PRESENTATION CONVENT SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL GANDHI NAGAR

SUBJECT:MATHEMATICS
CLASS:XI
CHAPTER 2
RLATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

INTRODUCTION:
In previous chapter ,we have discussed various operations on sets to create more sets out of
given sets.In this chapter,we shall study one more operation which is known as the Cartesian
product of two sets.This will finally enable us to introduce the concept of relation.

ORDERED PAIRS :
ORDERED PAIR: An ordered pair consists of two objects or element in a given fixed order.

Example: Let A and B be any two sets ,then by an ordered pair of elements we mean pair
(a,b),where ∈ , ∈ .

i. Let A ={1,2},B={3,4},then the possible order pairs are (1,3),(1,4),(2,3,(2,4)

ii. Let P={a,d,c} and Q={r} ,then the possible order are (a,r),(b,r),(c,r).

Note :

i. Two ordered pairs are equal,if and only if the corresponding first elements are equal
and the second elements are also equal.
ii. An ordered pair is not a set consisting of two elements.The ordering of twi elements
in an ordered pair is important and the two elements need not be distinct.
iii. The position of appoint ina two dimensional plane in Cartesian coordinates is
represented by an order pair.Accordingly,the ordered pairs (1,3),(2,4),(2,3),(3,2)
represents different points in a plane.

EQUALITY OF ORDERED PAIRS:

Two ordered pairs (a,b) and (c,d) are equal iff a=c and b=d i.e.(a,b)=(c,d) ⇔ a=c and b=d.

Note: It is evident from this definition that (1,2)≠ (2.1)

CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS

Let A and B be any two non empty sets.The set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such that ∈ and
∈ is called the Cartesian product of the sets A and B and is denoted by × .

Thus , × = {( , ): ∈ ∈ }.

Example:
 i. Let A={1,2} , B={3,4},then × = {(1,3), (1,4), (2,3), (2,4)}.
ii. Let A ={2,4,6} , B ={1,2},then × = {(2,1), (2,2), (4,1), (4,2), (6,1), (6,2)}.
× = {(1,2), (1,4), (1,6), (2,1), (2,4), (2,6)} .

CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF THREE SETS:

Let A,B and C be three sets.Then × × is the set of all ordered triplets having first
element from A ,second element from B and third element from C

i.e. × × = {( , , ): ∈ , ∈ , ∈ }.

Note:

1) If , , , … , are n sets then the Cartesian product × × × ………×

of these n sets is the set of all n-tuples of the form ( , , , … … … , ) where

∈ , ∈ , ∈ ,………, ∈

i.e. × × × ………× ={( , , ,………, )∶ ∈ , ∈ , ∈

,………, ∈ .

Note:

1) × = {( , ): ∈ ∈ ∈ }.
2) =∅ =∅ ℎ × =∅
3) × ≠ × .
4) If ( ) = ( )= , ℎ ( × )= .
5) If ( ) = ( ) = ,then number of subsets of × =2 .

Exercise 2.1

Q1.If + 1, − = , , find the values of x and y.

Q2.If( + 1, − 2) = (3,1),find the values of x and y.
Q3.Find x and y,if ( + 3,5) = (6,2 + ).
Q4.If the ordered pairs ( − 1) (5, ) belong to the set {( , ): = 2 − 3},find the
value of x andy.
Q5.If the set A has 3 elements and the set B ={3,4,5},then find the number of elements in
×
Q6.If G ={7,8} and H={5,4,2} find × × .
Q7.If A={1,2} and B={3,4},find × × .
Q8.If = {−1,1}, × ×
Q9.If P={1,2} find × × .
Q10. If A ={1,2,3} and b={2,4},what are × , × , × , × .
Q11. If × = {( , ), ( , ), ( , ), ( , )}
Q12. Let A {1,2},B={1,2,3,4},C={5,6},D={5,6,7,8}.Verify that
i. ×( ∩ )=( × )∩( × )
 ii. × is a subset of ×
Q13. Let A ={1,2},B={3,4}.Write × .How many subsets will × have?List them.
Q14. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A)=3 and n(B)=2.If (x,1),(y,2),(z,1) are in
× ,find A and B ,where x ,y and z are distinct elements.
Q15. If R is the set of all real numbers,what do the Cartesian products × and × ×
represent?
Q16. If A={1,2},B ={3,4},then prove that × ( ∩ ∅) = ∅.
Q17. The Cartesian product × ) has 9 elements among which are found (-1,0) and
(0,1).Find the set A and the remaining elements of × .
Q18. Let A and B be two sets such that n(A)=5 and n(B)=2 .If a,b,c,d,e are distinct and
(a,2),(b,3),(c,2),(d,3),(e,2) are in × , find A and B.
Q19. If a∈{2,4,6,9} and b∈{4,6,18,27},then form the set of all ordered pairs (a,b) such
that a divides b and a < b.
Q20. If ∈ {−1,2,3,4,5} ∈ {0,3,6},write the set of all the ordered pairs (a,b) such
that a+b=5.

