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Computer Network Fundamentals

TCP/IP Model
Computer Network Tutorials
Difficulty Level : Easy ● Last Updated : 30 Sep, 2020

Basics of Computer Networking

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Prerequisite – Layers of OSI Model
Goals of Networks Fast

The OSI Model we just looked at is just a reference/logical model. It was designed to
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Types of Network Topology
describe the functions of the communication system by dividing the communication
procedure into smaller and simpler components. But when we talk about the TCP/IP
Types of area networks – LAN, MAN
and WAN model, it was designed and developed by Department of Defense (DoD) in 1960s and is
based on standard protocols. It stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Introduction of Mobile Ad hoc Network Protocol. The TCP/IP model is a concise version of the OSI model. It contains four layers,
(MANET)
unlike seven layers in the OSI model. The layers are:
Types of MANET in Computer Network 1. Process/Application Layer
2. Host-to-Host/Transport Layer
Redundant Link problems in Computer
3. Internet Layer United States Navy
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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

The diagrammatic comparison of the TCP/IP and OSI model is as follows :
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TCP refers to Transmission OSI refers to Open Systems

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TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers.

TCP/IP is more reliable OSI is less reliable

TCP/IP does not have very OSI has strict boundaries

strict boundaries.
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TCP/IP follow a horizontal OSI follows a vertical approach.

approach.

TCP/IP uses both session OSI uses different session and

and presentation layer in presentation layers.
M O ST P O P U L A R I N
the application layer itself. CO M P U T E R N E T WO R KS

Caesar Cipher in Cryptography

TCP/IP developed protocols OSI developed model then protocol.
then model.
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Transport layer in TCP/IP In OSI model, transport layer
does not provide assurance provides assurance delivery of Socket Programming in Python
delivery of packets. packets.
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
TCP/IP model network layer Connection less and connection
only provides connection oriented both services are provided UDP Server-Client implementation in C
less services. by network layer in OSI model.

Protocols cannot be While in OSI model, Protocols are

replaced easily in TCP/IP better covered and is easy to replace
model. with the change in technology.

The first layer is the Process layer on the behalf of the sender and Network Access layer
on the behalf of the receiver. During this article, we will be talking on the behalf of the
receiver.
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1. Network Access Layer –

This layer corresponds to the combination of Data Link Layer and Physical Layer of the
OSI model. It looks out for hardware addressing and the protocols present in this layer
allows for the physical transmission of data.
We just talked about ARP being a protocol of Internet layer, but there is a conflict about
declaring it as a protocol of Internet Layer or Network access layer. It is described as
residing in layer 3, being encapsulated by layer 2 protocols.

2. Internet Layer –

This layer parallels the functions of OSI’s Network layer. It defines the protocols which
are responsible for logical transmission of data over the entire network. The main
protocols residing at this layer are : M O ST V I S I T E D I N GAT E C S
1. IP – stands for Internet Protocol and it is responsible for delivering packets from the
ACID Properties in DBMS
source host to the destination host by looking at the IP addresses in the packet
headers. IP has 2 versions:
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IPv4 and IPv6. IPv4 is the one that most of the websites are using currently. But IPv6
Conversion
is growing as the number of IPv4 addresses are limited in number when compared to
the number of users.
Types of Operating Systems
2. ICMP – stands for Internet Control Message Protocol. It is encapsulated within IP
datagrams and is responsible for providing hosts with information about network
Functions of Operating System
problems.
3. ARP – stands for Address Resolution Protocol. Its job is to find the hardware address Caesar Cipher in Cryptography
of a host from a known IP address. ARP has several types: Reverse ARP, Proxy ARP,
Gratuitous ARP and Inverse ARP.

3. Host-to-Host Layer –

This layer is analogous to the transport layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for end-
to-end communication and error-free delivery of data. It shields the upper-layer
applications from the complexities of data. The two main protocols present in this layer
are :

1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – It is known to provide reliable and error-free

communication between end systems. It performs sequencing and segmentation of
data. It also has acknowledgment feature and controls the flow of the data through
flow control mechanism. It is a very effective protocol but has a lot of overhead due
to such features. Increased overhead leads to increased cost.
2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – On the other hand does not provide any such
features. It is the go-to protocol if your application does not require reliable
transport as it is very cost-effective. Unlike TCP, which is connection-oriented
protocol, UDP is connectionless.

4. Application Layer –

This layer performs the functions of top three layers of the OSI model: Application,
Presentation and Session Layer. It is responsible for node-to-node communication
and controls user-interface specifications. Some of the protocols present in this layer
are: HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, TFTP, Telnet, SSH, SMTP, SNMP, NTP, DNS, DHCP, NFS, X
Window, LPD. Have a look at Protocols in Application Layer for some information
about these protocols. Protocols other than those present in the linked article are :

1. HTTP and HTTPS – HTTP stands for Hypertext transfer protocol. It is used by the
World Wide Web to manage communications between web browsers and servers.
HTTPS stands for HTTP-Secure. It is a combination of HTTP with SSL(Secure
Socket Layer). It is efficient in cases where the browser need to fill out forms, sign
in, authenticate and carry out bank transactions.
2. SSH – SSH stands for Secure Shell. It is a terminal emulations software similar to
Telnet. The reason SSH is more preferred is because of its ability to maintain the
encrypted connection. It sets up a secure session over a TCP/IP connection.
3. NTP – NTP stands for Network Time Protocol. It is used to synchronize the clocks
on our computer to one standard time source. It is very useful in situations like
bank transactions. Assume the following situation without the presence of NTP.
Suppose you carry out a transaction, where your computer reads the time at 2:30
PM while the server records it at 2:28 PM. The server can crash very badly if it’s
out of sync.

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Previous Next

Layers of OSI Model Network Devices (Hub, Repeater,

Bridge, Switch, Router,
Gateways and Brouter)

R ECO M M E N D E D A RT I C L E S Page : 1 2 3

01 This is exactly why we still use the

OSI model when we have TCP/IP 05 Introduction of ER Model
13, Oct 15
Model
01, Jun 21

02 Difference between E-R Model 06 Enhanced ER Model

24, Oct 17
and Relational Model in DBMS
16, Apr 20

03 Similarities between TCP/IP

model and OSI model
07 Mathematics | Hypergeometric
Distribution model
08, Oct 18
01, May 21

04 Types of Keys in Relational Model

(Candidate, Super, Primary,
Alternate and Foreign) 08 Attributes to Relationships in ER
Model
11, Dec 16 28, Jan 19

Article Contributed By :

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