1. Write a program to capitalize first and last letter of given string?

Program:

def capitalize_first_and_last(string):
if len(string) < 2:
return string

first_letter = string[0].upper()
last_letter = string[-1].upper()
middle_letters = string[1:-1]
return first_letter + middle_letters + last_letter
# Example usage
input_string = input("Enter a string: ")
result = capitalize_first_and_last(input_string)
print("Result:", result)

Output:
 2. Write a python program for the following.
i) Create list of fruits
ii) Add new fruit in list.
iii) Sort the list.
iv) Delete last fruit name from list

Program:

Fruits=['Apple','Banana','Orange']

print(Fruits)

Fruits.append('Mango')

print('Added new fruit name in list:',Fruits)

Fruits.sort()

print('Sorted list of fruits:',Fruits)

Fruits.pop()

print('Deleted last element of list:', Fruits)

Output:
 3. Write a program for tuple &set operations?

Program:

Tuple:

tuple1=(1,2,3,4,5)

tuple2=(6,7,8)

tuple3=(9,0)

# Accessing tuple elements

print('Print tuple 1:', tuple1)

print('print tuple 1, third element:', tuple1[2])

# Concatenating tuples

tuple_concat=tuple1+tuple2

print('concated tuple:',tuple_concat)

# Checking if an element exists in a tuple print("Is 3 in Tuple 1?", 3 in tuple1)

print("Is 10 in Tuple 2?", 10 in tuple2)

# Length of a tuple

print("Length of Tuple 3:", len(tuple3))

# Converting tuple to a set set_from_tuple = set(tuple1)

set_from_tuple=set(tuple1)

print("Set from Tuple 1:", set_from_tuple)

Output:

Sets:

# Creating sets

set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Output:
4. Write a program to demonstrate dictionary operations to import module using from
Keyword.

Program:

# Importing module using 'from' keyword

from math import sqrt

# Dictionary operations

student = {

'name': 'John', 'age': 20,

'grade': 'A'

# Accessing dictionary elements

print("Student name:", student['name'])

print("Student age:", student['age'])

print("Student grade:", student['grade'])

# Modifying dictionary elements

student['age'] = 21

student['grade'] = 'B'

print("Updated student age:", student['age'])

print("Updated student grade:", student['grade'])

# Adding new elements to the dictionary

student['address'] = '123 Main Street'

print("Student address:", student['address'])

# Removing elements from the dictionary

del student['grade']

print("Student dictionary after deleting grade:", student)

# Using the imported module

number = 16

square_root = sqrt(number)
Output:
5. Write a program to create User defined package,subpackage mypack?

Program:
 6. Write a program Reading and Writing file?

Program:

# Reading and Writing file

# File path

file_path = "example.txt"

# Open the file for writing

with open(file_path, "w") as file:

# Write data to the file

file.write("Hello, World!\n")

file.write("This is an example file.\n")

file.write("Writing some data to it.\n")

# Open the file for reading

with open(file_path, "r") as file:

# Read and print the contents of the file

content = file.read()

print("File Contents:")

print(content)

Output:

7. Write a program Reading and Writing into Binary file?

Program:

# Reading and Writing into Binary file

 # File path

Output:

8. Write a program to create text file?

Program:

# Creating a Text File

Output:
 9. Write a python code to diplay first m and last n lines from text file?

Program:

def display_first_and_last_lines(file_path, m, n):

with open(file_path, "r") as file:

lines = file.readlines()

# Display first m lines

print(f"First {m} lines:")

for line in lines[:m]:

print(line.strip())

# Display last n lines

print(f"\nLast {n} lines:")

for line in lines[-n:]:

print(line.strip())

# File path

file_path = "example.txt" # Replace with the path to your text file

# Specify the number of lines to display

m = 5 # Number of first lines to display

n = 5 # Number of last lines to display

# Call the function to display the first m and last n lines

display_first_and_last_lines(file_path, m, n)
Output:

