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Partial Function Application & Currying

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Returning a Function to Wait for More Arguments Function Currying

def make_adder(n): def add(n, k): def make_adder(n): def add(n, k):
def adder(k): def adder(k):
return n + k return n + k Identical code gives return n + k return n + k Identical code gives
identical behavior identical behavior
return adder return adder

make_adder(3) returns a function that bundles together two things:

Curry: Transform a multi-argument function into a single-argument, higher-order function
• The function's behavior: return n + k with the same behavior.
• The value of n: 3

add(3, 4) applies addition to the arguments 3 and 4, while >>> make_adder(2)(3)

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(Demo)
make_adder(3) partially applies addition, but is still waiting for k. >>> add(2, 3)
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Environment Diagrams with Lambda

A lambda function's parent is the current frame in which the lambda expression is evaluated

A lambda expression
within the body of f
will have an f frame
as its parent

Lambda Function Environments

Un-indented lambda
expressions always
have parent=Global

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 Function Decorators

(Demo)

Function
decorator
@trace1
Decorated
def triple(x):
function
return 3 * x
Decorators

is identical to

Why not just

def triple(x):
use this?
return 3 * x
triple = trace1(triple)

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Return Statements

A return statement completes the evaluation of a call expression and provides its value:

f(x) for user-defined function f: switch to a new environment; execute f's body

return statement within f: switch back to the previous environment; f(x) now has a value

Only one return statement is ever executed while executing the body of a function
Return def end(n, d):
"""Print the final digits of n in reverse order until d is found.

>>> end(34567, 5)
7
6
5
"""
while n > 0:
last, n = n % 10, n // 10
print(last)
if d == last:
return None
(Demo)
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 Describing Functions

def square(x):
"""Return X * X."""

A function's domain is the set of all inputs it might x is a number

possibly take as arguments.

Designing Functions
A function's range is the set of output values it might square returns a non-
possibly return. negative real number

A pure function's behavior is the relationship it square returns the

creates between input and output. square of x

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Functional Abstractions

def square(x): def sum_squares(x, y):

return mul(x, x) return square(x) + square(y)

What does sum_squares need to know about square?

• Square takes one argument. Yes

Abstraction • Square computes the square of a number. Yes

• Square computes the square by calling mul. No

def square(x): def square(x):

return pow(x, 2) return mul(x, x-1) + x

If the name “square” were bound to a built-in function,

sum_squares would still have the same behavior.

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Choosing Names Which Values Deserve a Name

Names typically don’t matter for correctness Reasons to add a new name
More Naming Tips
Repeated compound expressions:
but • Namescan be long if they help
document your code:
they matter a lot for composition if sqrt(square(a) + square(b)) > 1:
x = x + sqrt(square(a) + square(b))
average_age = average(age, students)

is preferable to
From: To: hypotenuse = sqrt(square(a) + square(b))
Names should convey the meaning or purpose if hypotenuse > 1: AL # Compute average age of students
x = x + hypotenuse TIC ES
true_false rolled_a_one of the values to which they are bound.
RAC
P N I aa = avg(a, st)
DEL
GUI
d dice The type of value bound to the name is best
documented in a function's docstring. Meaningful parts of complex expressions: • Namescan be short if they represent
helper take_turn generic quantities: counts,
arbitrary functions, arguments to
x1 = (-b + sqrt(square(b) - 4 * a * c)) / (2 * a) mathematical operations, etc.
my_int num_rolls Function names typically convey their effect
(print), their behavior (triple), or the
value returned (abs). n, k, i - Usually integers
l, I, O k, i, m x, y, z - Usually real numbers
discriminant = square(b) - 4 * a * c
x1 = (-b + sqrt(discriminant)) / (2 * a) f, g, h - Usually functions

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Taxonomy of Errors

Syntax Errors Detected by the Python

interpreter (or editor)
before the program executes

Runtime Errors Detected by the Python

Errors & Tracebacks interpreter while the program
executes

Logic & Behavior Errors Not detected by the Python

interpreter; what tests are for

(Demo)

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