AIW Numerical:

Type 1: Finding first and last address

1. What is the first and last address of 192.168.1.0/24?

/24 -> 28 hosts = 256 hosts

Complete address range = 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255

So, the first address is 192.168.1.0

The last address is 192.168.1.255

Note: If usable address asked, then first usable address is 192.168.1.1 and last usable address is
192.168.1.254

2. What is the first and last address of 172.16.10.0/26?

/26 -> 26 hosts = 64 hosts

Complete address range = 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.63

So, the first address is 172.16.10.0

The last address is 172.16.10.63

Note: If usable address asked, then first usable address is 172.16.10.1 and last usable address is
172.16.10.62

3. Find the first and last address of 156.14.12.0/22?

/22 -> 210 hosts = 1024 hosts

Complete address range = 156.14.12.0 to 156.14.15.255

i.e. 156.14.12.0 to 156.14.12.255

156.14.13.0 to 156.14.13.255
156.14.14.0 to 156.14.14.255
156.14.15.0 to 156.14.15.255

So, the first address is 156.14.12.0

The last address is 156.14.15.255

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Type 2: IP Aggregation

Question 1: What is the aggregated address of following IP addresses?

192.168.1.0/26

192.168.1.64/26

192.168.1.128/26

192.168.1.192/26

Answer:

The complete range IP addresses of above networks:

192.168.1.0/26=> 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.127 (64 hosts)

192.168.1.64/26=> 192.168.1.64 to 192.168.1.127 (64 hosts)

192.168.1.128/26=> 192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (64 hosts)

192.168.1.192/26=> 192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (64 hosts)

As we can see, the total IP address range of all four networks is:

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 (total 256 hosts)

So, this can be written as: 192.168.1.0/24

Question 2:

IP SUBNET NEXT HOP

> 129.10.112.0 255.255.255.0 R1
> 129.10.80.0 255.255.255.0 R1
> 129.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 R2
> 129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.64.0 255.255.192.0 R3
> 129.10.65.0 255.255.255.0 R4
> 129.10.66.0 255.255.255.0 R4
What is the proper method to aggregate these entries into the minimum number of entries?

First, separate the entries by next hop. You have to summarize them separately:

IP SUBNET NEXT HOP

129.10.112.0 255.255.255.0 R1
129.10.80.0 255.255.255.0 R1

129.10.0.0 255.255.0.0 R2

129.10.64.0 255.255.192.0 R3

129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4
129.10.63.0 255.255.255.0 R4

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129.10.65.0 255.255.255.0 R4
129.10.66.0 255.255.255.0 R4
Then for each next hop, convert all the network addresses to binary. Here is just the first one:

10000001.00001010.01110000.00000000 = 129.10.112.0
10000001.00001010.01010000.00000000 = 129.10.80.0
Now find all the identical digits, starting from the left. In this case, the digits are all the same up to the
18th position. So your new mask is /18. Now, using either address and the /18 mask, find the network
address by ANDing the address and the mask:

10000001.00001010.01110000.00000000 = 129.10.112.0
11111111.11111111.11000000.00000000 = /18 (255.255.192.0)
-------------------------------------
10000001.00001010.01000000.00000000 = 129.10.64.0 /18
So the best summarization of the first two routes is 129.10.64.0/18.

Question 3:

Type 3: IPv6 address abbreviation

Abbreviation Rules:

Rule 1: Discard leading zero (es)

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That address can be shortened because the addressing scheme allows the omission of any leading zero,
as well as any sequences consisting only of zeroes.

E.g.: FE80:CD00:0000:0CDE:1257:0000:211E:729C

Here's the short version:

FE80:CD00:0:CDE:1257:0:211E:729C

Rule 2: If two of more blocks contain consecutive zeroes, omit them all and replace with double colon sign
::

2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63:0000:0000:FEFB

can be written as

2001:0000:3238:DFE1:63::FEFB

The IPv6 addressing architecture allows you use the two-colon (::) notation to represent contiguous 16-
bit fields of zeros.

