Dr.

Qadri Hamarsheh

Outline
 Properties of Fourier Transform.
 Fourier transform properties (Table 1).
 Basic Fourier transform pairs (Table 2).

Properties of Fourier Transform

The Fourier Transform possesses the following properties:
1) Linearity.
2) Time shifting.
3) Conjugation and Conjugation symmetry.
4) Differentiation.
5) Integration.
6) Time scaling and time reversal.
7) Frequency shifting.
8) Duality.
9) Time Convolution.
10) Parseval’s Theorem.
11) Modulation.

Linearity
If
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎) 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚(𝒕) ↔ 𝒀(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒂 𝒙(𝒕) + 𝒃𝒚(𝒕) ↔ 𝒁(𝝎) = 𝒂 𝑿(𝝎) + 𝒃 𝒀(𝝎)
 Meaning: The FT of linear combination of the signals is equal to linear
combination of their Fourier transforms.

Time shifting
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 ) ↔ 𝒀(𝝎) = 𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒕𝟎 . 𝑿(𝝎)
 Meaning: A shift of ‘𝒕𝟎 ’ in time domain is equivalent to introducing a
phase shift of – 𝝎𝒕𝟎 . But amplitude remains same.

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Conjugation and Conjugation Symmetry
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝒋𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝒙∗ (𝒕) ↔ 𝑿∗ (−𝒋𝝎)
Remark:
If
𝒙(𝒕) is real : 𝒙∗ (𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕)
Then
𝑿∗ (− 𝝎) = 𝑿(𝝎)
Also
𝑿(−𝝎) = 𝑿∗ ( 𝝎)
Differentiation
A. Differentiation in time:
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝒙(𝒕) 𝑭𝑻
𝒅 ↔ 𝒋𝝎 𝑿(𝝎)
𝒅𝒕
 Meaning: Differentiation in time domain corresponds to multiplying by
𝒋𝝎 in frequency domain.
B. Frequency Differentiation:
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝒅 𝑭𝑻
−𝒋𝒕 𝒙(𝒕) ↔𝑿(𝝎)
𝒅𝝎
 Meaning: Differentiating the frequency spectrum is equivalent to
multiplying the time domain signal by complex number – 𝒋𝒕.
Time Integration
If
𝑭[𝒙(𝒕)] = 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝒕
𝟏
𝑭 [ ∫ 𝒙(𝝉). 𝒅𝝉] = 𝑿(𝝎) + 𝝅 𝑿(𝟎) 𝜹(𝝎)
𝒋𝝎
−∞
Where 𝑿(𝟎) - is the intial condition.
If 𝑿(𝟎) = 𝟎 then
𝒕
𝑭𝑻 𝟏
∫ 𝒙(𝝉). 𝒅𝝉 ⇔ 𝑿(𝝎)
𝒋𝝎
−∞
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Time scaling and time reversal
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝟏 𝝎𝑭𝑻
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒂𝒕) ↔ 𝒀(𝝎) =𝑿( )
|𝒂| 𝒂
 Meaning: Compression of a signal in time domain is equivalent to
expansion in frequency domain and vice versa.
For time reversal:
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(−𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(−𝝎) ; 𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒂 = −𝟏

Frequency shifting
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝒆𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕 . 𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎 − 𝝎𝟎 )
 Meaning: Shifting the frequency by 𝝎𝟎 in frequency domain is
equivalent to multiplying the time domain signal by 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕

Duality
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝑿(𝒕) ↔ 𝟐𝝅𝒙(−𝝎)

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Time Convolution
If
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎) and 𝒉(𝒕) ↔ 𝑯(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻
𝒚(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕) ∗ 𝒉(𝒕) ↔ 𝒀(𝝎) = 𝑿(𝝎). 𝑯(𝝎)
 Meaning: A convolution operation is transformed to modulation
(multiplication) in frequency domain.

Parseval's Theorem
If
𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎)
Then
∞ ∞ ∞
𝟏
𝑬 = ∫ |𝒙(𝒕)|𝟐 𝒅𝒕 = . ∫ |𝑿(𝝎)|𝟐 𝒅𝝎 = ∫ |𝑿(𝒇)|𝟐 𝒅𝒇
𝟐𝝅
−∞ −∞ −∞
Where 𝑬 is the energy of the signal.
 Meaning: Energy of the signal can be obtained by interchanging its
energy spectrum.