10. Write a program to create user defined exception not prime if given number is not prime else
print the prime number?
 Program:

class NotPrimeError(Exception):

pass

def is_prime(number):

if number < 2:

return False

for i in range(2, int(number ** 0.5) + 1):

if number % i == 0:

return False

return True

try:

number = int(input("Enter a number: "))

if is_prime(number):

print(f"{number} is a prime number.")

else:

raise NotPrimeError(f"{number} is not a prime number.")

except ValueError:

print("Invalid input. Please enter a valid number.")

except NotPrimeError as e:

print(e)

Output:
 11. Write a program to replace the last three characters of string with ‘ing’,if having’ing’ in the
string then replace by ‘ly’?
Program:

def replace_last_three_chars(string):

if string.endswith("ing"):

return string[:-3] + "ly"

else:

return string[:-3] + "ing"

# Prompt the user to enter a string

string = input("Enter a string: ")

# Call the function to replace the last three characters

result = replace_last_three_chars(string)

# Print the modified string

print("Modified string:", result)

Output:

12. Write a program that accept the string from user and display the same string after removing
vowels from it?

Program:

def remove_vowels(string):
Output:
13. Create class called, library with data attributes like Acc-number publisher, title and author,
the methods of the class should include- i) Read ( ) - Acc- number, title, author, publisher. ii)
Compute ( ) - to accept the number of day late, calculate and display the fine charged at the
rate of Rupees 5/- per day. iii) Display the data?
Program:

class Library:

def __init__(self, acc_number, publisher, title, author):

self.acc_number = acc_number

self.publisher = publisher

self.title = title

self.author = author

def read(self):

print("Acc Number:", self.acc_number)

print("Title:", self.title)

print("Author:", self.author)

print("Publisher:", self.publisher)

def compute(self, days_late):

fine = days_late * 5

print("Fine charged: Rs.", fine)

def display(self):

print("Acc Number:", self.acc_number)

print("Title:", self.title)

print("Author:", self.author)

print("Publisher:", self.publisher)

# Example usage:

book1 = Library(123456, "ABC Publications", "Python

Programming", "John Doe")

print("Reading Book Information:")

book1.read()

print("\nComputing Fine for Late Return (10 days late):")

book1.compute(10)

print("\nDisplaying Book Information:")

book1.display()
Output:
 14. Develop a program to print the number of lines, words and characters present in the given
file? Accept the file name from user. Handle necessary exceptions?

Program:

def count_lines_words_chars(file_name):

try:

with open(file_name, 'r') as file:

lines = 0

words = 0

characters = 0

for line in file:

lines += 1

words += len(line.split())

characters += len(line)

print("Number of lines:", lines)

print("Number of words:", words)

print("Number of characters:", characters)

except FileNotFoundError:

print("Error: File not found.")

except PermissionError:

print("Error: Permission denied.")

# Get file name from user

file_name = input("Enter the file name: ")

# Call the function

count_lines_words_chars(file_name)

Output:
 15. Write a program to guess correct no that is 10 and throw user defined exception Toosmallnumber if number is
small and throw exception Toolargenumber if entered number is large?

Program:

class TooSmallNumber(Exception):

pass

class TooLargeNumber(Exception):

pass

def guess_number(guess):

target_number = 10

if guess < target_number:

raise TooSmallNumber("Guessed number is too small!")

elif guess > target_number:

raise TooLargeNumber("Guessed number is too large!")

else:

print("Congratulations! You guessed the correct number!")

try:

user_guess = int(input("Enter your guess: "))

guess_number(user_guess)

except TooSmallNumber as e:

print(e)

except TooLargeNumber as e:

print(e)

Output:
 16. Write a program to demonstrate class and object to create employee class?

