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Yêrjd P@ O¾2

Dxdrijid >; (Ljsd do êquktjho `‚uo kssdrvjssdldot dt êtu`d `d sk stkbjfjtê)

Ho ihosj`írd uo systíld êimkotjffhooê `d ahoitjho `d trkosadrt E(z) pfkiê `kos uod bhuifd

`‚kssdrvjssdldot î rdthur uojtkjrd, kvdi 7 (Ɏ) < kvdi  ? >
(Ɏ−,)(Ɏ−,)

Ikfiufdr fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dt êtu`jdr fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê `d id systíld do
bhuifd adrlêd.
Fd systíld êtkot shffjijtê, do bhuifd adrlêd, pkr uo êimdfho uojtê, ikfiufdr fds prdljdrs êfêldots `d fk
sujtd `ds êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd `kos fd iks C < >,9 dt `kos fd iks C < ;.
Dxdrijid>2 (Ytkbjfjtê dt prêijsjho `‚uo systíld êimkotjffhooê kssdrvj)
Ho ihosj`írd uo systíld êimkotjffhooê `d ahoitjho `d trkosadrt E(Ɏ) pfkiê `kos uod bhuifd
Ɏ
`‚kssdrvjssdldot î rdthur uojtkjrd, kvdi 7 (Ɏ) < (Ɏ−,)
kvdi C ? > rêefkbfd

;. Ikfiufdr fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dt êtu`jdr fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê `d id

systíld do bhuifd adrlêd.
2. Ikfiufdr f‚drrdur stktjqud do ahoitjho `d C.
9. Fd systíld êtkot shffjijtê, do bhuifd adrlêd, pkr uo êimdfho uojtê, ikfiufdr fds prdljdrs êfêldots
`d fk sujtd `ds êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd `kos fd iks hú C dst rêefê `d lkojírd î hbtdojr uod drrdur
stktjqud êekfd î >,;.

Dxdrijid >9 (Joafudoid `‚uo jotêerktdur sur fk stkbjfjtê `‚uo systíld)

Ho ihosj`írd uo systíld êimkotjffhooê `d ahoitjho `d trkosadrt E(Ɏ) pfkiê `kos uod bhuifd

`‚kssdrvjssdldot î rdthur uojtkjrd, kvdi 7(Ɏ) < C ? > rêefkbfd
(Ɏ−,)

;. Ikfiufdr fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dt êtu`jdr fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê `d id systíld
do bhuifd adrlêd.
2. Ikfiufdr f‚drrdur stktjqud do ahoitjho `d C dt `êtdrljodr fds vkfdurs ljojlkfds dt lkxjlkfds `d idttd
drrdur stktjqud.
9. Ho jotrh`ujt î prêsdot uo jotêerktdur `kos fk imkïod `jrditd. Ikfiufdr fk ohuvdffd ahoitjho `d trkosadrt
do bhuifd adrlêd dt lhotrdr qud, `kos ids iho`jtjhos, jf sdrk prktjqudldot jlphssjbfd `d rêefdr C phur
kssurdr fk stkbjfjtê `u systíld.

;/2

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Dxdrijid >0 (Ldsurd `ds pdrahrlkoids `yokljquds `‚uo systíld êimkotjffhooê)

To systíld êimkotjffhooê `d ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd huvdrtd E(Ɏ) dst pfkiê `kos uod bhuifd `d
,1
rêeufktjho î rdthur uojtkjrd. (Ɏ) <   ? >
(Ɏ−,)2

Fk pêrjh`d `‚êimkotjffhooked dst 7 Pd < >,; s.

;. Ikfiufdr fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dt `êtdrljodr fk iho`jtjho `d stkbjfjtê `u
systíld do bhuifd adrlêd.
2. Fd ekjo êtkot rêefê sur C < ;, `êtdrljodr, do bhuifd adrlêd 7 f‚drrdur `d phsjtjho, f‚êquktjho `d
rêiurrdoid, dt ikfiufdr, pujs trkidr, fds prdljdrs êfêldots `d fk sujtd `ds êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd
fhrsqud f‚dotrêd dst uo êimdfho uojtkjrd.
9. Do `ê`ujrd fk vkfdur `u tdlps `d lhotêd dt `u ihdaajijdot `‚klhrtjssdldot do bhuifd adrlêd.

Rêpho`rd kux lçlds qudstjhos do rêefkot fd ekjo sur C < 2. Ihoifurd.

Dxdrijid >4 (Joafudoid `u imhjx `d fk arêqudoid `‚êimkotjffhooked sur fk stkbjfjtê)

To systíld î tdlps ihotjou `d ahoitjho `d trkosadrt E( p) dst pfkiê `kos uod bhuifd `d rêeufktjho î
tdlps `jsirdt î rdthur uojtkjrd dt ihllko`ê oulêrjqudldot. Fk arêqudoid `‚êimkotjffhooked P d dst

rêefkbfd. Ho `hood 7 () <
+

;. @êtdrljodr, do ahoitjho `d C fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê `u systíld êimkotjffhooê do bhuifd

adrlêd. Ihlpkrdr fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê `u systíld phur P d < ; s, P d < >,; s dt Pd < >,>2 s.
2. Fk vkfdur `u ekjo êtkot rêefêd sur C < 4>, `êtdrljodr fk iho`jtjho sur P d phur qud fd systíld shjt
stkbfd.
9. @êtdrljodr fds prdljdrs êfêldots `d fk sujtd `‚êimkotjffhos (sc) ihrrdspho`kot î id sjeokf dt do
prhphsdr uod rdprêsdotktjho erkpmjqud.

Dxdrijid >1 (Êtu`d ihlpkrêd `d fk stkbjfjtê sur pfusjdurs lh`ífds î tdlps `jsirdt)
Ho ihosj`írd uo systíld î tdlps ihotjou rêej, do bhuifd huvdrtd, pkr fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt sujvkotd 7

() < kvdi C ? > rêefkbfd
(  ;)(  9)
;. Ikfiufdr suiidssjvdldot, do bhuifd huvdrtd, fds êqujvkfdots do Ɏ, î fk `êrjvktjho dt î f‚jotêerktjho
`d id systíld, rdspditjvdldot E ;(Ɏ) dt E 2(Ɏ). Rdimdrimdr, `kos fk tkbfd ahurojd do koodxd,
f‚êqujvkfdot `d id systíld, shjt E 9(Ɏ). Ho imhjsjrk uod arêqudoid `‚êimkotjffhooked P d < >,2 s.
2. Ikfiufdr fds trhjs ahoitjhos `d trkosadrts êimkotjffhooês do bhuifd adrlêd dt `êtdrljodr, phur
imkiuod `‚dffds, fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê sur C . Ihlpkrdr fds rêsuftkts dt ihoifurd.

2/2

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Yhfutjhos

Dxdrijid ;7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt `u systíld do bhuifd adrlê

E(z) C
M (z) < <

; + E(z) (z − >,0) (z − >,=) + C

Fd `êohljoktdur `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7

2
@(z) < z − ;,2z + > ,92 + C

@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7
 
@(;) ? >
 >,;2 + C ? >

@( ;) ? >
− ⇒ 2,42 + C ? >

; ? >,92 + C 
C 6 >,1=
Fk iho`jtjho `d stkbjfjtê sd rêsuld `hoi î 7 C 6 >,1=.

^hur ikfiufdr, `kos fds `dux iks `dlko`ês, fk sujtd `‚êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd, dxprjlhos f‚êquktjho `d rêiurrdoid `u systíld î pkrtjr `d fk
ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd 7d

Y(z) C Cz−2
M (z) < < <

D (z) z2 − ; 2z + > 92 + C
, , ; − ; 2z−; + (> 92 + C ) z−2
, ,

`‚hú 7 sc < ; 2sc−; − (> 92 + C ) sc−2 + Cdc−2

, ,

^hur C < > 9, ho k 7

, sc < ; 2sc−; − > 12sc−2 + > 9dc−2
, , ,

Id quj ohus pdrldt, phur uod dotrêd do êimdfho uojtê, `d ikfiufdr dt trkidr
fds vkfdurs `ds êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd.d

Do ikfiufkot pfus `‚êimkotjffhos, ho lhotrd daaditjvdldot fk ihovdredoid Ajeurd Rdprêsdotktjho tdlphrdffd `d fk shrtjd `u systíld
`u sjeokf `d shrtjd, id quj prhuvd fk stkbjfjtê `u systíld, `kos id iks. s

^hur C ;, ho k 7 sc ; 2sc−; − ; 92sc−2 + dc−2

< < , ,

Id quj ohus pdrldt, phur uod dotrêd do êimdfho uojtê, `d ikfiufdr dt trkidr
fds vkfdurs `ds êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd. d

Do ikfiufkot pfus `‚êimkotjffhos, ho lhotrd daaditjvdldot f‚kbsdoid `d

ihovdredoid `u sjeokf `d shrtjd quj hsijffd do `jvdredkot, id quj iho﬋rld
f‚jostkbjfjtê `u systíld, `kos id iks.s

Dxdrijid 2 7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt `u systíld do bhuifd adrlêd

Ajeurd Rdprêsdotktjho tdlphrdffd `d fk shrtjd `u systíld
E(z) Cz Cz
M (z) < < <

; + E(z) (z − >,:) + Cz (C + ;) z − >,:

F‚uojqud pðfd `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7

>,:
p; <

C+;
Fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj fd lh`ufd `d id pðfd dst joaêrjdur î ; 7 >,:
6; ⇒ C? −>,;
C+;

Fd systíld dst `hoi thughurs stkbfd, qudffd qud shjt fk vkfdur phsjtjvd `d C .  ;  ; ;
Ikfiufhos î prêsdot f‚drrdur `d phsjtjho `u systíld do bhuifd adrlêd 7 °p < fjl <   <

z→; ; + E(z) Cz ; + ;>C

fjl ;+ z − >,:
z→;

;
^hur hbtdojr uod drrdur `d phsjtjho `d ;> %, shjt ° p < >,;, ho `hjt kvhjr 7 < >,; ⇒ C < >,:
; + ;>C

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> :z > 050

@kos ids iho`jtjhos, fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dst 7
, ,

M (z) < <

; :z − > :
, , ; − > 050z−;
,

`‚hú fk rdfktjho `d rêiurrdoid quj rêejt fd systíld do bhuifd adrlêd 7 sc < > 050dc + > 050sc−;
, ,

Ikfiufhos (tkbfdku) dt rdprêsdothos erkpmjqudldot (﬋eurd) fk sujtd

`‚êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd. Ihlptd tdou `d fk vjtdssd `d ihovdredoid `d fk
sujtd (sc), kutrdldot `jt, `d fk rkpj`jtê `u systíld, f‚drrdur `d phsjtjho sd
ldsurd trís akijfdldot `ís fds prdljdrs êimkotjffhos. s

Dxdrijid 9 7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt `u systíld do bhuifd adrlêd

Ajeurd Rdprêsdotktjho tdlphrdffd `d fk shrtjd `u systíld
E(z) C
M (z) < <

; + E(z) (z − > 1)9 + C

,

z − ; =z2 + ; >=z − > 2; + C

9
Fd `êohljoktdur `d idttd ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7 @(z) < , , ,

Êtkbfjsshos fk tkbfd `d Gury 7

; −;,= ;,>= C − >,2;

C − >,2; ;,>= −;,= ;

; − (C − >,2;)2 −;,= − ;,>= (C − >,2;) ;,>= + ;,= (C − >,2;)
@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7
 
@(;) ? > >,>5 + C ? >
@(−;) 6 > −0,>= + C 6 >
⇒
; ? |C − >,2;| −>,5: 6 C 6 ;,2;
; − (C − >,2;)2 ? |;,>= + ;,= (C − >,2;)| ; − (C − >,2;)2 ? |>,5>2 + ;,=C|
Ihlld C ? >, fds trhjs prdljírds iho`jtjhos sd rêsuldot î C 6 ;,2;. K﬋o `‚êtu`jdr `‚uo pdu pfus prís fk `drojírd iho`jtjho 7o
 
; − (C − >,2;)2  ? |>,5>2 + ;,=C|
 
trkåhos sur uo lçld `jkerklld fds vkrjktjhos `d K(C ) ; − (C − >,2;)2 dt `d B(C)
< < |>,5>2 + ;,=C | phur C
vkrjkot `d > î ;,2; (﬋eurd).
Do ihoifusjho, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj 7
C 6 > ,;1
Ikfiufhos î prêsdot f‚drrdur stktjqud do ahoitjho `d C 7
 ;
 ; ;
°p < fjl <   <

z→; ; + E(z) C ; + ;4,1C

fjl ;+
z→; (z − >,1)9

^hur > 6 C 6 > ,;1, ho k 7 >,2: 6 °p 6 ;

F‚drrdur ljojlkfd qud f‚ho pujssd hbtdojr dst `hoi `d 2: % (phur fk vkfdur `d C sjtuêd ku
vhjsjoked `u sdujf `‚jostkbj-fjtê). Idttd vkfdur dst `‚kutkot pfus jok`ljssjbfd qu‚jf ohus
aku`rk skos kuiuo `hutd imhjsjr uod vkfdur `d ekjo fkredldot joaêrjdurd î >,;1, `hoi
ihoiê`dr uod drrdur strktjqud doihrd pfus erko`d

Ajeurd @êtdrljoktjho erkpmjqud `ds iho`jtjhos

Ho jotrh`ujt î prêsdot uo jotêerktdur `kos fk imkïod `jrditd. Fk ohuvdffd ahoitjho `d
`d stkbjfjtê do ahoitjho `u ekjo C
trkosadrt do bhuifd huvdrtd dst `hoi

C Cz
E(z) < <

;−z (z − >,1)9 (z − ;) (z − >,1)9

 − ;

E(z) C
Yhjt, do bhuifd adrlêd 7 M (z) < <

; + E(z) (z − ;) (z − >,1)9 + C

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C
hu doihrd 7 M (z) <

z0 − 2,=z9 + 2,==z2 − ;,2:z + C + >,2;

Fd `êohljoktdur `d idttd ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7

0 9
@(z) < z − 2,=z + 2,==z2 − ;,2:z + C + >,2;

Êtkbfjsshos fk tkbfd `d Gury 7

; −2,= 2,== −;,2: C + >,2;

C + >,2; −;,2: 2,== −2,= ;

; − (C + >,2;)2 −2,49 + ;,2:C 2,==C + 2,251 −>,5>2 + 2,=C
−>,5>2 + 2,=C 2,==C + 2 ,251 −2,49 + ;,2:C ; − (C + >,2;)2
K(C ) B(C ) I( C )

 2
kvdi 7 K(C ) < ; − (C + >,2;)2 − S2,=C − >,5>2\2

 
dt 7 I (C ) < ; − (C + >,2;)2 S2,==C + 2,251\ − S2,=C − >,5>2\S;,2:C − 2,49\

@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7

@(;) ? >
C ? >

@(−;) ? > =,;= + C ? >
; ? C + >,2; 2 ⇒
C 6 >,5: 2
; − (C + >,2;)  ? |2,=C − >,5>2| ; − (C + >,2;)  ? |2,=C − >,5>2|
|K(C)| ? |I(C)| |K(C)| ? |I(C)|
Ihlld C ? >, fds trhjs prdljírds iho`jtjhos sd rêsuldot î C 6 >,5:. K﬋o `‚êtu`jdr
`‚uo pdu pfus prís fk `drojírd iho`jtjho 7o 
; − (C + >,2;)2 ? |2,=C − >,5>2|
 Ajeurd @êtdrljoktjho erkpmjqud `ds iho`jtjhos
`d stkbjfjtê do ahoitjho `u ekjo C
 
trkåhos sur uo lçld `jkerklld fds vkrjktjhos `d ^(C ) < ; − (C + >,2;)2 dt `d [ (C) < |2,=C − >,5>2| phur C
vkrjkot `d > î >,5: (﬋eurd).

Idttd iho`jtjho ohus iho`ujt î 7 C 6 > ,04

Êtu`jhos î prêsdot fk `drojírd iho`jtjho |K(C)| ? |I(C)|. ^hur id akjrd, trkåhos, sur uo
lçld `jkerklld, fds vkrjktjhos `d |K(C) dt `d |I(C)| phur C vkrjkot `d > î >,04
(﬋eurd)..d

Ho ihostktd qud |K(C)| ? |I(C)| uojqudldot ku vhjsjoked `d C >. Idfk sd trk`ujt, <

`kos fk prktjqud, pkr f‚jlphssjbjfjtê `d trhuvdr uod vkfdur `d C pdrldttkot `‚kssurdr

iho`jtjho rdimdrimêd.d
^kr ihosêqudot, fd systíld, kjosj ihrrjeê pkr uo jotêerktdur, phurrk `ja﬋ijfdldot çtrd
rêefê phur çtrd stkbfd.d

Ajeurd @êtdrljoktjho erkpmjqud `ds iho`jtjhos

`d stkbjfjtê do ahoitjho `u ekjo C

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Dxdrijid 0 7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt `u systíld do bhuifd adrlêd 7

E(z) >,;1C >,;1C

M ( z) < < <

; + E(z) (z − >,=)2 + > ,;1C z2 − ;,1z + > ,10 + >,;1C

z − ; 1z + > 10 + > ;1C

2
Fd `êohljoktdur `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7 @(z) < , , ,

@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7s
 @(;) ? >
 >,>0 + >,;1C ? >
 @(−;) ? > ⇒
 9,20 + >,;1C ? >
 
; ? >,10 + >,;1C C 6 2,24

Fk iho`jtjho `d stkbjfjtê sd rêsuld `hoi î 7 C 6 2,24.

>,;1
Do imhjsjsskot C < ;, ho k 7 M (z) <

z2 − ;,1z + > ,=

`‚hú 7 sc < >,;1dc − 2 + ;,1sc − ; − >,=sc −2

 ;
 ;
F‚drrdur `d phsjtjho pdut çtrd akijfdldot ikfiufêd 7 °p < fjl <   < >,2
z→; ; + E(z) >,;1
fjl ;+ 2
z→; (z − >,=)
Fd ikfiuf `ds prdljdrs êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd (tkbfdku) dt fdur trkiê (﬋eurd) pdrldt `d ldttrd do êvj`doid fd tdlps `d lhotêd dt fk vkfdur `u
`êpkssdldot. To ikfiuf pfus kpprhaho`j `ds êimkotjffhos sujvkots lhotrd fk ihovdredoid kssdz rkpj`d vdrs fk vkfdur ﬋okfd `u sjeokf (shjt
phur uod dotrêd do êimdfho uojtê 7 s ; − >,2 >,=).=
∟
< <

Fd tdlps `d lhotêd sd sjtud dotrd fd ijoqujíld dt fd sjxjíld êimkotjffho, shjt 7t

tl ≍ > 1s,

^kr kjffdurs 7 `dp ≍ 2> %

id quj ihrrdspho` î uo akitdur `‚klhrtjssdldot, do bhuifd adrlêd êekf î 7

gBA ≍ > 04,

> 92,

Do imhjsjsskot C < 2, ho k 7 M (z) <

z2 − ; 1z + > :1
Ajeurd Rdprêsdotktjho tdlphrdffd `d fk shrtjd `u systíld
, ,

`‚hú 7 sc < > 92dc

, − 2 + ; 1 sc, − ; − > :1sc
, − 2
 ;
 ;
F‚drrdur `d phsjtjho pdut çtrd akijfdldot ikfiufêd 7 °p < fjl <   < > ;;
,

z→; ; + E(z) > 92

,

fjl ;+
z→; (z − > =)2,

Fd ikfiuf `ds prdljdrs êimkotjffhos `d shrtjd (tkbfdku) pdrldt `d ldttrd do êvj`doid fd tdlps `d lhotêd dt fk vkfdur `u `êpkssdldot. To ikfiuf
pfus kpprhaho`j `ds êimkotjffhos sujvkots lhotrd fk ihovdredoid trís fdotd vdrs fk vkfdur ﬋okfd `u sjeokf (shjt phur uod dotrêd do êimdfho
uojtê 7 s∟ ; − > ;; > =:).:
< , < ,

Fd tdlps `d lhotêd sd sjtud dotrd fd trhjsjíld dt fd quktrjíld êimkotjffho, shjt 7 t

tl ≍ > 0s,

^kr kjffdurs 7 `dp ≍ 5> %

Id quj ihrrdspho` î uo akitdur `‚klhrtjssdldot, do bhuifd adrlêd êekf î 7

gBA ≍ >; ,

Do trkåkot idttd sujtd `‚êimkotjffhos sur fd lçld erkpmd qud phur fd iks C ; (﬋eurd), fds ihosêqudoids `ds `dux rêefkeds `jaaêrdots shot
<

akijfdldot hbsdrvkbfds. Fk fjljtktjho `u ekjo sd trk`ujt pkr uo klhrtjssdldot pfus jlphrtkot (uo `êpkssdldot pfus akjbfd) dt uo tdlps `d
lhotêd fêeírdldot pfus erko`. Fd systíld dst `hoi k prjhrj pfus stkbfd dt lhjos rkpj`d. Do rdvkoimd, fd imhjx `‚uo ekjo pfus jlphrtkot
(kssdz prhimd `u sdujf `‚jostkbjfjtê) ohus `hood uo `êpkssdldot pfus jlphrtkot (systíld lhjos klhrtj) dt uo tdlps `d lhotêd pfus akjbfd.
Idttd rkpj`jtê dst thutd rdfktjvd ikr i‚dst phur C ; qud fd tdlps `d rêphosd dst pfus akjbfd
<

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Dxdrijid 4 7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt êqujvkfdotd do z `u systíld do bhuifd adrlêd 7

C ; − d−;>Pd
C
 
Ho k 7 E( p) < → E(z) <
−;>Pd
p + ;>

;> z − d

−;>Pd
C ; − d−;>Pd

C ;−d
  
E(z)
Yhjt do bhuifd adrlêd 7 M (z) < < <
−;>Pd −;>Pd ;>z − ;> d−;>Pd −;>Pd
; + E(z)

;> z − d
 
+C ;−d
 
+C ; − d

Id systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj f‚uojqud pðfd `d idttd ahoitjho `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd phssí`d uo lh`ufd joaêrjdur î ;.;

−;>Pd
+C d−;>Pd −;
   
Yhjt 7
 ;> d  6 ;
 ;> 
−;>Pd
 
Rdlkrquhos thut `‚kbhr` qud 7 d −; 6 >, ∎ Pd ? >

−;>Pd −;>Pd ;> d−;>Pd

 
Yj 7 ;> d +C d −; ? > ⇐ C6
; − d−;>Pd

−;>Pd
 −;>Pd

ho k kfhrs 7 ;> d +C d −; 6 ;>

;> − ;> d−;>Pd

`‚hú 7 C? ⇒ C ? −;>
d−;>Pd −;

Idttd vkfdur êtkot supêrjdurd î idffd trhuvêd prêiê`dlldot, ho do `ê`ujt, do rêsulkot fds `dux iks, fk iho`jtjho oêidsskjrd dt sua﬋skotd
`d stkbjfjtê7 ê
;> + ;> d−;>Pd
C 6
; − d−;>Pd

Id sdujf `d stkbjfjtê `êpdo` `d fk vkfdur `d fk pêrjh`d `‚êimkotjffhooked.

^hur Pd < ; s, ho k 7 C 6 ;>

^hur Pd < >,; s, ho k 7 C 6 2;,1

^hur Pd < >,>2 s, ho k 7 C 6 ;>>

Ihoifusjho 7 fd sdujf `d stkbjfjtê dst `‚kutkot pfus jlphrtkot qud fk pêrjh`d `‚êimkotjffhooked dst akjbfd.
Rêefhos î prêsdot fd ekjo sur C < 4>. Fk iho`jtjho `d stkbjfjtê s‚dxprjld pkr 7

;> + ;> d−;>Pd

4> 6
; − d−;>Pd

 −;>Pd
 −;>Pd
shjt 7 4> ; − d 6 ;> + ;> d

−;>Pd 2
`‚hú 7 d ?
9
; 2
Ajokfdldot 7 Pd 6 − fo ⇒ Pd 6 >,>0 s
;> 9

Ihoifusjho 7 fd imhjx `‚uo irjtírd `d stkbjfjtê ihoidrokot fd ekjo stktjqud jlphsd uod iho`jtjho sur fk pêrjh`d `‚êimkotjffhooked.d

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Dxdrijid 1 7 Ikfiufhos fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt êqujvkfdotd do z `u systíld do bhuifd huvdrtd, î pkrtjr `d f‚êqujvkfdot î fk `êrjvktjho 7

C >,>0Cz2
E; (z) <    <

z− ; z−; (;,2z − ;)(;,1z − ;)

+; +9
>,2z >,2z

>,>0Cz2
shjt doihrd 7 E; (z) <

;,:2z2 − 2,=z + ;

2
C C (z + ;)
Do utjfjskot f‚êqujvkfdot î f‚jotêerktjho, ho hbtjdot 7 E2 (z) <    <

;>z − ;> ;>z − ;> (;;z − :)(;9z − 5)

+; +9
z+; z+;

C (z + ;)2
shjt doihrd 7 E2 (z) <

;09z2 − ;:0z + 19

; − d−Pd ; − d−9 Pd
  
C > >=;C
,
[ukot î fk tkbfd `ds êqujvkfdots ahurojd do koodxd, dffd ohus `hood 7d E9 (z) < <

9 (z − d−Pd ) z − d −9 9 (z − > =2) (z − > 44)

 Pd , ,

>,>=;C
shjt doihrd 7 E9 (z) <

9z2 − 0,;;z + ; ,94

Ikfiufhos î prêsdot fds trhjs ahoitjhos `d trkosadrt do bhuifd adrlêd dt `êtdrljohos, phur imkiuod `‚dotrd dffds, fds iho`jtjhos `d stkbjfjtê.ê
>,>0Cz2
Phut `‚kbhr` 7 M; (z) <

(;,:2 + >,>0C ) z2 − 2,=z + ;

2
Fd `êohljoktdur `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7 @;(z) < (;,:2 + >,>0C) z − 2,=z + ;

@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7s

 @(;) ? >
 >,;2 + >,>0C ? >
 
@(−;) ? > ⇒ 4,52 + >,>0C ? >
 
;,:2 + >,>0C ? ; C ? −29

Ihlld C ? >, fd systíld dst joiho`jtjhoodffdldot stkbfd.

C (z + ;) 2
Ho k dosujtd 7 M2 (z) <
2
;09z2 − ;:0z + 19 + C (z + ;)

C (z+ ;) 2
shjt 7 M2 (z) <

(;09 + C ) z2 − (;:0 − 2C ) z + 19 + C
2
Fd `êohljoktdur `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7 @2 (z) < (;09 + C ) z − (;:0 − 2C ) z + 19 + C

 @(;) ? >
 ;2 + 0C ? >
 
@(−;) ? > ⇒ 0>> ? >
 
;09 + C ? 19 + C ;09 ? 19

Ihlld C ? >, fd systíld dst joiho`jtjhoodffdldot stkbfd.

>,>=;C
^hur ﬋ojr 7 M9 (z) <

9z2 − 0,;;z + ; ,94 + >,>=;C

2
Fd `êohljoktdur `d fk ahoitjho `d trkosadrt dst 7 @9 (z) < 9z − 0,;;z + ; ,94 + >,>=;C

@‚kprís fd irjtírd `d Gury, fd systíld dst stkbfd sj dt sdufdldot sj thutds fds iho`jtjhos sujvkotds shot rdspditêds 7
 
@(;) ? >
 >,20 + >,>=;C ? >

@( ;) ? >
− ⇒ =,01 + >,>=;C ? >

9 ? ;,94 + >,>=;C 
C 6 2>,0
Ihlld C ? >, fk iho`jtjho `d stkbjfjtê sd rêsuld î 7 C 6 2>,0.
Ihoifusjho 7 fds êqujvkfdots î fk `êrjvktjho dt î f‚jotêerktjho od pdrldttdot pks thughurs `d rdo`rd ihlptd `‚uod phssjbfd jostkbjfjtê `‚uo
systíld êimkotjffhooê idosê çtrd êqujvkfdot î uo systíld î tdlps ihotjou quj, fuj, dst joiho`jtjhoodffdldot stkbfd.d

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