RELATION

RELATION: Let A and B be two sets.Then a relation R from a set A to set B is a subset of
× .Thus,R is a relation from A to B ⇔R ⊆ × .
Note:1)If R is a relation from a non-empty set A to B and (a,b)∈ ,then we write which
is read as “a is related to b by the relation R”.If (a,b)does not belong to R ,then we write “a is
not related to b by the relation R.

2) If ( ) = ( )= ,then number of relations from 2 and no.

of non-empty relations are 2 − 1.

3) Since ∅ is subset of every set ,therefore ∅ is also a relation from a set A to set B
and is called the empty relation and the smallest relation from a set A to set B.

4) Since every set is subset of itself ,therefore × ⊆ × ,thus × is also a

relation from a set A to set B and is known as universal relation from a set A to set B .It is
also known as the largest relation from asset A to set B.

DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A RELATION: Let R be relation from a set A to a set

B.Then the set of all the first components or co-ordinates of the ordered pairs belonging to R
is called the DOMAIN and the set of all the second components or co-ordinates is called the
RANGE of a relation R.

Note: RELATION ON A SET: Let A be the only non-empty set .then any subset of ×
is called a relation on set A .

INVERSE OF A RELATION: Let A and B be two sets and R be relation from a set A to
set B .Then ,the inverse of R is denoted by ,is a relation from B to A nad is defined by
= {( , ): ( , ) ∈ }.
Note:1)( , ) ∈ ( , )∈ .

2)Domain(R)= Range ( ) and Range (R) = Domain( ).

Exercise 2.2

Q1.Let a={1,2,3,.........14}.Define a relation R from a set A to A by R={(x,y):3x-

y=0}.Write the domain ,codomain and range .
Q2.Define a relation R on the set n of natural numbers by R={(x,y):y=x+5.x is a natural
number less than 4; , ∈ }
Q3.A={1,2,3,5} and B={4,6,9}.Define a relation R from A to B by R={(x,y):the
difference between x and y is odd; ∈ ∈ }.Write R in roster form.
Q4.Let A {1,2,3,4,6}.Let R be the relation on A defined by {(a,b):a,b∈ ,b is exactly
divisible by a}
i. Write R in roster form
ii. Find the domain of R
iii. Find the range of R
Q5.Determine the domain and range of the relation R defined by R={(x,x+5):x∈
{0,1,2,3,4,5}}.
Q6.Write the relation R ={(x,x3): x is a prime number less than 10} in roster form.
Q7.Let A ={x,y,z} and B ={1,2}.Find the number of relations from a set A to set B.
Q8.Let R be relation on Z defined by R ={(a,b):a,b∈Z,a-b is an integer}.Find the domain
and range of R}.
Q9.Let R be relation from N to N defined by R={(a,b):a,b∈Nand a=b2},Are the following
statements true?
i. ( , ) ∈ ,∀ ∈
ii. ( , )∈ ⟹( , )∈
iii. ( , ) ∈ ( , )∈ ⟹( , )∈
Q10. Let a relation on the set R of real numbers be defined as (a,b)∈ ⇔1+
>0∀ , ∈ .
Q11. Let R be relation on the set Z of all integers defined by ( , ) ∈ ⟹ −
.Prove that
i. ( , )∈ ∀ ∈
ii. ( , )⟹( , )∈ ∀ , ∈
iii. ( , )∈ ( , ) ∈ ⟹ ( , ) ∈ ,∀ , , ∈ .
Q12. Let A ={a,b}.List all relations on A and find their number.
Q13. A relation R is defined from a set A={2,3,4,5} to a set B={3,6,7,10} as
follows::( , ) ∈ ⇔ . Express R as a set of ordered pairs
and determine its domain and range.
Q14. A relation R from a set A ={5,6,7,8} to the set B={10,12,15,16,18} defined by
(x,y)∈ ⇔x divides y.Write R as the set of ordered pairs.
Q15. Find the inverse relation in each of the following cases:
 i. R={(1,2),(1,3),(2,3),(3,2),(5,6)}
ii. R={(2,3),(4,2),(6,1)}

FUNCTIONS

DEF.Let A and B be two non empty sets.A relation f from a set A to set B i.e.a subset of
× is called a function from A to B if
i) for each ∈ ∃ ∈ ℎ ℎ ( , )∈
(ii) ( , ) ∈ ( , )∈ ℎ = .
OR
Let A and B be two non-empty sets.then a function from a set A to set B is a rule or
method or correspondence which associates every element of set A with unique element of
set B.It is denoted by : → and is read as is a function from a set A to set B.

Note: 1) If : → ℎ ℎ ( ) = ,then y is called the image of x and

x is called the pre-image of y.

2) The set A is called the domain of the function and the set B is called the co-domain
of the function. The set of all the elements of set B which has pre-image in set A is called the
range of the function. Thus, ( ) = { ( ): ∈ } = .

3)If A and B are two sets having m and n elements respectively,then total numbers of
distinct function from A to B is .

4)A function : → is called a real valued function if B is subset of set of real

numbers R. If A and B both are subsets of R (set of real no.) then f is called a real function.

EQUAL FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION: Two functions f and g are said to be equal iff

i. Domain of f=domain of g
ii. Co-domain of f = co-domain of g
iii. f(x)=g(x) for every x belonging to their common domain.

REAL VALUED FUNCTION: A function which has either R or one of its subsets as its
range is called a real valued function.Further,if its domain is also either R or a subset of R,it
is called a real function.

ALGEBRA OF FUNCTION:

ADDITION OF TWO REAL FUNCTION:Let : → : → be any two real

functions ,where ⸦ .Then ,we define ( + ): → ( + )( ) = ( ) + ( ), ∀ ∈
.
SUBTRACTION OF A REAL FUNCTIONS FROM ANOTHER: Let : →
: → be any two real functions ,where ⸦ .Then ,we define ( − ): →
( − )( ) = ( ) − ( ), ∀ ∈ .

MULTIPLICATION BY A SCALAR: Let : → be a real valued function and be a

scalar ( a real number).Then the product is a function from X to R defined by )( ) =
( ). .

MULTIPLICATION OF TWO REAL FUNCTIONS: The product (or multiplication) of

two real functions : → : → is a function : → defined by ( )( ) =
( ) ( ), ∀ ∈ .This is also called poitwise multiplication.

QUOTIENT OF TWO REAL FUNCTIONS: : Let : → : → be any two

real functions ,where ⸦ .Then quotient of f and g denoted by is a function defined by
( )
( )= , ∈ ,provided g(x)≠0.
( )

EXERCISE 2.3

Q1.Which are the following are relations ?Give reasons.If it is a function,determine its
domain and range.
i. {(2,1),(5,1),(8,1),(11,1),(14,1),(17,1)}
ii. {(2,1),(4,2),(6,3),(8,4),(10,5),(12,6),(14,7)}
iii. {(1,3),(1,5),(2,5)}
Q2.Find the domain and range of the following real functions:
i. ( ) = −| |
ii. ( ) = √9 −
Q3.A function is defined by ( ) = 2 − 5.Write down the values of
i. (0),
ii. (7),
iii. (−3)
Q4.The function which maps temperature in degree Celsius into temperaturein degree
Fahrenheit is defined by ( ) = + 32.Find
i. (0),
ii. (20),
iii. (−10)
iv. ℎ , ℎ ( ) = 212
Q5.Find the range of each of the following finctions.
i. ( )=2−3 , ∈ , >0
ii. ( )= + 2,
iii. ( )= ,
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE:
,0 ≤ ≤ 3
1) The relation is defined by ( ) =
3 , 3 ≤ ≤ 10
,0 ≤ ≤ 2
The relation is defined by ( ) =
2 , 2 ≤ ≤ 10
Show that is afunction and g is not a function.

( . ) ( )
2) If ( ) = , ( . )

3) Find the domain of the function(i) ( ) = (ii) ) ( ) =

4) Find the domain and range of the real function f defined by ( ) = √ − 1.
5) Find the domain and range of real function defined by ( ) = | − 1|
6) Let = , : ∈ be a function from R into R.Determine the range of f.
7) Let , : → be defined,respectively by ( ) = + 1, ( ) = 2 − 3. +
, − .
8) Let = {(1,1), (2,3), (0, −1), (−1, −3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by
( )= + ,for some integers a,b.Determine ‘a’ and ‘b’.
9) Let A={1,2,3,4},B={1,5,9,11,15,16} and = {(1,5), (2,9), (3,1), (4,5), (2,11)}.Are
the following true?
i. is a relation from A to B
ii. is a function from A to B. Justify your answer in each case.
10) Let be the subset of × defined by = {( , + ): , ∈ }.Is a function
from Z to Z ?Justify your answer.
11) Let A ={9,10,11,12,13} and let : → be defined by ( ) =the highest prime
factor of n.Find the range of .

EXTRA QUESTIONS:

1) Find the domain and range of the function ( ) =

2) Find the range of each of the following functions:
i. ( ) = √16 −
ii. ( )=
3) Find the domain and range of ( ) =
4) Find the domain of each of the following real valued functionsof real variable:
i. ( )=
ii. ( )=
iii. ( )=
iv. ( )=
5) Find the domain of each of the following real valued function of real variable:
i. ( )=√ −2
 ii. ( )=
√
√
iii. ( )=
√
6) Find the domain and range of each of the following real valued functions:
i. ( )=
ii. ( )=
iii. ( )=√ −3
iv. ( )=
7) Find the domain of each of the following functions given by
i. ( )=
| |

ii. ( )=
| |

iii. ( )=
[ ]

iv. ( )=
[ ]
8) Find the domain and range of each of the following functions given by
i. ( )=
[ ]
ii. ( ) = 1 − | − 3|
| |
9) Find the domain of the real function f(x) defined by ( ) = | |

10) Find the range of each of the following functions:

| |
i. ( ) = 1 − | − 2| ( ) = .