Program:

class Employee:

def __init__(self, emp_id, name, salary):

self.emp_id = emp_id

self.name = name

self.salary = salary

def display(self):

print("Employee ID:", self.emp_id)

print("Name:", self.name)

print("Salary:", self.salary)

# Creating objects of Employee class

emp1 = Employee(101, "John Doe", 50000)

emp2 = Employee(102, "Jane Smith", 60000)

# Displaying information of employees

print("Employee 1 Information:")

emp1.display()

print("\nEmployee 2 Information:")

emp2.display()

Output:
 17. Write a python program to implement student class which has method to calculate
percentage. Assume suitable class variable?

Program:

class Student:

total_students = 0 # Class variable to keep track of total students

def __init__(self, name, roll_number, marks):

self.name = name

self.roll_number = roll_number

self.marks = marks

Student.total_students += 1

def calculate_percentage(self):

total_marks = sum(self.marks)

percentage = (total_marks / (len(self.marks) * 100)) * 100

return percentage

@classmethod

def display_total_students(cls):

print("Total Students:", cls.total_students)

# Example usage:

student1 = Student("John", 101, [85, 90, 75, 80, 95])

student2 = Student("Jane", 102, [75, 80, 70, 85, 90])

# Calculate and display percentage of students

print("Student 1 Percentage:", student1.calculate_percentage(), "%")

print("Student 2 Percentage:", student2.calculate_percentage(), "%")

# Display total number of students

Student.display_total_students()

Output:
 18. Write a program for python constructor and destructor?

Program:

class MyClass:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

print(f"Constructor called. Object '{self.name}' created.")

def __del__(self):

print(f"Destructor called. Object '{self.name}' destroyed.")

# Creating objects of MyClass

obj1 = MyClass("Object 1")

obj2 = MyClass("Object 2")

# Deleting objects

del obj1

del obj2

Output:
19. Write a python code to demonstrate multiple and multilevel inheritance?

Program:

class Animal:

def __init__(self, name):

self.name = name

def speak(self):

pass

class Mammal(Animal):

def __init__(self, name):

super().__init__(name)

def give_birth(self):

print(f"{self.name} is giving birth...")

class Dog(Mammal):

def __init__(self, name):

super().__init__(name)

def speak(self):

return "Woof!"

class Cat(Mammal):

def __init__(self, name):

super().__init__(name)

def speak(self):

return "Meow!"

class Bird(Animal):

def __init__(self, name):

super().__init__(name)

def fly(self):

print(f"{self.name} is flying...")

class Parrot(Bird):

def __init__(self, name):

super().__init__(name)

def speak(self):

return "Squawk!"

if __name__ == "__main__":
 if __name__ == "__main__":

dog = Dog("Buddy")

print(dog.speak())

dog.give_birth()

cat = Cat("Whiskers")

print(cat.speak())

cat.give_birth()

parrot = Parrot("Polly")

print(parrot.speak())

parrot.fly()

Output:
20. Write a program to demonstrate class variable, data hiding, method overriding and operator overloading?

Program: class Counter:

__count = 0 # private class variable

def __init__(self):

Counter.__count += 1 # increment count when an object is created

def get_count(self):

return Counter.__count

def __str__(self):

return f"Counter: {Counter.__count}"

def __add__(self, other): # operator overloading

return Counter.__count + other.get_count()

class SpecialCounter(Counter):

__count = 100 # hiding the parent's class variable

def get_count(self): # method overriding

return SpecialCounter.__count

def __str__(self):

return f"Special Counter: {SpecialCounter.__count}"

# Demo

print("Creating Counters:")

c1 = Counter()

c2 = Counter()

print(c1) # Output: Counter: 2

print("\nCreating Special Counters:")

sc1 = SpecialCounter()

sc2 = SpecialCounter()

print(sc1) # Output: Special Counter: 100

print("\nUsing method overriding:")

print("Count from Counter:", c1.get_count()) # Output: Count from Counter: 4

print("Count from Special Counter:", sc1.get_count()) # Output: Count from

Special Counter: 100

print("\nUsing operator overloading:")

total_count = c1 + sc1

print("Total count:", total_count) # Output: Total count: 102

Output:
 21. Write a program to validate email address and mobile number using regular expression?

