1/15/2016

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
LESSON 22: ACTIVE POWER
DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS
1 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After this presentation you will be able to:

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

 Explain how active power load divides between

parallel alternators with equal governor droop
 Explain how active power load divides between
parallel alternators with unequal governor
droop
 Define isochronous governor operation
 Compute the load division and system
frequency of a load increase on parallel
generators.
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ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN

ALTERNATORS
Governor droop determines the active power division between
parallel alternators

To grid

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Load shifting requires changes in the
mechanical power of each machine’s
prime-mover

If Gen A wishes to take more

active power load, prime-
mover power must increase.
Gen Gen
Gen B prime-mover power A B
must decrease or system
frequency will increase. Prime Mover Prime Mover
A B
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Pin Pin

ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN

ALTERNATORS
Power transfer between alternators accomplished by adjusting
their governor’s no-load speed settings
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

Example 22-1: Two alternators serve a 150 MW load in an isolated

power system and have identical governor characteristics

A1 B1
A B 60 Hz
B

PA =0 MW PB =150 MW
A
To load 0 150 MW
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Frequency is constant in power system. Change
Initial conditions: load by shifting governor characteristics.

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ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN

ALTERNATORS
To shift load: raise the no-load speed of Gen A raising the whole
characteristic.

If 50 MW change

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
required, pick up 25
MW on Gen A
A2 B2
f new
60 Hz
B1 B
A1
A

0 150 MW
25 MW 125 MW

Speed increases on A because more mechanical

power is applied to the prime-mover
A B PB =125 MW
Speed increases on B because load transfers to A from B
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PA =25 MW
To load

ACTIVE POWER DIVISION BETWEEN

ALTERNATORS
System frequency must remain at 60 Hz so Gen B must lower
its characteristic
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

Gen B lowers characteristic

A2 B2 to reduce load by 25 MW
f new
60 Hz A
A3 B3 B

0 50 MW
100 MW

Machines with identical governor droops divide load

A B PB =100 MW
increases equally between themselves regardless of
machine rating
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PA =50 MW
With dissimilar governor droops machine with least
droop assumes most of any load change To load

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LOAD INCREASE AND SYSTEM FREQUENCY

If electrical load on system increases and there is no governor
control the system frequency falls
Adding load to a
Frequency (Hz)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
B system with similar
governor droops
A

60 Hz
DPL
59.5 Hz
DGA DGB DGA = DGB
0
P (MW)

Automatic control of governor no-load speed corrects for change in

load by raising or lowering the characteristics of the machines.
This causes the development of more or less mechanical power.
Steam Turbines – open turbine control valve more 7
Diesel Engine – open throttle more
Hydropower – open water control valves

ISOCHRONOUS GOVERNORS AND

FREQUENCY CONTROL
Isochronous governors - This type of governor can maintain
constant speed for any level of output power.
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

Df
For isochronous governors 0
DP
Gen B is isochronous

A Can only change loading

A1 B2 A2 B1 by changing A’s
60 Hz
B characteristic. Changing B
changes system frequency.
Isochronous machine
0 150 MW takes load changes.
25 MW 50 MW 125 MW

1.) PA = 25 MW, PB = 150 MW PT = PA+PB = 25+150 = 175 MW 8

2.) PA = 125 MW, PB = 50 MW PT = PA+PB = 125+50 = 175 MW

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POWER DIVISION IN PARALLEL

ALTERNATORS
Use similar triangle solution to find active power distribution in
parallel alternators

From Similar Triangles

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
f nl f nl  f rated
GD 
frequency

Dfrated Prated
Df So
f rated f new
f nl  f rated Df

DPrated DP Prated DP
0 Prated
Power kW
GSR  f rated Df
Rearranging the speed regulation equation gives: GD  
Prated DP
Where: GD = governor droop
GSR = governor speed regulation 9
Df = change in f due to change in load
DP = change in load

Example 22-1: Parallel generators A and B share a total load of

300 kW at 60 Hz.
Machine Voltage Power GSR Freq Load
A 460 V 500 kW 2.0% 60 Hz 100 kW
B 460 V 500 kW 2.0% 60 Hz 200 kW
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

If generator A trips off line determine a.) frequency of

generator A b.) frequency of generator B c.) frequency of the
system

Qualitative analysis: Machine A loses load and should have speed

increase. Machine B must take up load lost by A and should decrease
speed.

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EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (1)

Show system operation using power/frequency plots
f nl  f rated  GSR  f rated
fnl=61.2 Hz
f nl  60 Hz  0.02  60 Hz
f nl  61.2 Hz

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
frated=60.0 Hz
0 kW 500 kW
f nl
Frequency (Hz)

f rated
Dfb
f new
A B
DPa DPb

0 100 kW 200 kW 300 kW

Power kW

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After A trips off-line PA =0 and PB=300 kW
DPA=DPB=100 kW

EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (2)

a.) For machine A
GSR  f rated Df a

Prated DPa
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

DPa = 100 kW A tripped off. Now delivers 0 kW

0.02  60 Hz Df a

500 kW 100
Df a  0.24 Hz
f a  60  0.24  60.24 Hz Answer

Loss of electrical load causes speed to increase if mechanical

power input is not decreased.
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EXAMPLE 22-1 SOLUTION (3)

b.) Since Gen A and B are identical, increasing electrical load
causes frequency to drop if mechanical power input is not increased

f b  60  0.24  59.76 Hz

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
Answer

c.) Only Gen B is on-line, so its frequency is the system frequency

fs = 59.76 Hz Answer

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Example 22-2: 500 kW 60 Hz 2300 V alternator is

paralleled with a 60 Hz 300 kW machine. Both have
governor speed regulation values of 2.43%. Each
machine carries 200 kW at a frequency of 60.5 Hz. If
total load increases to 500 kW determine:
Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

a.) system frequency

b.) load carries by each machine

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EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (1)

Machines have unequal governor droops.

61.458 61.458

A B

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
B 60.0 60.0
500 kW 300 kW
A
60.5 Hz Define similar triangles
Df
f sys
DPb A

DPa B
0 PA = 200 kW PAnew= DPA+PA
PB = 200 kW PBnew=DPB+PB
Power kW

Increasing load causes machines to follow governor curves

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EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (2)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

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EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (3)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
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EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (4)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

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EXAMPLE 22-2 SOLUTION (5)

Lesson 22_et332b.pptx
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Lesson 22_et332b.pptx

END LESSON 22: ACTIVE POWER

DIVISION BETWEEN
ALTERNATORS

20 ET 332b
Ac Motors, Generators and Power Systems

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