Modulation
If
𝑭𝑻 𝑭𝑻
𝒙(𝒕) ↔ 𝑿(𝝎) and 𝒚(𝒕) ↔ 𝒀(𝝎)
Then
𝑭𝑻 𝟏
. [𝑿(𝝎) ∗ 𝒀(𝝎)
𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕). 𝒚(𝒕) ↔ 𝒁(𝝎) =
𝟐𝝅
 Meaning: Modulation in time domain corresponds to convolution of
spectrums in frequency domain.

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Dr. Qadri Hamarsheh

Table 1: Fourier transform properties

Property Time domain 𝒙 (𝒕) Fourier transform 𝑿(𝒋𝝎)

1) Linearity 𝒙(𝒕) = 𝑨 𝒙𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝑩𝒙𝟐 (𝒕) 𝑿(𝒋𝝎) = 𝑨 𝑿𝟏 (𝒋𝝎) + 𝑩 𝑿𝟐 (𝒋𝝎)

2) Time shifting 𝒙(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒕𝟎 𝑿(𝒋𝝎)

3) Conjugation 𝒙∗ (𝒕) 𝑿∗ (−𝒋𝝎)

Differentiation 𝒅𝒏 𝒙(𝒕)
4) (𝒋𝝎)𝒏 . 𝑿(𝒋𝝎)
in time 𝒅𝒕𝒏
Differentiation 𝒅 𝑿(𝒋𝝎)
5) −𝒋𝒕 𝒙(𝒕)
in frequency 𝒅𝝎
𝒕
Time 𝟏
6) ∫ 𝒙(𝝉)𝒅𝝉 𝑿 (𝒋𝝎) + 𝝅. 𝑿(𝟎). 𝜹(𝝎)
Integration −∞ 𝒋𝝎
𝟏 𝝎
7) Time scaling 𝒙(𝒂𝒕) 𝑿 (𝒋 )
|𝒂| 𝒂

8) Time reversal 𝒙(−𝒕) 𝑿(−𝒋𝝎)

Frequency
9) 𝒙(𝒕). 𝒆𝒋𝝎𝟎 𝒕 𝑿(𝒋(𝝎 − 𝝎𝟎 ))
shifting

10) Duality
) 𝑿(𝒕) 2𝝅𝒙(−𝒋𝝎)

Time
11) 𝒙(𝒕) ∗ 𝒉(𝒕) 𝑿(𝒋𝝎). 𝑯(𝒋𝝎)
convolution
∞
Parseval's 𝟏 ∞
12) 𝑬=∫ |𝒙(𝒕)|𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝑬= ∫ |𝑿(𝒋𝝎)|𝟐 𝒅𝒕
Theorem −∞ 𝟐𝝅 −∞
𝟏
13) Modulation 𝒛(𝒕) = 𝒙(𝒕). 𝒚(𝒕) 𝒁(𝝎) = . 𝑿(𝒋𝝎) ∗ 𝒀(𝒋𝝎)
𝟐𝝅

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Table2: Basic Fourier transform pairs

Signal Fourier transform

1) 𝜹(𝒕) 1

𝟏
2) 𝒖(𝒕) + 𝝅𝜹(𝝎)
𝒋𝝎

3) 𝜹(𝒕 − 𝒕𝟎 ) 𝒆−𝒋𝝎𝒕𝟎

𝟏
4) 𝒕. 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 . 𝒖(𝒕)
(𝒂 + 𝒋𝝎)𝟐
𝟏
5) 𝒖(−𝒕) 𝝅𝜹(𝝎) −
𝒋𝝎
𝟏
6) 𝒆𝒂𝒕 . 𝒖(−𝒕)
𝒂 − 𝒋𝝎
𝟐𝒂
7) 𝒆−𝒂|𝒕|
𝒂𝟐 + 𝝎𝟐

8) 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝟎 𝒕) 𝝅[𝜹(𝝎 − 𝝎𝟎 ) + 𝜹(𝝎 + 𝝎𝟎 )]

9) 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝝎𝟎 𝒕) −𝒋𝝅[𝜹(𝝎 − 𝝎𝟎 ) − 𝜹(𝝎 + 𝝎𝟎 )]

𝟏
10) 𝒆−𝒂|𝝎|
𝒂𝟐 + 𝒕𝟐
𝟐
11) 𝑺𝒈𝒏(𝒕)
𝒋𝝎

12) 𝟏; 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒕 𝟐𝝅𝜹(𝝎)