Program:
import re

def validate_email(email):

# Regular expression for email validation

pattern = r'^[a-zA-Z0-9._%+-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9.-]+\.[a-zA-Z]{2,}$'

if re.match(pattern, email):

return True

else:

return False

def validate_mobile_number(number):

# Regular expression for mobile number validation

pattern = r'^\d{10}$'

if re.match(pattern, number):

return True

else:

return False

# Test the functions

email = "[email protected]"

mobile_number = "1234567890"

if validate_email(email):

print("Email is valid")

else:

print("Email is invalid")

if validate_mobile_number(mobile_number):

print("Mobile number is valid")

else:

print("Mobile number is invalid")

Output:

22. Write a program to search string using given pattern and replace that string by your first
name using regular expression?

Program:

import re
Output:
 23. Write a program to search name and age from given data?

Program:

class Data:

def __init__(self):

# Sample data (name and age pairs)

self.data = {

"John": 25,

"Jane": 30,

"Alice": 22,

"Bob": 28,

"Emma": 35

def search(self, name):

if name in self.data:

return name, self.data[name]

else:

return None, None

Output:
 24. Write a program to create iterator using regular expression?

Program:

import re

def regex_iterator(pattern, string):

"""

Function to create an iterator using regular expressions.

Args:

pattern (str): The regular expression pattern to search for.

string (str): The input string to search within.

Returns:

iterator: Iterator yielding match objects.

"""

return re.finditer(pattern, string)

# Example usage:

pattern = r'\d+' # Regular expression pattern to match digits

string = 'I have 10 apples and 5 oranges.'

# Create the iterator

iterator = regex_iterator(pattern, string)

# Iterate over matches

for match in iterator:

print(match.group()) # Output the matched string

Output:
25. Write a program for addition of matrix and transpose of matrix using list
comprehension?

Program:

def transpose(matrix):

“”” Function to transpose a matrix using list comprehension.

Args:

matrix (list of lists): The input matrix.

Returns:

list of lists: Transposed matrix.

return [[matrix[j][i] for j in range(len(matrix))] for i in

range(len(matrix[0]))]

def matrix_addition(matrix1, matrix2):

Function to add two matrices using list comprehension.

Args:

matrix1 (list of lists): The first matrix.

matrix2 (list of lists): The second matrix.

Returns:

list of lists: Resultant matrix after addition.

if len(matrix1) != len(matrix2) or len(matrix1[0]) != len(matrix2[0]):

raise ValueError("Matrices must have the same dimensions for

addition.")

return [[matrix1[i][j] + matrix2[i][j] for j in range(len(matrix1[0]))] for i

in range(len(matrix1))]”””

# Example matrices

matrix1 = [[1, 2, 3],

[4, 5, 6],

[7, 8, 9]]

matrix2 = [[9, 8, 7],

[6, 5, 4],

[3, 2, 1]]

# Add matrices

result_addition = matrix_addition(matrix1, matrix2)

 # Transpose matrices

transposed_matrix1 = transpose(matrix1)

transposed_matrix2 = transpose(matrix2)

# Output results

print("Matrix 1:")

for row in matrix1:

print(row)

print("\nMatrix 2:")

for row in matrix2:

print(row)

print("\nResultant Matrix after addition:")

for row in result_addition:

print(row)

print("\nTransposed Matrix 1:")

for row in transposed_matrix1:

print(row)

print("\nTransposed Matrix 2:")

for row in transposed_matrix2:

print(row)

Output:
 26. Write a program to plot a line chart?

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for the x-axis (time or any other independent
variable) x_values = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
# Data for the y-axis (dependent
variable) y_values = [3, 5, 2, 7, 4]
# Plotting the line chart
plt.plot(x_values, y_values,
marker='o')
#Addig labels and title
plt.xlabel('X-axis')
plt.ylabel('Y-axis')
plt.title('Line Chart
Example')

# Displaying
the chart
plt.show()

Output:
 27. Write a program to check whether entered string & number is palindrome or not?