Q. Use the IPv6 abbreviation rules to give the following address in its shortest form:
FE80:CD00:0000:0000:0257:0000:211E:729C

Solution: The abbreviated form is:

FE80:CD00::257:0:211E:729C

Type 4: Packet Fragmentation

a) With IP Options
1. Assume a link layer protocol, called Newnet with MTU 1600 bytes. A TCP segment with 7540 bytes of
user data is to be sent over Newnet link. There are 20 bytes IP options field involved. How many IP
fragments are transmitted and what is the offset and IP payload length of each fragment?

Given,

Transport layer payload size: 7540 bytes

Payload
MTU: 1600 bytes 7540 bytes

Header Size: 20 bytes min header + 20 Bytes IP options = 40 bytes

i.e. (40 bytes header and 1560 bytes payload) can be placed in a single IP packet at max.

Data bytes should be in multiple of 8. 1560 is already in multiple of 8. So, 1560 bytes data payload
can be placed in each IP packet.

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 No. of fragments = 7540/1560 = 4.833 => 5

Fragments Header Payback length Flag Offset

Length(bytes) (bytes)
1 40 1560 1 0
2 40 1560 1 195
3 40 1560 1 390
4 40 1560 1 585
5 40 1300 0 780

b) Without IP Options
2. Assume a link layer protocol, called Newnet with MTU 1400 bytes. A TCP segment with 6000 bytes of
user data is to be sent over Newnet link. There are no IP options field involved. How many IP fragments
are transmitted and what is the offset and IP payload length of each fragment?

Given,

Transport Layer payload size: 6000 bytes

Payload
MTU: 1400 bytes 6000 bytes

Header Size: 20 bytes (IP min header) since no IP options.

Payload: 1380 bytes on each packet

Data bytes should be in multiple of 8. 1380 is not divisible by 8. So, we can transmit 1376 bytes in each
packet.

No. of fragments = 6000/1376 = 4.36 => 5

Fragments Header Length Payback length Flag Offset

(bytes) (bytes)
1 20 1376 1 0
2 20 1376 1 172
3 20 1376 1 344
4 20 1376 1 516
5 20 496 0 688

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IPv6 Subnetting:

128 bits

Network Subnet Host

48 bits 16 bits 64 bits

e.g. 2001:2A1:CAD:0000::/64

2001:2A1:CAD => Network Portion

0000 => Subnet portion

0000 0000 0000 0000 =0000

0000 0000 0000 0001 =0001

0000 0000 0000 0010 =0002

0000 0000 0000 0011 =0003

0000 0000 0000 0100 =0004

0000 0000 0000 1111 =000F

1111 1111 1111 1111 =FFFF

Problem 1:

2000:ACAD:1234:6600::/56, find first 4 & last 4 subnets.

Solution: 56 bits network portion

Lets expand 6600

0110 0110 0000 0000

Subnet portion: 0000 0000

Possible subnets: 2^8=256

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Let us find first 4 subnets:

66 0000 0000 =>6600

66 0000 0001 =>6601

66 0000 0010 =>6602

66 0000 0011 =>6603

i.e.

2000:ACAD:1234:6600::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:6601::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:6602::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:6603::/64

Let us find last four subnets:

66 1111 1100 =>66FC

66 1111 1101 =>66FD

66 1111 1110 =>66FE

66 1111 1111 =>66FF

i.e.

2000:ACAD:1234:66FC::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:66FD::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:66FE::/64

2000:ACAD:1234:66FF::/64

Last:

1111 =>F

1110 =>E

1101 =>D

1100 =>C

1011 =>B

1010 =>A

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1001 =>9

1000 =>8

0111 =>7

0110 =>6

0101 =>5

0100 =>4

0011 =>3

0010 =>2

0001 =>1

0000 =>0

Problem 2:

Identify the first six /49 address blocks out of ABCD::/32

Solution:

49-32=17, total possible subnets=2^17

ABCD: 0000:0000 0000 0000 0000: 0 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

ABCD:0000: 0000 0000 0000 0000: 1 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

ABCD: 0000:0000 0000 0000 0001: 0 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

ABCD: 0000:0000 0000 0000 0001: 1 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

ABCD: 0000:0000 0000 0000 0010: 0 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

ABCD: 0000:0000 0000 0000 0010: 1 000 0000 0000 0000::/49

So,

ABCD:0000:0000:0000::/49

ABCD:0000:0000:8000::/49

ABCD:0000:0001:0000::/49

ABCD:0000:0001:8000::/49

ABCD:0000:0002:0000::/49

ABCD:0000:0002:8000::/49

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Problem 3:

Identify the first eight address blocks out of 2001:ACAD:1234:1230::/60.

