected cell.

You can see the current selection cell in three ways. Here are the pictures below.

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The green outlined selected box .

The highlighting of column and row heading, which intersection position i.e. cell is the
currently selected cell.

The address shows in the name box, just left-top of the first cell indicate the currently selected
cell.

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The selection can be changed by using the keyboard arrows to move around.

The another way you can move around the worksheet with the help of function key F5 ( Go
To) option and type the address of cell and press OK button to go to the desired cell.

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The PageUp and PageDown keys take you up or down of a full sheet.

Pressing Alt+PageUp and Alt+PageDown keys take you left or right a full sheet.

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Using the Ctrl+Arrow Keys you can move around worksheet or within and selection range or
block.

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If you want to go from any position of a worksheet to column A you can do it by pressing the
Home button, and if you want to go A1 cell from any position, you can do it by pressing
CTRL+Home.

Range

A range is a group of cells that is selected or referred to collectively. Ranges can be made up
of adjacent cells or non-adjacent cells.

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The below picture shows that the selection range made up from the cell B4 to E12 that is from
the 4th row of B column to 12th row of E column have been included within this range and to
make this selection you should drag the mouse pointer from B4 to E12 cell. This range is a
collection of adjacent cells.

Here is the collection of some non-adjacent cells. In the following picture, the range includes
the cells from B4 to B5 and D4 to D9 and any cell of column C is not included within this
range. This type of selection could have done by clicking on cell B4 then drag upto B5 and
then press and hold the CTRL key and drag the mouse pointer from D4 to D9 and release the
Ctrl key.

Ranges allow to edit many cells at once or refer to groups of cells in formulas or statistical
analysis.

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You can select a range by clicking and dragging the mouse

Another way to select the range you can select nearby cells by holding SHIFT while clicking
on cells or using the arrow keys.

You can also select a range by using Go To (F5), then holding SHIFT while pressing OK:

A whole row can be selected by clicking on its number.

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A whole column can be selected by clicking on its letter or heading.

When you select a range only the first cell has no highlight.– because this is Active Cell.
When you input a value, it will fill this cell first.

Holding the CTRL key and clicking on different cells allows you to select non-adjacent cells.

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Clicking the corner button shows in the following picture select all cells in the worksheet.
Another way to do this process is to press CTRL+A.

The CTRL+Shift+Arrow keys select all cells between the current selection and the edge of the
worksheet or the current range of data of data.

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If the selection is in a block of data, hold the shift key and double click on an edge either left
or right or up or down to extend it to the edge of the block, the block range will be
AutoSelected.

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Ranges are referred to using their cell addresses. The picture below shows the range is
referred to as: [B4:D9]

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Non-continuous ranges are split up with commas. In the picture below the range is referred to
as: [B5, D4:E7, F8]

Print a worksheet

Before you print a worksheet, it's a good idea to preview it to make sure that it looks the
way you want. When you preview a worksheet in Microsoft Excel, it opens in the
Microsoft Office Backstage view. In this view, you can change the page setup and layout
before you print.

Preview the worksheet

1. Click the worksheet or select the worksheets that you want to preview.
2. Click File > Print > Print Preview.

Keyboard shortcut Press Ctrl+P.

Set printing options

Do one or more of the following:

1. Click the worksheet or select the worksheets that you want to preview.
2. Click File > Print.
3. To change the printer, click the drop-down box under Printer, and select the printer that
you want.
4. To make page setup changes, including changing page orientation, paper size, and page
margins, click Properties.

Print all or part of the worksheet

1. To print the active sheet or sheets, or the whole workbook, in the Print dialog box, select
from Selection, Active Sheet(s), Entire workbook, or Table.
2. Click Print.

Note: If a worksheet has a defined print area, Excel prints only that area. If you don't
want to print only the defined print area, click Ignore print area.

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Printing in Excel
In this lesson I will show you how to print an Excel worksheet and edit all kinds of print
settings to meet your Excel printing needs.

How to print a worksheet in Excel

Complete the following steps in order to print a worksheet in Excel.

1. Click on the File tab on the top left-hand corner, and afterwards select Print.

File tab on top left-hand corner

Print option under File tab

2. A preview of the format in which the Excel worksheet will be printed will appear on the
right-side of the screen. You can preview the other pages by clicking Next
Page or Previous Page t the bottom of the window.

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Format
preview of Excel worksheet

3. Click the Print button located on the top of the Settings pane to print the worksheet.

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Print button on top of Settings pane

Printing only a specific selection, sheet or page in Excel

If you only want to print specific sections of an Excel worksheet instead of the entire
document, you can do the following:

1. Select the range of cells you want to print with your cursor.

Select
the range of cells you want in your document

2. Click on the File tab on the top left-hand corner, and afterwards select Print.

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File tab on top left-hand corner

Print option under File tab

3. Select the option Print Selection under Settings.

Print Selection option under Settings pane

4. Click the Print button located on top of the Settings pane to print the selected section
of the Excel worksheet.

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Print button on top of Settings pane

Note that it is also possible to only print the Active Sheets or to print the Entire
Workbook. Fill in the two empty boxes near the top of the Settings pane to only print
specific pages of your document.

Manually select which pages to print under

Settings

Printing multiple copies of your Excel sheet

If you want to print multiple copies of your workbook, you can easily do that too by
changing the Copies number in the printing pane as follows:

1. Click on the File tab on the top left-hand corner, and afterwards select Print.

2. Look for the Copies box located next to the Print button, and using the arrows select
the desired amount of copies.

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Copies box next to Print button

3. If a worksheet consists of multiple pages you have the option to

print Collated or Uncollated.

 Uncollated prints X amount of copies of page 1, X amount of page 2, and so on.

 Collated will print the entire worksheet and repeat this process X amount of
times.

Settings pane with option to print Collated or

Uncollated

Changing the Page margins for printing

Complete the following steps adjust the page margins when printing your Excel
worksheet.

1. Click on the File tab on the top left-hand corner, and afterwards select Print.

2. Choose one of the predefined margins (Normal, Wide, Narrow) from the Margins drop-
down list under the Settings pane.

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Adjust the document Margins in the Settings

pane

3. You have the option to create your own margin boundaries by either
selecting Custom Margins on the bottom of the Margins drop-down list, or by
selecting Show Margins in the bottom-right corner of the screen.

Show Margins option to manually

adjust document Margins

Note that selecting Show Margins requires you to set your margins manually, whereas
you input values to set your margins when selecting Custom Margins from
the Margins drop-down.

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Basics of presentation software:

Microsoft PowerPoint is a computer application program written by Microsoft. It

mainly used to Design for Presentation.

PowerPoint offers a host of tools that will aid you in creating a presentation. These tools are
organized logically into various ribbons in PowerPoint. The table below describes the various
commands you can access from the different menus.

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Menu Ribbon Commands

Category

Home Clipboard functions, manipulating slides, fonts, paragraph settings, drawing objects
and editing functions.

Insert Insert tables, pictures, images, shapes, charts, special texts, multimedia and
symbols.

Design Slide setup, slide orientation, presentation themes and background.

Transitions Commands related to slide transitions.

Animations Commands related to animation within the individual slides.

Slide Show Commands related to slideshow set up and previews.

Review Proofing content, language selection, comments and comparing presentations.

View Commands related to presentation views, Master slides, color settings and window
arrangements.

Basic tasks for creating a PowerPoint presentation

Choose a theme

When you open PowerPoint, you’ll see some built-in themes and templates. A theme is a
slide design that contains matching colors, fonts, and special effects like shadows,
reflections, and more.

1. On the File tab of the Ribbon, select New, and then choose a theme.

PowerPoint shows you a preview of the theme, with four color variations to choose from
on the right side.

2. Click Create, or pick a color variation and then click Create.

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Insert a new slide

 On the Home tab, click the bottom half of New Slide, and pick a slide layout.

Save your presentation

1. On the File tab, choose Save.

2. Pick or browse to a folder.
3. In the File name box, type a name for your presentation, and then choose Save.

Note: If you frequently save files to a certain folder, you can ‘pin’ the path so that it is
always available (as shown below).

Tip: Save your work as you go. Press Ctrl+S often.

Add text Select a text placeholder, and begin typing.

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Format your text

1. Select the text.

2. Under Drawing Tools, choose Format.

3. Do one of the following:

o To change the color of your text, choose Text Fill, and then choose a color.
o To change the outline color of your text, choose Text Outline, and then choose a color.
o To apply a shadow, reflection, glow, bevel, 3-D rotation, a transform, choose Text
Effects, and then choose the effect you want.

 Change the fonts

Change the font on a single slide

1. Do one of the following:

o To change the font for a single paragraph or a phrase, select the text that you want to
change.
o To change the font for all the text in a placeholder, either select all the text in the
placeholder, or click the placeholder.
2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, select a font in the Font list.

Change the fonts throughout your presentation

1. On the View tab, in the Master Views group, click Slide Master.
2. In the left pane that contains the slide masters and layouts, click the slide master
thumbnail or layout that contains the font that you want to change.
3. On the slide master or layout, click the title text or the level of body text that you want to
apply a new font style to.
4. On the Slide Master tab, in the Background group, click Fonts, and then select a font
from the list.

Repeat steps 1 through 4 for any other fonts that you want to change. To return to
editing your slides, on the Slide Master tab, in the Close group, click Close Master
View.

You can also use the Replace Font option to change a font throughout your
presentation. Here's how:

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1. On the Home tab, in the Editing group, select Replace and then select Replace Fonts.
2. In the Replace Font dialog box, in the Replace field, select the font that you want to
replace.
3. In the With field, select the font that you want to use, select Replace, and then
select Close.

If you’re using one slide master, and you change a font on the slide master, the new font
choice appears throughout your presentation.

If you’re using multiple slide masters (for example, when you apply more than one
template to your presentation), you must change the font style on each slide master.

 Change the color of text on a slide

1. Select the text that you want to change.

2. On the Home tab, choose Font Color, and then select the color that you want to change
the color of the text to.

 Add bullets or numbers to text

1. On the Home tab, in the Paragraph group, click Bullets or Numbering .

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 Format text as superscript or subscript

1. Select the character that you want to format as superscript or subscript.

2. On the Home tab, in the Font group, pick the Font Dialog Box Launcher .

3. On the Font tab, under Effects, select the Superscript or Subscript check box.

Add pictures

On the Insert tab, do one of the following:

 To insert a picture that is saved on your local drive or an internal server,

choose Pictures, browse for the picture, and then choose Insert.
 To insert a picture from the web, choose Online Pictures, and use the search box to
find a picture.

Choose a picture, and then click Insert.

Add shapes

You can add shapes to illustrate your slide.

1. On the Insert tab, select Shapes, and then select a shape from the menu that appears.
2. In the slide area, click and drag to draw the shape.
3. Select the Format or Shape Format tab on the ribbon. Open the Shape Styles gallery
to quickly add a color and style (including shading) to the selected shape.

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Add speaker notes

Slides are best when you don’t cram in too much information. You can put helpful facts
and notes in the speaker notes, and refer to them as you present.

1. To open the notes pane, at the bottom of the window, click Notes .
2. Click inside the Notes pane below the slide, and begin typing your notes.

Give your presentation

On the Slide Show tab, do one of the following:

 To start the presentation at the first slide, in the Start Slide Show group, click From
Beginning.

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 If you’re not at the first slide and want to start from where you are, click From Current
Slide.
 If you need to present to people who are not where you are, click Present Online to set
up a presentation on the web, and then choose one of the following options:

Get out of Slide Show view

To get out of Slide Show view at any time, on the keyboard, press Esc.

Tips for creating an effective presentation

Consider the following tips to keep your audience interested.

Minimize the number of slides

To maintain a clear message and to keep your audience attentive and interested, keep
the number of slides in your presentation to a minimum.

Choose an audience-friendly font size

The audience must be able to read your slides from a distance. Generally speaking, a font
size smaller than 30 might be too difficult for the audience to see.

Keep your slide text simple

You want your audience to listen to you present your information, instead of reading the
screen. Use bullets or short sentences, and try to keep each item to one line.

Some projectors crop slides at the edges, so that long sentences might be cropped.

Use visuals to help express your message

Pictures, charts, graphs, and SmartArt graphics provide visual cues for your audience to
remember. Add meaningful art to complement the text and messaging on your slides.

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As with text, however, avoid including too many visual aids on your slide.

Make labels for charts and graphs understandable

Use only enough text to make label elements in a chart or graph comprehensible.

Apply subtle, consistent slide backgrounds

Choose an appealing, consistent template or theme that is not too eye-catching. You
don't want the background or design to detract from your message.

However, you also want to provide a contrast between the background color and text
color. The built-in themes in PowerPoint set the contrast between a light background with
dark colored text or dark background with light colored text.

For more information about how to use themes, see Apply a theme to add color and style
to your presentation.

Check the spelling and grammar

To earn and maintain the respect of your audience, always check the spelling and
grammar in your presentation.

Presentation Views

2. On the View tab, in the Presentation Views group, click Normal.

3. On the left side of the PowerPoint window, click a slide thumbnail that you want to add bulleted or
numbered text to.

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4. On the slide, select the lines of text in a text placeholder or table that you want to add bullets or
numbering to.

Printing Presentation
To print slides, you must go to the Backstage view under the File tab and click on the Print menu.
The following table describes the various printing options available in PowerPoint.

Main Options Description

Settings

Printing Print All Prints all the slides in the presentation.

Slides Slides

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Print Prints just the selected objects.

Selection

Print Prints just the selected slide.

Current
Slide

Custom Defines the slides you want printed.

Range

Slides This is same as the Custom Range.

Print Full Page One slide per page.

Layout Slides

Slide and notes for every slide printed one below another - one slide
Notes Page
per page.

Outline Print Slide outline.

Prints 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 6 or 9 slides per page - aligned vertically or

Handouts horizontally. When you print handouts with 3 slides, you get the slide
and the notes printed next to each other.

Collation Collating Prints slides in sequence or prints multiple copies of each slide one
Options after another.

Printing Selects color, greyscale or black & white printing options. Although you
Color Color can select any color settings, the output will depend on the kind of
printer you use. A non-color printer cannot print color slides.

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Create and print a presentation in Outline view

Outline view in PowerPoint displays your presentation as an outline made up of the titles
and main text from each slide. Each title appears on the left side of the pane that contains
the Outline tab, along with a slide icon and slide number. The main text is indented under
the slide title. Graphic objects appear only as small notations on the slide icon in Outline
view.

Working in Outline view is particularly handy if you want to make global edits, get an
overview of your presentation, change the sequence of bullets or slides, or apply formatting
changes.

When you're creating your outline, think about how many slides you need. You probably
want at least:

 A main title slide

 An introductory slide that lists the major points or areas in your presentation
 One slide for each point or area that is listed on the introductory slide
 A summary slide that repeats the list of major points or areas in your presentation

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By using this basic structure, if you have three major points or areas to present, you can
plan to have a minimum of six slides: a title slide, an introductory slide, one slide for
each of the three major points or areas, and a concluding summary slide.

Introduction to Internet:

A global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities,

consisting of interconnected networks using standardized communication protocols.
The Internet is a global wide area network that connects computer systems across the
world.

The Internet provides different online services. Some examples include:

 Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
 Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
 Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and
videos
 Online gaming – games that allow people to play with and against each other over
the Internet
 Software updates – operating system and application updates can
typically downloaded from the Internet

Local Area Networks (LAN)

Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network, which is limited to a small office, single building,
multiple buildings inside a campus etc. Typically, a Local Area Network (LAN) is a private network owned
and maintained by a single organization.

Below image shows a small Local Area Network (LAN) connected together using a Network Switch.

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Wide Area Networks (WAN)

A Wide Area Network (WAN) spans over multiple geographic locations, which is composed of multiple
LANs. It is nearly impossible for a small to medium organization (except Network Service Providers) to
pull network cables between their two offices in two different countries located 1000s of kilometers
away. Network Service Providers (also called as ISPs) provide the connectivity solutions for Wide Area
Networks (WAN).

Below image shows two Local Area Networks (LANs), located at two different geographical locations
connected via Internet to create a Wide Area Network (WAN). LAN 1 is located in Chennai, India and
LAN 2 is located in Manila, Philippines. The aerial distance between Chennai and Manila is about 4,400
kilometers. It is almost impossible for a small to medium business to draw cables between Chennai and

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Manila. We normally avail the services of an Internet Service Provider for connectivity between these two
offices.

Let’s see that the difference between LAN and WAN:

LAN WAN

1. LAN stands for Local Area Network. Whereas WAN stands for Wide Area Network.

2. LAN’s ownership is private. But WAN’s ownership can be private or public.

The speed of LAN is high(more than

3. While the speed of WAN is slower than LAN.
WAN).

The propagation delay is short in Whereas the propagation delay in WAN is

4.
LAN. long(longer than LAN).

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There is less congestion in While there is more congestion in WAN(Wide Area

5.
LAN(local area network). Network).

6. There is more fault tolerance in LAN. While there is less fault tolerance in WAN.

LAN’s design and maintenance is While it’s design and maintenance is difficult than
7.
easy. LAN.

LAN covers small area i.e. within the

8. While WAN covers large geographical area.
building.

LAN operates on the principle of

9. While WAN works on the principle of point to point.
broadcasting.

Transmission medium used in LAN Whereas WAN uses PSTN or satellite link as a
10.
is co-axial or UTP cable. transmission or communication medium.

Applications of Internet

1. Electronic mail. At least 85% of the inhabitants of cyberspace send and receive e-
mail. Some 20 million e-mail messages cross the Internet every week.
2. Research.
3. Downloading files.
4. Discussion groups. These include public groups, such as those on Usenet, and the
private mailing lists that ListServ manages.
5. Interactive games. Who hasn’t tried to hunt down at least one game?
6. Education and self-improvement. On-line courses and workshops have found yet
another outlet.
7. Friendship and dating. You may be surprised at the number of electronic
“personals” that you can find on the World Wide Web.
8. Electronic newspapers and magazines. This category includes late-breaking
news, weather, and sports. We’re likely to see this category leap to the top five in
the next several years.
9. Job-hunting. Classified ads are in abundance, but most are for technical positions.
10. Shopping. It’s difficult to believe that this category even ranks. It appears that
“cybermalls” are more for curious than serious shoppers.

The survey shows that individuals, corporations, business people, and groups use
Internet primarily as a communications vehicle as these users reduce their use of
fax machines, telephones, and the postal service. E-mail should remain at the top of
the list. The Internet has continued and will continue to change how we view the
world.

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Different Types of Internet Connections

There are many ways a personal electronic device can connect to the internet. They all use different
hardware and each has a range of connection speeds. As technology changes, faster internet
connections are needed to handle those changes. I thought it would be interesting to list some of the
different types of internet connections that are available for home and personal use, paired with their
average speeds.

Dial-Up (Analog 56K).

Dial-up access is cheap but slow. A modem (internal or external) connects to the Internet after the
computer dials a phone number. This analog signal is converted to digital via the modem and sent over
a land-line serviced by a public telephone network. Telephone lines are variable in quality and the
connection can be poor at times. The lines regularly experience interference and this affects the speed,
anywhere from 28K to 56K. Since a computer or other device shares the same line as the telephone,
they can’t be active at the same time.

DSL. DSL stands for Digital Subscriber Line. It is an internet connection that is always “on”. This uses
2 lines so your phone is not tied up when your computer is connected. There is also no need to dial a
phone number to connect. DSL uses a router to transport data and the range of connection speed,
depending on the service offered, is between 128K to 8 Mbps.

Cable. Cable provides an internet connection through a cable modem and operates over cable TV
lines. There are different speeds depending on if you are uploading data transmissions or
downloading. Since the coax cable provides a much greater bandwidth over dial-up or DSL telephone
lines, you can get faster access. Cable speeds range from 512K to 20 Mbps.

Wireless. Wireless, or Wi-Fi, as the name suggests, does not use telephone lines or cables to connect
to the internet. Instead, it uses radio frequency. Wireless is also an always on connection and it can
be accessed from just about anywhere. Wireless networks are growing in coverage areas by the minute
so when I mean access from just about anywhere, I really mean it. Speeds will vary, and the range is
between 5 Mbps to 20 Mbps.

Satellite. Satellite accesses the internet via a satellite in Earth’s orbit. The enormous distance that a
signal travels from earth to satellite and back again, provides a delayed connection compared to cable
and DSL. Satellite connection speeds are around 512K to 2.0 Mbps.

Cellular. Cellular technology provides wireless Internet access through cell phones. The speeds vary
depending on the provider, but the most common are 3G and 4G speeds. A 3G is a term that describes
a 3rd generation cellular network obtaining mobile speeds of around 2.0 Mbps. 4G is the fourth
generation of cellular wireless standards. The goal of 4G is to achieve peak mobile speeds of 100 Mbps
but the reality is about 21 Mbps currently.

ISP (Internet service provider)

An ISP (Internet service provider) is a company that provides individuals and other companies access
to the Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting. An ISP has the
equipment and the telecommunication line access required to have a point-of-presence on the Internet
for the geographic area served. The larger ISPs have their own high-speed leased lines so that they are
less dependent on the telecommunication providers and can provide better service to their customers.

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Among the largest national and regional ISPs are AT&T WorldNet, IBM Global Network, MCI, Netcom,
UUNet, and PSINet.

ISPs also include regional providers such as New England's NEARNet and the San Francisco Bay area
BARNet. They also include thousands of local providers. In addition, Internet users can also get access
through online service providers (OSP) such as America Online and Compuserve.

The larger ISPs interconnect with each other through MAE (ISP switching centers run by MCI
WorldCom) or similar centers. The arrangements they make to exchange traffic are known
as peering agreements. There are several very comprehensive lists of ISPs world-wide available on the
Web.

An ISP is also sometimes referred to as an IAP (Internet access provider). ISP is sometimes used as
an abbreviation for independent service provider to distinguish a service provider that is an independent,
separate company from a telephone company.

Basics of internet connectivity related troubleshooting.

Check to See if the Problem is the Computer

If you have more than one computer, see if both computers are experiencing difficulties
accessing the Internet. If the second computer has full access then your problem is
localized to the first computer (you can skip any tests that don't deal with the computer
itself).

Reboot the Computer

Try rebooting your computer to see if that fixes the problem. You'd be surprised how
often that simple step resolves issues.

If restarting your computer or device doesn't work, you'll have to verify each potential
problem to verify that it is or isn't the problem until you restore access.

Troubleshooting Access Problems

Where I refer to your router this may be configured as a separate high-speed modem
connected to an external router or as an all-in-one combined modem/router supplied by
your ISP (most common).

If the devices are separate then both need to be reset when you are instructed to reset
your router in the steps listed on this page.

 Turn off the modem first, then the router;

 Use the reverse sequence when restoring power.

A separate power bar with only the two devices attached simplifies matters.

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There is No Internet Access

The following steps assume there is NO Internet access. Specific websites and ISPs can
have outages that have nothing to do with your computer or its settings.

Troubleshooting Steps

Try the following series of steps, in order, to see if this fixes your problem. You can stop
when you resolve the issue(s) you are having.

1. Check the network icon (or wireless connection settings) to see if you have
Internet access. Ensure that your network adapter is not turned off.
2. Check for changes to proxy settings.
3. Check the network cables if your computer is wired to the router.
4. Reset your router.
5. Check your firewall or security software. There are specific troubleshooting steps
for ZoneAlarm issues.
6. Check your browser access issues or email problems.

The next few sections will expand these steps into a series of instructions. Where Linux is
indicated, I've based these on Linux Mint, the version I'm currently working with.

Check the Network

Check the network connection on your computer. This connects other computers in your
network as well as providing access to the Internet via your ISP.

Depending upon your operating system and your settings, there may be a network icon
at the top or bottom of the screen or it may be hidden.

Your Internet connection can include either or both wired and wireless connections (see
terminology).

Whichever you're using, there is likely a router involved, whether it is your home network
or a public network such as at a coffee shop or a business network, or a community
wireless network).

If you're not using your own network, you'll need to speak to the person responsible for
that network for details on how to fix any issues.

Check the Wireless Settings

If you're connected wirelessly you'll see a listing of available wireless networks. The
wireless network you're currently logged into (if any) should be indicated. Most networks
are protected by a security protocol and a password.

 You'll need to verify that your connection is strong enough and that the settings
don't indicate any problems.
 If you're having difficulties connecting or if there is a problem with the connection,
you'll need to diagnose it.
 If you don't control the network, you'll need to ask for the password and may need
additional help diagnosing the problems.
 Some public networks are heavily used and can be very slow regardless of whether
everything is working fine.

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Check the Wired Settings

If you're connected via CAT5 or CAT6 network cables, you should check the following:

 Check the cables to ensure that they aren't unplugged or damaged.

 Be sure that the network adapter isn't disabled.
 You may need to reset the router then reboot your computer.

Network Settings by Operating System

The following are specific to each operating system. If you're isn't listed, look for your
computer or device documentation.

Windows 7

Windows 7 users can click the network icon (you may need to click the little pyramid icon
beside the clock to see all the settings). The Windows 7 icon changes colour according to
the condition of your network access:

 White is normal but you may only have access to the network (but not the
Internet).
 Red indicates that there is no access to either the network or the Internet.
 Yellow indicates a problem.

Click on Open the Network and Sharing Center which should open a new window.

At the top is a diagram of your network. There should be solid lines between your
computer, the network and the Internet:

If there isn't, click on Troubleshoot problems and follow the prompts.

Windows 10

Windows 10 users can click the network icon to see the status of your Internet
connection(s) and to connect to listed Wi-Fi networks. Look for the word “connected” for
both LAN and WLAN connections to ensure they are working correctly.

At the top is a diagram of your network. There should be solid lines between your
computer, the network and the Internet:

Click on Internet & Network Setting to open the settings. Here you can:

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 Label the network a metered connection if you have a limited data plan.
 You can also change other properties here and troubleshoot problems using the
network troubleshooter.
 Enable or disable a network adapter.
 Add a VPN or manage other services.

World Wide Web

WWW is an information system on the Internet which allows documents to be connected to other
documents by hypertext links, enabling the user to search for information by moving from one document
to another.

Search Engines is a program that searches for and identifies items in a database that correspond
to keywords or characters specified by the user, used especially for finding particular sites on the World
Wide Web

1. Google
Google Search Engine is the best search engine in the world and it is also one of most
popular products from Google. Almost 70 percent of the Search Engine market has been
acquired by Google.

2. Bing
Bing is Microsoft’s answer to Google and it was launched in 2009. Bing is the default
search engine in Microsoft’s web browser. At Bing, they are always striving to make it a
better search engine but it’s got a long way to go to give Google competition.

3. Yahoo
Yahoo & Bing compete more with each other than with Google. A recent report on
netmarketshare.com tells us that Yahoo have a market share of 7.68 percent. Although a
leader as a free email provider, this is declining significantly though with their recent
acknowledgement that User Details & Passwords where hacked last year.

4. Baidu
Baidu is the most used search engine in China and was founded in Jan, 2000 by Chinese
Entrepreneur, Eric Xu. This web search is made to deliver results for website, audio files
and images. It provides some other services including maps, news, cloud storage and
much more.

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5. AOL
Aol.com is also among the top search engines. These are the guys that used to send out
CD’s which you’d load onto your PC to install their browser and modem software. Once
the pre-eminent player they now have a market share of 0.59 percent. Verizon
Communication bought AOL for $4.4 billion.

6. Ask.com
Founded in 1995, Ask.com, previously known as Ask Jeeves. Their key concept was to
have search results based on a simple question + answer web format. It is a question &
answer community where you can get the answers for your question and it integrates a
large amount of archive data to answer your question. Because of this dependency on
archived and active user contributions the results will not be as current as those you get
in Google, Bing and Yahoo

Understanding URL;
Every document on the Web has a unique address. This address is known
as Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
Several HTML/XHTML tags include a URL attribute value, including hyperlinks, inline
images, and forms. All of them use the same syntax to specify the location of a web
resource, regardless of the type or content of that resource. That's why it is known a
Uniform Resource Locator.
URL Elements
A URL is made of up several parts, each of which offers information to the web browser
to help find the page. It is easier to learn the parts of a URL, if you look at the example
URL given below, there are three key parts: the scheme, the host address, and the file
path. The following section will discuss each of them:

http://www.amazon.in/index.htm

The Scheme
The scheme identifies the type of protocol and URL you are linking to and therefore, how
the resource should be retrieved. For example, most web browsers use Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) to pass information to communicate with the web servers and this is the
reason a URL starts with http://.
The Host Address
The host address is where a website can be found, either the IP address (four sets of
numbers between 0 and 255, for example 68.178.157.132 ) or more commonly the
domain name for a site such as www.tutorialspoint.com. Note that "www" is not actually
part of the domain name although it is often used in the host address.
The File Path
The filepath always begins with a forward slash character, and may consist of one or more
directory or folder names. Each directory name is separated by forward slash characters

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and the filepath may end with a filename at the end. Here index.htm is the filename which
is available in html directory:
https://www.amazon.in/html/index.htm
There are other schemes available and you can use either of them based on your
requirement:

Sr.No Scheme & Description

1
http://
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is used to request pages from Web servers
and send them back from Web servers to browsers.

2
https://
Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTPS) encrypts the data sent between
the browser and the Web server using a digital certificate.

3
ftp://
File Transfer Protocol is another method for transferring files on the Web. While
HTTP is a lot more popular for viewing Web sites because of its integration with
browsers, FTP is still commonly used protocol to transfer large files across the
Web and to upload source files to your Web server.

4
file://
Used to indicate that a file is on the local hard disk or a shared directory on a
LAN.

Domain name
The domain name is the most prominent part of a web address. Typically, different pages on
the same site will continue to use the same domain name. For example, all pages on this site
share the GCFLearnFree.org domain name.

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Each segment of the domain name separated by a period is called a domain. The domain on
the right is called a top-level domain, with the domain to the left of it called the second-level
domain, then third-level domain, and so on.

A whole URL

When combined, these elements make up a URL, although not all URLs will
have all five parts.

Top-level domains
The top-level domains (TLDs) such as com, net and org are the highest level of domain names of the
Internet

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Second-level

Below the top-level domains in the domain name hierarchy are the second-level
domain (SLD) names. These are the names directly to the left of .com, .net, and
the other top-level domains. As an example, in the domain example.co.uk, co is
the second-level domain. These domain names are often created based on the
name of a company

Lower level domains are IP addresses .

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each

device connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two main functions: host or network
interface identification and location addressing.
IP addresses are written and displayed in human-readable notations, such
as 172.16.254.1 in IPv4, and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:8:1 in IPv6.

The size of the routing prefix of the address is designated in CIDR notation by
suffixing the address with the number of significant bits, e.g., 192.168.1.15/24,
which is equivalent to the historically used subnet mask 255.255.255.0.

An IPv4 address has a size of 32 bits, which limits the address

space to 4294967296 (232) addresses

IP address classes

With an IPv4 IP address, there are five classes of available IP ranges: Class A, Class
B, Class C, Class D and Class E, while only A, B, and C are commonly used. Each
class allows for a range of valid IP addresses, shown in the following table.

Class Address range Supports

Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127

Class A 1.0.0.1 to 126.255.255.254
networks.

Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000

Class B 128.1.0.1 to 191.255.255.254
networks.

Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million

Class C 192.0.1.1 to 223.255.254.254
networks.

Class D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.

Reserved for future use, or research and

Class E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254
development purposes.

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E-Governance

E-Governance is the implementation of ICT. The ICT stands for Information and Communication
Technology in the government department. Likewise, the central E-Governance is to make
government services efficient, accessible and convenient. The use of E-governance is to
overcome the boundaries. That is of a traditional paper-based system. It is the enhancement
of current government. And it also helps to provide better government services to the citizen.
Hence, E-governance delivers SMART government.

S- Simple
M-Moral
A-Accessible
RT-Responsive Government
The E-Governance is not only a website on the internet. E-governance is providing
governmental services that are accessible through the internet. It refers to any government
process or function that is out online in digital form.

E-Governance is of 4 types depending on the specific types of services.

1. Government-to-Citizen(G2C)

The Government-to-citizen refers to the government services that are accessed by the
familiar people. And Most of the government services fall under G2C. Likewise, the primary
goal of Government-to-citizen is to provide facilities to the citizen. It helps the ordinary
people to reduce the time and cost to conduct a transaction. A citizen can have access to
the services anytime from anywhere.

Furthermore, Many services like license renewals, and paying tax are essential in G2C.
Likewise, spending the administrative fee online is also possible due to G2C. The facility of
Government-to-Citizen enables the ordinary citizen to overcome time limitation. It also
focuses on geographic land barriers.

2. Government-to-business (G2B)

The Government to business is the exchange of services between Government and

Business organizations. It is efficient for both government and business organizations. G2B

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provides access to relevant forms needed to comply. The G2B also consists of many
services exchanged between business sectors and government.

Similarly, the Government to business provides Timely business information. And A

business organization can have easy and convenient online access to government agencies.
G2B plays a crucial role in business development. It enhances the efficiency and quality of
communication and transparency of government projects.

3. Government-to-Government (G2G)

The Government-to-Government refers to the interaction between different government

department, organizations, and agencies. This increases the efficiency of government
processes. In G2G, government agencies can share the same database using online
communication. The government departments can work together. This service can increase
international diplomacy and relations.

In conclusion, G2G services can be at the local level or the international level. It can
communicate with global government and local government as well. Likewise, it provides
safe and secure inter-relationship between domestic or foreign government. G2G
constructs a universal database for all member states to enhance service.

4. Government-to-Employee (G2E)

The Government-to-Employee is the internal part of G2G sector. Furthermore, G2E aims
to bring employees together and improvise knowledge sharing.

Similarly, G2E provides online facilities to the employees. Likewise, applying for leave,
reviewing salary payment record. And checking the balance of holiday. The G2E sector
provides human resource training and development. So, G2E is also the relationship
between employees, government institutions, and their management.

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Web Browsing: Software, Communications and collaboration:

Here are a list of collaboration and communication platforms and software that can be used to

connect and integrate your most essential business components.

1. Dropbox

Dropbox is one of the most efficient and user-friendly cloud sharing solutions. Teams can
use Dropbox to better manage shared files, reducing the need for email and improving the
collaboration between employees.

2. Google Drive

Google Drive is another popular web based sharing platform. With a Google Drive
connector, users can readily access folders and files to boost productivity and facilitate
collaboration with your intranet solution.

3. Sharepoint

SharePoint is a web-based collaborative platform or an on-premise software for your

employees. Connect this with your intranet to map SharePoint content to folders to allow
for manual or automatic synchronisation. You can also centrally publish documents and
SharePoint pages as well as images to your intranet.

4. Skype for Business

Skype offers messaging, voice and video calls between people or groups of people. This is
a cost effective communication platform to communicate with individuals located in a
different country.

5. Box

Easily share documents, folders and files from your Box account through an intranet. This
allows for collaborating on your documents from just one viewpoint.

6. Microsoft Office

Microsoft Office is a productivity software for organizations and individuals. Connect it with
your content management platform to easily browse, edit and save stored documents
directly from Microsoft Office.

7. Slack

Slack is a group messaging communication software with real-time messaging, archiving

and search for teams. You can also create private spaces with fewer team members for
more confidential information.

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8. Hubspot

Hubspot is an inbound marketing and sales platform that helps companies attract visitors and
convert them into customers. It offers email marketing and lead nurturing, as well as social
media management functionality. Hubspot forms can be used on your website, to automatically
pull contact details directly into your Hubspot platform.

9. Campaign Monitor

Campaign Monitor allows you to manage email subscribers and track results using different
lists. Connect with your website so that information for people who opt in is automatically
pushed to this your Box platform for seamless inclusion.

10. YouTube

Video is a must to succeed with marketing and promotion in today’s marketplace. A YouTube
connector will allow you to easily pull YouTube videos into your website, including metadata
and information such as title, video duration and keywords. You can use and manage external
content as well without having to host it yourself.

11. Salesforce

Salesforce web-to-lead forms can be easily created right from your website with this handy
platform. You can push leads from the website to your sales team for fast follow up.

13. OneDrive

Get to your files and photos from anywhere, on any device. Share and work together with
anyone in your work and life. The OneDrive Connector allows you to easily access files and
documents stored in OneDrive within your intranet or portal solution. Open, comment on, adjust
and save documents within the browser using Office 365 integration. This platform facilitates
much more effective collaboration.

14. Asana

Asana is a project management platform. Organise your tasks into shared lists or boards for
your initiatives, meetings and programs.

15. HipChat

Team chat that's actually built for business Persistent, searchable, and loaded with goodies:
group chat, video chat, screen sharing, and the security your IT team craves.

E- Mail
Email is a service which allows us to send the message in electronic mode over the internet. It offers
an efficient, inexpensive and real time mean of distributing information among people.

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E-Mail Address
Each user of email is assigned a unique name for his email account. This name is known as E-mail
address. Different users can send and receive messages according to the e-mail address.
E-mail is generally of the form username@domainname. For example, [email protected]
is an e-mail address where webmaster is username and tutorialspoint.com is domain name.
 The username and the domain name are separated by @ (at) symbol.
 E-mail addresses are not case sensitive.
 Spaces are not allowed in e-mail address.
E-mail Message Components
E-mail message comprises of different components: E-mail Header, Greeting, Text, and Signature.
These components are described in the following diagram:

E-mail Header
The first five lines of an E-mail message is called E-mail header. The header part comprises of following
fields:
 From
 Date
 To
 Subject
 CC
 BCC

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From
The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date
The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
To
The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject
The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the point.
CC
CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep informed but
not exactly the intended recipient.
BCC
BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the recipients to
know that someone else was copied on the message.
Greeting
Greeting is the opening of the actual message. Eg. Hi Sir or Hi Guys etc.
Text
It represents the actual content of the message.
Signature
This is the final part of an e-mail message. It includes Name of Sender, Address, and Contact Number.
Advantages of E-Mail
E-mail has prooved to be powerful and reliable medium of commmunication. Here are the benefits of E-
mail:
 Reliable  Printable
 Convenience  Global
 Speed  Generality
 Inexpensive

Reliable
Many of the mail systems notify the sender if e-mail message was undeliverable.
Convenience
There is no requirement of stationary and stamps. One does not have to go to post office. But all these
things are not required for sending or receiving an mail.
Speed
E-mail is very fast. However, the speed also depends upon the underlying network.
Inexpensive
The cost of sending e-mail is very low.
Printable
It is easy to obtain a hardcopy of an e-mail. Also an electronic copy of an e-mail can also be saved for
records.

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Global
E-mail can be sent and received by a person sitting across the globe.
Generality
It is also possible to send graphics, programs and sounds with an e-mail.
Disadvantages
Apart from several benefits of E-mail, there also exists some disadvantages as discussed below:
 Forgery
 Overload
 Misdirection
 Junk
 No response
Forgery
E-mail doesn’t prevent from forgery, that is, someone impersonating the sender, since sender is usually
not authenticated in any way.
Overload
Convenience of E-mail may result in a flood of mail.
Misdirection
It is possible that you may send e-mail to an unintended recipient.
Junk
Junk emails are undesirable and inappropriate emails. Junk emails are sometimes referred to as spam.
No Response
It may be frustrating when the recipient does not read the e-mail and respond on a regular basis.

Instant Messaging;

The e-mail was considered to be the fastest means of communication a few years ago,
and people used it instead of calling or writing letters. However, now even e-mails are
not considered fast enough. Moreover, you might want to know if the person you are
trying to get in touch with is online at that moment, and would want to enjoy a quick
conversation.

Instant messaging or IM helps you exchange text messages in real-time through a

software. It allows you to know if your chosen friend or co-worker is online, and apart from
exchanging text messages you can also share files, and enjoy voice and video chat. Let us
now get to learn about a few examples of instant messaging that are gaining more and
more popularity each day.

1. WhatsApp

WhatsApp is a well-known instant messaging app that many users use to chat with
friends and colleagues. One of the reasons behind the popularity of this app is its
simplicity of use. It is also reliable and you need not follow any lengthy sign-up
procedure to use it. You only need an internet connection on your device, and then

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you can get connected on WhatsApp and send text messages, files, videos, and
images. You can also enjoy video and voice calls.

2. Skype

Though Skype is more popularly known and used for video calling, its instant
messaging ability cannot be avoided. Yes, you will have to log in before you can
start using this tool, but that will not take much of your time. Once you sign in, you
can enjoy numerous interesting features, send and receive instant texts, group
chat, share file/media, emoji, and enjoy video and voice calling.

3.Viber

Viber is yet another example of instant messaging that can help you stay connected
with your colleagues and friends just using any internet connection. Using Viber
you can enjoy instant messaging, live video chats, and voice calls. This tool also
offers many free and paid stickers as well as emoji icons that will make your instant
messaging experience all the more enjoyable.

4. Kik
Kik is yet another IM app that does not need you to use phone numbers from your
contact list to get connected. Instead, you can add people by their usernames and
enjoy a group chat with up to 50 people. So, if you have an important matter to
discuss with colleagues with instant response from all, this IM app can prove to be
of help. Not only can you send text messages, but also share memes, funny GIFs,
and images, thus making it a great option for a nice chat with friends and family.