Program:

def is_palindrome(input_str):

“””Function to check whether a string or number is a palindrome.

Args:

input_str (str or int): The input string or number.

Returns:

bool: True if the input is a palindrome, False otherwise.”””

# Convert the input to a string for uniform handling

input_str = str(input_str)

# Check if the string is equal to its reverse

return input_str == input_str[::-1]

# Function to take user input and check for palindrome

def main():

user_input = input("Enter a string or number: ")

if is_palindrome(user_input):

print("Yes, it's a palindrome.")

else:

print("No, it's not a palindrome.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

main()

Output:
28. Illustrate CRUD operations in MongoDB with example?

Program:

import pymongo

# Connect to MongoDB

client = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")

# Create a database (if not exists)

mydb = client["mydatabase"]

# Create a collection (similar to a table in SQL)

mycol = mydb["customers"]

# Insert one document

customer_data = {"name": "John", "email": "[email protected]"}

inserted_doc = mycol.insert_one(customer_data)

print("Inserted document ID:", inserted_doc.inserted_id)

# Insert multiple documents

customer_data_list = [{"name": "Alice", "email": "[email protected]"},

{"name": "Bob", "email": "[email protected]"}]

inserted_docs = mycol.insert_many(customer_data_list)

print("Inserted documents IDs:", inserted_docs.inserted_ids)

# Find one document

print("One document:")

print(mycol.find_one())

# Find all documents

print("\nAll documents:")

for document in mycol.find():

print(document)

# Find documents with a specific condition

print("\nDocuments with name 'John':")

query = {"name": "John"}

for document in mycol.find(query):

print(document)
 # Update one document

query = {"name": "John"}

new_values = {"$set": {"email": "[email protected]"}}

mycol.update_one(query, new_values)

# Update multiple documents

query = {"name": {"$regex": "^A"}} # starts with 'A'

new_values = {"$set": {"status": "active"}}

updated_docs = mycol.update_many(query, new_values)

print("Number of documents updated:", updated_docs.modified_count)

# Delete one document

query = {"name": "Alice"}

mycol.delete_one(query)

# Delete multiple documents

query = {"name": {"$regex": "^B"}} # starts with 'B'

deleted_docs = mycol.delete_many(query)

print("Number of documents deleted:", deleted_docs.deleted_count)

# Delete all documents in a collection

deleted_all_docs = mycol.delete_many({})

print("Number of documents deleted:", deleted_all_docs.deleted_count)

Output:
 29. Write a pythan program to perform following operations. on MongoDB Database-
a. Create collection “EMP” with fields: Emp-name, Emp- mobile, Emp, sal, Age
b. Insert 5 documents.
c. Find the employees getting salary between 5000 to 10000.
d. Update mobile number for the employee named as “Riddhi”
e. Display all empolyees in the order of ”Age”
Program: import pymongo

# Connect to MongoDB (assuming MongoDB is running locally on default port

27017)

client = pymongo.MongoClient("mongodb://localhost:27017/")

# Create or access the database

mydb = client["mydatabase"]

# i) Create collection "EMP" with fields: Emp-name, Emp-mobile, Emp-sal,

Age

emp_collection = mydb["EMP"]

# ii) Insert 5 documents

employees = [

{"Emp-name": "John", "Emp-mobile": "1234567890", "Emp-sal": 8000,

"Age": 30},

{"Emp-name": "Alice", "Emp-mobile": "9876543210", "Emp-sal": 6000,

"Age": 25},

{"Emp-name": "Bob", "Emp-mobile": "1112223334", "Emp-sal": 7000,

"Age": 35},

{"Emp-name": "Riddhi", "Emp-mobile": "5556667778", "Emp-sal": 9000,

"Age": 28},

{"Emp-name": "Sara", "Emp-mobile": "9998887776", "Emp-sal": 8500,

"Age": 32}]

emp_collection.insert_many(employees)