Solution:

64-60=4

2001:ACAD:1234:1230::/60

2001: ACAD:1234: 0001 0010 0011 0000::/64

Total possible subnets: 2^4=16

The first eight address blocks are:

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0000::/64 => 2001: ACAD:1234: 1230::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0001::/64 =>2001: ACAD:1234: 1231::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0010::/64 => 2001: ACAD:1234: 1232::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0011::/64 => 2001: ACAD:1234: 1233::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0100::/64 =>2001: ACAD:1234: 1234::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0101::/64 =>2001: ACAD:1234: 1235::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0110::/64 =>2001: ACAD:1234: 1236::/64

2001: ACAD:1234: 123 0111::/64 =>2001: ACAD:1234: 1237::/64

Problem 4:

Identify the first six /42 blocks out of ABCD:EFAB::/32

Solution:

Bits to be varied: 42-32=10

Total possible subnets: 2^10

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0000 00 00 0000::/42

The first six /42 blocks are:

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0000 00 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:0000::/42

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0000 01 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:0040::/42

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0000 10 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:0080::/42

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0000 11 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:00C0::/42

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ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0001 00 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:0100::/42

ABCD:EFAB: 0000 0001 01 00 0000::/42 => ABCD:EFAB:0140::/42

IPv4 Subnetting:

Question 1: VLSM

The administrator has four different departments with different number of hosts. Sales department has
100 computers, Purchase department has 50 computers, Accounts has 25 computers and Management
has 5 computers. How should the administrator perform the subnetting?

Solution:

The given network address is: 192.168.1.0/24

Given requirement in descending order is:

Sales 100

Purchase 50

Accounts 25

Management 5

The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255

Divide the given network consisting 256 hosts into 2 networks with 128 hosts each:

192.168.1.0-192.168.1.127 (192.168.1.0/25)

192.168.1.128-192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.128/25)

The largest network requirement is of 100 hosts for Sales department. For this, we need to assign
subnetwork with 128 hosts.

Let us assign the first divided subnetwork 192.168.1.0/25 to Sales Department.

We now have remaining subnetwork 192.168.1.128/25.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 64 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (192.168.1.128/26)

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.192/26)

Our second network requirement is of 50 hosts for Purchase department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 64 hosts.

Assigning 192.168.1.128/26 to Purchase department.

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The remaining subnetwork available is 192.168.1.192/26.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 32 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 (192.168.1.192/27)

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.224/27)

The third largest requirement is of 25 hosts for Account department.

Assigning 192.168.1.192/27 to Account Department.

Remaining subnetwork is 192.168.1.224/27

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 16 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239 (192.168.1.224/28)

192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.240/28)

Our fourth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Management department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 8 hosts, which is sufficient.

So, again dividing the subnetwork 192.168.1.240/28, two subnetworks with 8 hosts each are formed.

192.168.1.240 to 192.168.1.247 (192.168.1.240/29)

192.168.1.248 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.248/29)

Our fourth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Management department. We need to assign
subnetwork consisting of 8 hosts.

We can Assign either of the subnetwork to Management department.

Summarizing the subnetting results,

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Sales 192.168.1.0 /25 126 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.127

192.168.1.126
Purchase 192.168.1.128 /26 62 192.168.129 to 192.168.1.191
192.168.1.190
Account 192.168.1.192 /27 30 192.168.1.193 192.168.1.223
to
192.168.1.222
Management 192.168.1.240 /29 6 192.168.1.241 192.168.1.247
to
192.168.1.246
Unused 192.168.1.224/28 (192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.239)

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 Unused 192.168.1.248/29 (192.168.1.248 to 192.168.1.255)

Question 2: FLSM

. If you are given a network 210.25.23.0 with the subnet mask 255.255.255.0, assign the networks to
four different departments with 50 hosts each.

Ans: The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

210.25.23.0 to 210.25.23.255

Total no of hosts available: 256 hosts

Each subnetwork requires 50 usable hosts. So, we need to assign n/w with 64 hosts each to the four
departments.

Since we are using FLSM, the divided networks will be of same size. The given network consists of 256
hosts which needs to be divided into four subnetworks with 64 hosts each.

The process is as follows:

First of all, divide the given network range into four equal parts.

210.25.23.0 to 210.25.23.63 (210.25.23.0/26)

210.25.23.64 to 210.25.23.127 (210.25.23.64/26)

210.25.23.128 to 210.25.23.191 (210.25.23.128/26)

210.25.23.192 to 210.25.23.255 (210.25.23.192/26)

Now, as per the requirement, there are four networks required and we can assign the above networks
to each of the four departments.

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Dept 1 210.25.23.0 /26 62 210.25.23.1 to 210.25.23.63

210.25.23.62
Dept 2 210.25.23.64 /26 62 210.25.23.65 210.25.23.127
to
210.25.23.126
Dept 3 210.25.23.128 /26 62 210.25.23.129 210.25.23.191
to
210.25.23.190
Dept 4 210.25.23.192 /26 62 210.25.23.193 210.25.23.255
to

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 210.25.23.254

Question 3: FLSM

Suppose you are network administrator with provided network 172.16.0.0/24. You need to manage
the entire n/w by dividing into subnetworks so that each of the Development, Sales, Reception, HR
and Production. How would you do so?

Ans: Provided network: 172.16.0.0/24. Here, /24 indicates 256 hosts are contained in the given network.

There are five departments to address the networks with. So, we divide the given network into 8
networks. 256/8 = 32

Each of the 8 subnetworks will contain 32 hosts each. The divided networks will be:

172.16.0.0 to 172.16.0.31 (172.16.0.0/27)

172.16.0.32 to 172.16.0.63 (172.16.0.32/27)

172.16.0.64 to 172.16.0.95 (172.16.0.64/27)

172.16.0.96 to 172.168.0.127 (172.16.0.96/27)

172.16.0.128 to 172.16.0.159 (172.16.0.128/27)

172.16.0.160 to 172.16.0.191 (172.16.0.160/27)

172.16.0.192 to 172.16.0.223 (172.16.0.192/27)

172.16.0.224 to 172.16.0.255) (172.16.0.224/27)

Now, we can assign 5 of the above 8 subnetworks to the departments of our requirement.

The result will be as follows:

Network Network ID Subnet No. of Usable Host ID Range Broadcast address

Name mask usable
hosts

Development 172.16.0.0 /27 30 172.16.0.1 to 172.16.0.30 172.16.0.31

Sales 172.16.0.32 /27 30 172.16.0.33 to 172.16.0.62 172.16.0.63

Reception 172.16.0.64 /27 30 172.16.0.65 to 172.16.0.94 172.16.0.95

HR 172.16.0.96 /27 30 172.16.0.97 to 172.168.0.126 172.168.0.127

Production 172.16.0.128 /27 30 172.16.0.129 to 172.16.0.158 172.16.0.159

Unused 172.16.0.160 to 172.16.0.191 (172.16.0.160/27)

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Unused 172.16.0.192 to 172.16.0.223 (172.16.0.192/27)

Unused 172.16.0.224 to 172.16.0.255) (172.16.0.224/27)

Question 4: VLSM

If you are assigned an IP address 92.16.1.0/24 and plans to deploy CIDR. Here are some requirements
which you have to fulfill for Subnet A= 120 hosts, Subnet B=60 hosts, Subnet C=30 hosts, Subnet D= 10
hosts, Subnet E= 5. You are also required to calculate subnet mask, range, netid, broadcast id for each
subnet.

Ans: The given network address is: 92.16.1.0/24

Given requirement in descending order is:

Subnet A: 120

Subnet B: 60

Subnet C: 30

Subnet D: 10

Subnet E: 5

The complete range of the address in the above provided network is:

92.16.1.0 to 92.16.1.255

The largest network requirement is of 120 hosts for Subnet A. For this, we need to assign subnetwork
with 128 hosts.

Divide the given network consisting 256 hosts into 2 networks with 128 hosts each:

92.16.1.0-92.16.1.127 (92.16.1.0/25)

92.16.1.128-92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.128/25)

Let us assign the first divided subnetwork 92.16.1.0/25 to Subnet A.

We now have remaining subnetwork 92.16.1.128/25.

Our second network requirement is of 60 hosts for Subnet B. We need to assign subnetwork consisting
of 64 hosts.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 64 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.128 to 92.16.1.191 (92.16.1.128/26)

92.16.1.192 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.192/26)

Assigning 92.16.1.128/26 to Subnet B.

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The remaining subnetwork available is 92.16.1.192/26.

The third largest requirement is of 30 hosts for Subnet C.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 32 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.192 to 92.16.1.223 (92.16.1.192/27)

92.16.1.224 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.224/27)

Assigning 92.16.1.192/27 to Subnet C.

Remaining subnetwork is 92.16.1.224/27

Our fourth network requirement is of 10 hosts for Subnet D. We need to assign subnetwork consisting of
16 hosts.

Dividing this subnetwork, two subnetworks with 16 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.224 to 92.16.1.239 (92.16.1.224/28)

92.16.1.240 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.240/28)

Assigning 92.16.1.224/28 to Subnet D.

Remaining subnetwork is 92.16.1.240/28

Our fifth network requirement is of 5 hosts for Subnet E. We need to assign subnetwork consisting of 8
hosts.

So, again dividing the subnetwork 92.16.1.240/28, two subnetworks with 8 hosts each are formed.

92.16.1.240 to 92.16.1.247 (92.16.1.240/29)

92.16.1.248 to 92.16.1.255 (92.16.1.248/29)

We can Assign either of the subnetwork to Subnet E. Let us assign 92.16.1.240/29 to Subnet E.

Summarizing the subnetting results,

Network Network ID Subnet mask No. of usable Usable Host ID Broadcast

Name hosts Range address

Subnet A 92.16.1.0 /25 126 92.16.1.1 to 92.16.1.127

92.16.1.126
Subnet B 92.16.1.128 /26 62 92.16.129 to 92.16.1.191
92.16.1.190
Subnet C 92.16.1.192 /27 30 92.16.1.193 to 92.16.1.223
92.16.1.222
Subnet D 92.16.1.224 /28 14 92.16.1.225 to 92.16.1.239
92.16.1.238
Subnet E 92.16.1.240 /29 6 92.16.1.241 to 92.16.1.247
92.16.1.246

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 Unused 92.16.1.248/29 (92.16.1.248 to 92.16.1.255)

Note:

1. Network: 192.168.0.0/24, 2^8, 256 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255

2. Network: 192.168.1.0/25, 2^7, 128 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.127

3. Network: 192.168.3.0/26, 2^6, 64 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.3.0 to 192.168.3.63

4. Network: 192.168.0.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255, 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255

5. Network: 192.168.1.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255, 192.168.2.0 to 192.168.2.255

6. Network: 172.16.10.0/23, 2^9, 512 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255, 172.16.11.0 to 172.168.11.255

7. Network: 172.16.10.0/22, 2^10, 1024 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255
172.16.11.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.12.255
172.16.13.0 to 172.16.13.255

8. Network: 172.16.10.0/21, 2^11, 2048 hosts

Total Range: 172.16.10.0 to 172.16.10.255
172.16.11.0 to 172.16.11.255
172.16.12.0 to 172.16.12.255
172.16.13.0 to 172.16.13.255
172.16.14.0 to 172.16.14.255
172.16.15.0 to 172.16.15.255
172.16.16.0 to 172.16.16.255
172.16.17.0 to 172.16.17.255

Question 5: VLSM

Given Network: 192.168.0.0/23

Requirement:

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A: 128 hosts, B: 64 hosts, C: 31 hosts, D: 15 hosts

Solution: Total Range= 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.0.255 (192.168.0.0/24)

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.0/24)

A-> 128 hosts, need to assign n/w of 256 hosts

Let us assign: 192.168.0.0/24

B-> 64 hosts, need to assign n/w of 128 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.0/24,

192.168.1.0 to 192.168.1.127 (192.168.1.0/25)

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.128/25)

Assign 192.168.1.0/25 to B.

Remaining: 192.168.1.128/25

C->31 hosts, need to assign n/w of 64 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.128/25,

192.168.1.128 to 192.168.1.191 (192.168.1.128/26)

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.192/26)

Assign 192.168.1.128/26 to C.

Remaining: 192.168.1.192/26

D-> 15 hosts, need to assign n/w of 32 hosts

Divide 192.168.1.192/26,

192.168.1.192 to 192.168.1.223 (192.168.1.192/27)

192.168.1.224 to 192.168.1.255 (192.168.1.224/27)

Assign 192.168.1.192/27 to D

Unused: 192.168.1.224/27

Need to tabulate like in previous examples.

Conversion of IP Multicast Address to Ethernet Multicast Address:

Mapping IP multicast to Ethernet:

For mapping IP Multicast addresses to Ethernet Addresses, the lower 23 bits of a Class D IP Address are
copied to one of the IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) Designated Ethernet Addresses.

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Note: A key IANA function is the global coordination of the Internet Protocol addressing systems,
commonly known as IP Addresses.

Ethernet addresses reserved for this purpose are in the range of 01:00:53:00:00:00 through
01:00:5e:7f:ff:ff. Ethernet Addresses have a 48 bit address field (Source and Destination 48 bits each one).
Expressed in hexadecimal numbering, the first 24 bits of an Ethernet multicast address are 01:00:5e, this
indicates the frame as multicast, the next bit in the Ethernet address is always 0, leaving 23 bit for the
multicast address.

Because IP Multicast groups are 28 bits (1110XXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXX) long and there are
only 23 bits available the mapping cannot be one to one, so only 23 low order bits of the multicast group
ID are mapped onto the Ethernet address. The 5 higher order bit remain in the multicast group are
ignored.

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This means that we have to map multiple Multicast IP addresses to the same Multicast MAC address. We
don’t have enough MAC addresses to give each multicast IP address its own MAC address. We miss 5 bits
of mapping information: 2^5 = 32. This means we will map 32 multicast IP addresses to 1 multicast MAC
address.

An example:

Having the following IP Multicast Address 224.192.16.1 convert it to the appropriate Ethernet MAC
Representation.

224. 192. 16. 1

11100000.11000000.00010000.00000001

Multicast Ethernet

01:00:5e

00000001.00000000.01011110.0XXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX

11100000.11000000.00010000.00000001

Final=

00000001.00000000.0101 1110.0100 0000.0001 0000.0000 0001

01 00 5 E 4 0 1 0 0 1

01:00:5E:40:10:01

Conversion of MAC Address into IPv6 Address:

Question:

From the following information, convert MAC address into IPv6 address using EUI-64.

MAC Address: 10:0B:0D:10:0A:20

IPv6 n/w ID: 20B4:2001:1A34:ABBA::/64

Also, write down the link local IPv6 address.

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Solution:

EUI-Extended Unique Identifier

EUI-64: 64 bit unique interface ID need to be generated

IPv6 Address: 128 bits

64 bits 64 bits
Network Portion Host portion (interface ID)

To do so, first split the given MAC address into 2 parts (24 bits each)

10:0B:0D 10:0A:20

Insert FFFE into the middle,

10:0B:0D:FF:FE:10:0A:20

Regroup the above for IPv6 format, 4 digits are placed in a group forming 4 groups with 16 bits each.

100B:0DFF:FE10:0A20

Now, flip the 7th bit starting from first position by expanding into binary.

0001 0000 0000 1011:0DFF:FE10:0A20

Flipping 0 to 1,

0001 0010 0000 1011:0DFF:FE10:0A20

i.e. 120B:0DFF:FE10:0A20

This is the interface or host ID

Network ID is given in the question itself: 20B4:2001:1A34:ABBA::/64

So, the complete IPv6 address will be,

20B4:2001:1A34:ABBA:120B:0DFF:FE10:0A20

Now, we need to find the link local IPv6 address. Link local addresses are the addresses that are used for
IPv6 local area networks.

Note that, link local IPv6 addresses always start from FE80:: (i.e. network portion)

We need to append the 64 bit interface ID calculated before to the end of FE80::

So,

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FE80::120B:0DFF:FE10:0A20

This is the link local IPv6 address which consists consecutive blocks of zeros represented by ::

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