5. WeChat
WeChat offers you all that you may be interested in. So, using it you can send
messages free of cost, and also enjoy voice and video calling. It even has an
interesting feature known as Moments, which allows you to share your precious
memories and moments with videos and photos, and a Friends Radar using which
you can scan your surroundings to find other people using WeChat and connect
with them.

6. Messenger

Messenger is Facebook's official IM app, which has also gained popularity. It allows
you to send text messages, share images, videos, GIFs, and enjoy video and voice
calls. Using it you can instantly connect with those friends on your Facebook list.

Netiquettes

Core Rules of Netiquette

RULE 1: REMEMBER THE HUMAN

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Never forget that the person reading your mail or posting is, indeed, a person, with
feelings that can be hurt.

Corollary 1: It's not nice to hurt other people's feelings.

Corollary 2: Never mail or post anything you wouldn't say to your reader's face.
Corollary 3: Notify your readers when flaming.

RULE 2: ADHERE TO THE SAME STANDARDS OF BEHAVIOR ONLINE

THAT YOU FOLLOW IN REAL LIFE

Corollary 1: Be ethical.
Corollary 2: Breaking the law is bad Netiquette.

RULE 3: KNOW WHERE YOU ARE IN CYBERSPACE

Corollary 1: Netiquette varies from domain to domain.

Corollary 2: Lurk before you leap.

RULE 4: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE'S TIME AND BANDWIDTH

Corollary 1: It's OK to think that what you're doing at the moment is the most
important thing in the universe, but don't expect anyone else to agree
with you.
Corollary 2: Post messages to the appropriate discussion group.
Corollary 3: Try not to ask stupid questions on discussion groups.
Corollary 4: Read the FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) document.
Corollary 5: When appropriate, use private email instead of posting to the group.
Corollary 6: Don't post subscribe, unsubscribe, or FAQ requests.
Corollary 7: Don't waste expert readers' time by posting basic information.
Corollary 8: If you disagree with the premise of a particular discussion group, don't
waste the time and bandwidth of the members by telling them how
stupid they are. Just stay away.
Corollary 9: Conserve bandwidth when you retrieve information from a host or server.

RULE 5: MAKE YOURSELF LOOK GOOD ONLINE

Corollary 1: Check grammar and spelling before you post.

Corollary 2: Know what you're talking about and make sense.
Corollary 3: Don't post flame-bait.

RULE 6: SHARE EXPERT KNOWLEDGE

Corollary 1: Offer answers and help to people who ask questions on discussion
groups.
Corollary 2: If you've received email answers to a posted question, summarize them
and post the summary to the discussion group.

RULE 7: HELP KEEP FLAME WARS UNDER CONTROL

Corollary 1: Don't respond to flame-bait.

Corollary 2: Don't post spelling or grammar flames.

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Corollary 3: If you've posted flame-bait or perpetuated a flame war, apologize.

RULE 8: RESPECT OTHER PEOPLE'S PRIVACY

Don't read other people's private email.

RULE 9: DON'T ABUSE YOUR POWER

The more power you have, the more important it is that you use it well.

RULE 10: BE FORGIVING OF OTHER PEOPLE'S MISTAKES

Use of Common Icons,

Windows uses icons to graphically represent items, such as programs and folders. This is part of
Windows GUI, or graphical user interface. Icons appear everywhere throughout Windows, and are
really just pictures that depict the type of items they represent. The Windows desktop contains a range
of desktop icons. Many of these icons are known as shortcuts or links to frequently-used programs,
folders and files. You can save quite a bit of time and reduce the number of mouse clicks in a day by
creating desktop shortcuts for frequently-used programs. Shortcuts to programs, files and folders can be
added easily to the desktop, as well as arranged, moved and removed. You should also clean up your
desktop from time to time when it becomes too cluttered.

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Status Bar

A status bar is located at the bottom of Internet browser windows and many
application windows and displays the current state of the web page or application
being displayed. For example, in early versions of Internet Explorer, it showed
whether the page was secure, its certificate, what was currently being loaded on
the page, and the web address.

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Example of a status bar

Below is an example of what the status bar booked like in Microsoft Internet
Explorer.

Status bar in other applications

In Microsoft Word, the status bar is located at the bottom of the Word application
window. The Word status bar displays the current page number of the document,
total pages, number of words, and if there are any proofing errors. If text is
highlighted in the document, the number of words in that highlighted portion of
text is displayed. A zoom slider is also displayed, allowing a user to zoom in or out
of a document.

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Status Bar in Ms Excel

The quickest way to see the average, count, numerical count, minimum,
maximum or sum of selected cells is by taking a look at the status bar.
1. Select a range of cells.

2. Look at the status bar at the bottom of your window to see the sum of these
cells.

3. Right click the status bar to add the average, count, numerical count, minimum
or maximum.

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Result:

Ready To indicate a general state.

Sum Selected by default, this option displays the sum of numerical values in
selected cells.
Average Selected by default, this option displays the average that is calculated from
selected cells that contain numerical values.
View Selected by default, this option displays the Normal view, Page
Shortcuts Layout view, and Page Break Preview buttons. You can click these
buttons to change the current view.
Zoom Selected by default, this option displays the Zoom level. You can
click Zoom to open the Zoom dialog box, where you can specify the
percentage of magnification that you want to use.
Zoom Selected by default, this option displays the Zoom slider with the Zoom
Slider out and Zoom in buttons. You can then drag the slider or click the Zoom
out and Zoom in buttons to magnify the content of the worksheet to have
a closer look, or to reduce the size of the content on the worksheet so that
you can view more content.

Using Menu and Menu-selection,

A menu is a list of commands or choices offered to the user through the menu bar.
Menus are used in GUI operating systems to allow the user access to program
features.
Start menu

The Microsoft Windows Start menu is the primary location in Windows to locate
your installed programs and find any files or folders.
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You can press the Windows key on the keyboard or Ctrl+Esc keyboard shortcut to
open the Start menu.

Left pane
The left pane shows recently started programs, or any pinned program shortcuts.
In the above example, there is one pinned program separated by a line and then
the recently ran programs.

All programs
At the bottom of the left pane is the All Programs option which displays all programs
installed on the computer.

Search
Directly below the All Programs option is the "Search" bar. This useful feature
allows you to type in the name of the program or file you're looking for and have
the results displayed above.

Right pane
The right pane shows each of the more commonly accessed sections of the
computer, such as your Computer, Control Panel, Documents, Music, and Pictures.

Shut down
At the bottom of the right pane is the Shut down button, which allows you to turn
the computer off. You can also click the arrow next to the Shut down button to
switch user, log off, restart, sleep, or hibernate the computer.

Viewing of File, Folders and Directories, &

Creating and Renaming of files and folders

What is a File?

Every document that you have saved on your hard drive is called a file. Whenever
you write a paper in a word processor and save it, you have just created a file.
Every Excel spreadsheet is a file. Similarly,

 MS Word Document
 Access database
 JPEG, PNG or GIF image.
 MP3 music song
 MP4 Video File

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What is a Folder?

A folder (also called directory, or catalog) is a way to organize computer files.

A folder is a storage space where many files can be placed into groups and organize
the computer. A folder can also contain other folders.

The terms “folder” and “directory” mean the same thing and are often
interchanged.

Creating a Folder

Navigate to the location where you want to place the new folder.

Right-click and select New.

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Select Folder.

The folder will be displayed, with the default name "New folder."

To change the name, type the new name for the folder and then press Enter.

Deleting a folder

To delete a folder, simply right-click it and then choose ‘Delete’.

Delete file or folder by right-clicking

Open My Computer or Windows Explorer. Locate the file or folder you want to
delete and right-click it. Choose the delete option from the pop-up menu.

Delete from file menu

Open My Computer or Windows Explorer, locate and select the file or folder you
want to delete, click File in the top menu bar and select Delete.

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Renaming a folder

Right-click the folder and choose ‘Rename’.

How to rename in Microsoft Windows

Windows users can rename their files and directories by using one of the following
methods. We've listed the following recommendations in what we believe to be the
easiest methods of renaming a file.

Method one
 Highlight the file or folder.
 Right-click the file and click Rename from the menu that appears.

Method two
 Highlight the file or folder.
 Press the F2 key on the keyboard.

Method three
 Highlight the file or folder.
 Click File at the top of the window and select Rename from the list of
available options.

Method four
 Highlight the file or folder you want to rename by single-clicking the file.
 Once highlighted, wait a few seconds and click the file again. A box should
appear surrounding the file or folder name, and you should be able to rename
the file.

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Disk Drive

A disk drive can be the hard drive on your computer (usually notated as “C:\”),
your floppy disk drive (“A:\”), a Zip drive, CD-Rom, or Tape drive. There are
several other kinds of storage media as well.

Desktop

What you see when there are no programs (windows) currently open on your
screen. Here is a partial view of my desktop

Opening and closing of different Windows;

To turn on computer Press the power button

You don't need to hold down the power button to turn on the computer. You should hear the
computer's internal fan and disk drive begin spinning; after a few seconds, your computer's
monitor will also light up and display either the start-up screen or the login screen, depending
on whether the computer was off or sleeping.

 For a laptop, you'll first need to open the screen by pulling it up and away from the laptop's
housing.
 If your desktop computer doesn't turn on, try pressing your monitor's power button as well. It
may be the case that your computer is on but the monitor is not.

Shut down

Closing down programs and powering off the machine is called Shut down.

Select Start and then

select Power > Shut down.

What Restart Does

Restart, in contrast, actually does shut down all of the computer's processes,
including the kernel. That means you get a totally clean start when the computer
boots up again, though it takes longer to get everything running.

Restart should be used when installing updates/software and to resolve any errors

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Some software installations and updates actually require you to use Restart to finish
the process.

If your computer has frozen or is giving off some other error, you should use
Restart rather than Shut Down, even though it may seem to you that Shut Down
would be a more complete option.

There are many ways to shut down your PC—you can turn the PC off completely, you can make it
sleep, or you can hibernate the PC.

Sleep

This uses very little power, your PC starts up faster, and you’re instantly back to where you left off.
You don’t have to worry that you'll lose your work because of your battery draining, because
Windows automatically saves all your work and turns off the PC if the battery is too low. Use sleep
when you’re going to be away from your PC for just a little while—like when you’re taking a coffee
break.

Open power options:

 For Windows 10, select Start , then select Settings > System > Power &
sleep > Additional power settings.

Hibernate

This option was designed for laptops and might not be available for all PCs. (For example, PCs with
Instant Go don't have the hibernate option.) Hibernate uses less power than sleep and when you
start up the PC again, you’re back to where you left off (though not as fast as sleep).

To hibernate your PC:

1. Open power options:

 For Windows 10, select Start , then select Settings > System > Power &
sleep > Additional power settings.

For Windows 7, click the Start button , click Control Panel, click System and Security, and then
click Power Options.

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Using help;
You can quickly find answers to questions about working with Windows 7 using Windows Help and
Support.
1. Select the Start menu button.

1. Select Help and Support. 2. In the Search Help text box, type a term
to search on.

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3. Click Search Help. 4. Windows returns a list of articles related to

the search term.

5. Click an article's link to read the article.

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Creating Short cuts,

Follow the steps below to create a shortcut:

1. Right-click an open area on the desktop, point to New, and then click Shortcut.
2. Click Browse to navigate to the file.
3. Locate the program or file to which you want to create a shortcut, click the program
or file, click OK, and then click Next.
4. Type a name for the shortcut and then click on the Finish button.
5. Drag your new shortcut to the desired location.

Basics of O.S Setup; Common utilities.

How to Install an Operating System on a Brand New Computer

1. Insert the installation disk or flash drive. To install a new operating system on Windows,
you must have the operating system's install tool on a DVD or flash drive, and the disk or flash
drive must be inserted into your computer. If you don't have a version of the operating system
you want to download, you can download one for the following operating systems:

2. Restart your computer. Press and hold your computer's Power button to turn it off, wait for a
few seconds, and then press the Power button again to turn the computer back on.

3. Wait for the computer's first startup screen to appear. Once the startup screen appears,
you'll have a very limited window in which you can press the setup key.
 It's best to start pressing the setup key as soon as the computer begins to restart.

4. Press and hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS page. The key you're prompted to press might
also be different; if so, use that key instead. This will load your computer's BIOS page, from
which point you can select your installation disk or drive.

5. Locate the "Boot Order" section. This section is normally on the main page of the BIOS,
though you may need to use the arrow keys to navigate over to the "Boot" or "Advanced" tab.
 The "Boot Order" section varies from BIOS to BIOS. If you can't find your BIOS' "Boot Order"
page, consult your motherboard's manual or look up your computer model online to find direct
instruction for your specific BIOS page.

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6. Select the location from which you want to start your computer. In this case, you'll be
starting your computer either from the disk drive or from an external drive, such as a flash
drive.
 The disk drive option is usually labeled CD-ROM Drive, while external drives will
show up as Removable Devices.

7. Move your selected location to the top of the list. Typically, you'll press the + key with the
boot location you want to use selected until it's at the top of the "Boot Order" list.

 You can double-check the key that you're supposed to use in the legend that's usually on
the right side or the bottom of the BIOS page.

8. Save your settings and exit the BIOS. There should be a "Save and Exit" key listed in the
BIOS' key legend; press the key listed there to save your settings and exit the BIOS.

 You may have to confirm this decision by pressing ↵ Enter with Yes selected.

9. Restart your computer. Once your computer begins to start up again, it will select your disk or
flash drive as the boot location, which means that it will begin installing the operating system.

10. Follow the on-screen prompts. Each operating system will have different steps to take
when installing it, so just follow the on-screen directions to complete the installation.

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