# iii) Find the employees getting salary between 5000 to 10000

query = {"Emp-sal": {"$gte": 5000, "$lte": 10000}}

print("Employees getting salary between 5000 to 10000:")

for employee in emp_collection.find(query):

print(employee)

# iv) Update mobile number for the employee named as "Riddhi"

query = {"Emp-name": "Riddhi"}

new_values = {"$set": {"Emp-mobile": "7778889990"}}

emp_collection.update_one(query, new_values)
 # v) Display all employees in the order of "Age"

print("\nEmployees sorted by Age:")

for employee in emp_collection.find().sort("Age"):

print(employee)

Output:
 30. Write a pythan program to find the factorial of a given number using recursion?

Program:

def factorial(n):

“””Function to calculate the factorial of a given number

using recursion.

Args:

n (int): The number whose factorial needs to be calculated.

Returns:

int: The factorial of the given number.”””

# Base case: factorial of 0 or 1 is 1

if n == 0 or n == 1:

return 1

# Recursive case: factorial of n is n * factorial(n-1)

else:

return n * factorial(n - 1)

# Input from user

num = int(input("Enter a number to find its factorial: "))

# Call the factorial function and print the result

print("Factorial of", num, "is", factorial(num))

Output:
 31. Write a Python program to check the validity of a password given by user?

Program:

def is_valid_password(password):

# Check length

if len(password) < 8 or len(password) > 20:

return False

# Check for uppercase, lowercase, digit, and special character

has_upper = any(char.isupper() for char in password)

has_lower = any(char.islower() for char in password)

has_digit = any(char.isdigit() for char in password)

has_special = any(char in "!@#$%^&*()-_+=<>,.?/:;{}[]" for char in password)

# All conditions must be True for the password to be valid

return has_upper and has_lower and has_digit and has_special

# Get password input from user

password = input("Enter your password: ")

# Check password validity and print the result

if is_valid_password(password):

print("Password is valid.")

else:

print("Password is not valid.")

Output:
 32. The password should satisfied
following criteria:
a. Contain at least 1 number between 0 and 9
b. Contain at least 1 letter between A and Z
c. Contain at least 1 character from $, #, @,*
d. Minimum length of password : 8
e. Maximum length of password : 20
Program:

import re

def is_valid_password(password):

""" Function to check the validity of a password based on specified criteria.

Criteria:

i) Contain at least 1 letter between a and z

ii) Contain at least 1 number between 0 and 9

iii) Contain at least 1 letter between A and Z

iv) Contain at least 1 character from $, #, @, *

v) Minimum length of password: 8

vi) Maximum length of password: 20

Args:

password (str): The password to be checked.

Returns:

bool: True if the password is valid, False otherwise.”””

# Check length

if len(password) < 8 or len(password) > 20:

return False

# Check if password contains at least 1 lowercase letter, 1 uppercase letter, 1 digit, and 1 special character

if not re.search("[a-z]", password):

return False

if not re.search("[A-Z]", password):

return False

if not re.search("[0-9]", password):

return False

if not re.search("[$#@*]", password):

return False
 # All conditions are satisfied

return True

# Get password input from user

password = input("Enter your password: ")

# Check password validity and print the result

if is_valid_password(password):

print("Password is valid.")

else:

print("Password is not valid.")

Output:
 33. Draw bar graph using matplotlib and decorate it by adding various elements?

Program:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Data for the bar graph

categories = ['Category A', 'Category B', 'Category C', 'Category D'] values =
[25, 40, 30, 35]

# Create the bar graph

plt.bar(categories, values)

# Add labels and title

plt.xlabel('Categories')
plt.ylabel('Values') plt.title('Bar
Graph')

# Add gridlines
plt.grid(True, linestyle='--', alpha=0.5)

# Customize the appearance

plt.xticks(rotation=45) plt.ylim(0,
max(values) + 5)

# Add data labels

for i, value in enumerate(values):
plt.text(i, value + 1, str(value), ha='center')

# Show the plot plt.show()

Output:
 34. Prepare the pandas dataframe from csv file?

Program: