Sound Waves

Chapter 14
•Sound is longitudinal pressure (compression) waves

• Range of hearing: 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz

FREQUENCY DEMO
Sound

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Speed of Sound Example 14.1

John Brown hits a steel railroad rail with a hammer.

B Liquids and Gases: B is bulk
v= Betsy Brown, standing one mile down the track, hears
! modulus, ! is mass/volume the bang through the cool 32 °F air while her twin
sister Boopsie is lying next to her and hears the bang
Y through the steel by placing her ear on the track.
v= Solids: Y is Young’s modulus
! DATA: Ysteel=2.0x1011 Pa, !steel=7850 kg/m3

m T
vair = (331 )
s 273 K What is the time difference between the moments
when Betsy and Boopsie hear the bang?
331 m/s is v at 0° C;
T is the absolute temperature. 4.54 s

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Intensity of Sound Waves Intensity Range for Human Hearing

Power Threshold of Hearing

!E P • 10-12 W/m2
I= =
A !t A Area • "P ~ 10-10 atm !

SI units are W/m2 Threshold of Pain

• 1.0 W/m2

Intensity is proportional to square

of amplitude (pressure modulation)

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 Decibel Scale Intensity vs. Intensity Level

Sensation is logarithmic
• INTENSITY is P/A, W/m2
• INTENSITY LEVEL is in decibels (dimensionless)
I
! = 10 log10
Io
I = I 0 10 ! /10

• I0 is threshold of hearing
(0 dB)
• Threshold of Pain is
therefore 120 dB

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Example 14.2
Sound Level Demo
A noisy machine in a factory produces a sound with a
level of 80 dB. How many machines can the factory
house without exceeding the 100-dB limit?

a) 12.5 machines
b) 20 machines
c) 100 machines

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Spherical Waves Example 14.3 (skip)

Energy propagates equally
in all directions A train sounds its horn as it approaches an intersection.
The horn can just be heard at a level of 50 dB by an
observer 10 km away. Treating the horn as a point
P I1 r22 source and neglect any absorption of sound by the air or
I= # =
ground,
4! r 2 I 2 r12

a) What is the average power generated by the horn?

a) 126 W

b) What intensity level of the horn’s sound is observed

by someone waiting at an intersection 50 m from the
train?
b) 96 dB
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 Example 14.4 Doppler Effect

Bozo Bob buys a 20-W train whistle and figures out A change in the frequency experienced by an
that he won’t have any trouble standing 2 meters observer due to motion of either the observer or
from the whistle since his stereo speakers are rated the source.
at 100 W and he has little trouble with the speakers
turned all the way up. What is the intensity level of
the whistle?

116 dB DOPPLER DEMO

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Doppler Effect, Moving Observer If observer moves away:

When not moving,

f =v !
" v ! vo %
When moving, ƒ' = ƒ $
# v '&
f ' = (v + vobs ) !

! v + vo $
ƒ' = ƒ #
" v &%

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Example 14.5
Doppler Effect
Mary is riding a roller coaster. Her mother who is Source in Motion
standing on the ground behind her yells out to her at a
frequency of 1000 Hz, but it sounds like 920 Hz. ! ' = ! " vs T
(v=343 m/s) !
= ! " vs
v
What is Mary’s speed?
= ! (1 " vs v )

27.4 m/s f ' = v!'

v
f'= f
v ! vs

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 Doppler Effect, Source in Motion Example 14.6
An train has a brass band playing a song on a flatcar. As
the train approaches the station at 21.4 m/s, a person on
the platform hears a trumpet play a note at 3520 Hz.
Approaching source:
DATA: vsound = 343 m/s
v
f'= f
v ! vs a) What is the true frequency of the trumpet?
a) 3300 Hz
b) What is the wavelength of the sound?
Source leaving:
b) 9.74 cm
v c) If the trumpet plays the same note after passing the
f'= f
v + vs platform, what frequency would the person on the
platform hear? c) 3106 Hz

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Shock Waves (Sonic Booms) Application: speed radar

When the source velocity approaches the speed of sound,

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Application: weather radar Doppler Effect:

Both Observer and Source Moving

! v ± vo $
ƒ' = ƒ #
" v ± vs &%

Switch appropriate signs if observer

or source moves away

Both humidity (reflected intensity) and speed of clouds

(doppler effect) are measured.
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 Example 14.7 Example 14.8a
A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz,
At rest, a car’s horn sounds the note A (440 Hz).
as measured when the both the train and observer are
The horn is sounded while the car moves down the
stationary. For a train moving in the positive x
street. A bicyclist moving in the same direction at
direction, which observer hears the highest frequency
10 m/s hears a frequency of 415 Hz.
when the train is at position x=0.
DATA: vsound = 343 m/s.

What is the speed of the car? (Assume the cyclist Observer A has velocity VA>0 and has position XA>0.
is behind the car) Observer B has velocity VB>0 and has position XB<0.
31.3 m/s
Observer C has velocity VC<0 and has position XC>0.
Observer D has velocity VD<0 and has position XD<0.

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Example 14.8b Example 14.8c

A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz, as A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz,
measured when the both the train and observer are as measured when the both the train and observer
stationary. For a train moving in the positive x are stationary. For a train moving in the positive x
direction, which observer hears the highest direction, which observer hears the highest
frequency when the train is at position x=0. frequency when the train is at position x=0.

An observer with V>0 and position X>0 hears a An observer with V>0 and position X<0 hears a
frequency: frequency:

a) > 1000 Hz a) > 1000 Hz

b) < 1000 Hz b) < 1000 Hz
c) Can not be determined c) Can not be determined

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Example 14.8d Standing Waves

Consider a wave and its reflection:
A train has a whistle with a frequency of a 1000 Hz,
as measured when the both the train and observer * $x '-
yright = Asin , 2! & # ft ) /
are stationary. For a train moving in the positive x + % " (.
direction, which observer hears the highest 0 $ x' $ x' 3
frequency when the train is at position x=0. = A 1sin & 2! ) cos 2! ft # cos & 2! ) sin 2! ft 4
2 % " ( % " ( 5
An observer with V<0 and position X<0 hears a * $x '-
yleft = Asin , 2! & + ft ) /
frequency: + % " (.
0 $ x' $ x' 3
a) > 1000 Hz = A 1sin & 2! ) cos 2! ft + cos & 2! ) sin 2! ft 4
b) < 1000 Hz 2 % "( % "( 5
c) Can not be determined $ x'
yright + yleft = 2Asin & 2! ) cos 2! ft
% "(
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 Standing Waves Resonances
# x& Integral number of half
yright + yleft = 2Asin % 2! ( cos 2! ft
$ "' wavelengths in length L
!
•Factorizes into x-piece and t-piece n =L
•Always ZERO at x=0 or x=m$/2 2

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Resonance in String Demo Nodes and anti-nodes

•A node is a minimum in the pattern

•An antinode is a maximum

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Fundamental, 2nd, 3rd... Harmonics Example 14.9

! 2nd harmonic A cello string vibrates in its fundamental mode with a

n =L frequency of 220 vibrations/s. The vibrating segment is
2
70.0 cm long and has a mass of 1.20 g.

3rd harmonic a) Find the tension in the string

a) 163 N

b) Determine the frequency of the string when it

vibrates in three segments.
b) 660 Hz
Fundamental (n=1)

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 Loose Ends Example 14.10

!
L= An organ pipe of length 1.5 m is open at one end and
! 4 closed at the other. What are the lowest two harmonic
L = ( 2n + 1)
4 frequencies?
!
L=3 DATA: Speed of sound = 343 m/s
4
57.2 Hz, 171.5 Hz
!
L=5
4

(Organ pipes open at one end)

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Beats Beat Frequency Derivation

Interference from two waves with slightly different
After time Tbeat, two sounds will differ by one
frequency
complete cycle.
n1 ! n 2 = 1
f1Tbeat ! f2Tbeat = 1
1
Tbeat =
f1 ! f2
1
fbeat =
Tbeat
fbeat = f1 ! f2

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Beats Demo Standing Waves in Air Columns

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 Tube Closed at One End Tube Open at Both Ends

! !
!n = (2n + 1) !n = n
4 2

Same expression for closed at both ends

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Resonance Demos Example 14.11

An organ pipe (open at one end and closed at the other)

is designed to have a fundamental frequency of 440 Hz.
1. Pipe
Assuming the speed of sound is 343 m/s,
2. Bridge

a) What is the length of the pipe?

a) 19.5 cm

b) What is the frequency of the next harmonic?

b) 1320 Hz

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Interference of Sound Waves Example 14.12

Te A pair of speakers separated by 1.75 m are driven
Assume sources “a” and “b” are “coherent”. If by the same oscillator at a frequency of 686 Hz. An
observer is located ra and rb from the two sources, observer starts at one of the speakers and walks on a
Source a path that is perpendicular to the separation of the two
Source b
speakers. (Assume vsound = 343 m/s)

ra ! rb = n" for maximum

rb a) What is the position of the last intensity maximum?
ra ! rb = (n + 1 2)" for minimum
ra a) 2.81 m
b) What is the position of the last intensity minimum?
b) 6.00 m
c) What is the position of the first intensity xt
c) 27 cm
Observer
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