FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

ENGINEERING

EEE 4425
EMBEDDED CONTROL SYSTEM

SEMESTER 1, 2023/2024

ASSIGNMENT REPORT:
PERSONAL SMART GREENHOUSE

AHMAD AFIF BIN HILMI 207507

HAFIZ BIN MOHD HANAFI 207867

AHMAD ZAFRAN BIN ZULMAJDI 208243

LECTURER’S NAME :A.P. IR. DR. RAJA MOHD KAMIL RAJA AHMAD
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 3
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Literature Review 4
1.4 Target Group 5
2.0 Project Mechanics 6
2.1 Research/ Pre-analysis stage 6
2.2 Coding and Programming stage 6
2.3 Prototype Building Stage 6
2.4 Testing Stage and Data Analysis stage 6
2.5 Documentation stage 7
3.0 Project Management 8
3.1 Gantt Chart 8
3.2 Work Division 9
3.3 Snapshot Project Planning and PM software 10
3.4 Project Cycle 11
4.0 Methodology 12
4.1 SWOT Analysis 12
4.2 NABC Analysis 14
4.3 Business Model Canvas 15
4.4 Software 16
4.5 Hardware Components 20
5.0 Technical Design 24
5.1 Block diagram 24
5.2 Flowchart 25
5.3 Coding 26
5.4 Prototype 30
5.5 Marketing Survey 31
6.0 Financial Aspect 37
6.1 Financial/ Budget 37
6.2 Retail Price and Projected Profit of Personal Greenhouse 38
7.0 Conclusion 39
8.0 References 40
 1.0 Introduction

This project addresses the increasing demand for convenient indoor plant care solutions in
today's urbanized lifestyle. With limited outdoor gardening options, the project introduces a
smart indoor greenhouse that combines automation and aesthetics to cater to the growing
interest in indoor gardening.

The system, powered by an Arduino UNO microcontroller, offers real-time monitoring and
control of internal environmental conditions. Internet connectivity enables remote
management through a dedicated application on Android or iOS devices. Incorporating
machine learning, the system autonomously refines settings for optimal crop growth and soil
conditions, enhancing agricultural efficiency. The project focuses on three main objectives:
energy conservation through controlled irrigation and regulated heating/cooling,
comprehensive monitoring of internal and external environmental factors, and remote control
capabilities via IoT on mobile devices. By achieving these goals, the personal smart
greenhouse aims to provide a user-friendly and efficient solution for indoor gardening
enthusiasts.

1.1 Problem Statement

In regular greenhouse setups, the lack of effective systems to manage resources leads to a
lot of water, energy, and nutrients being wasted. This results in higher costs and practices that
aren't sustainable for the environment. Without smart electronic systems, it is hard to make the
most of resources, making it tough to keep track of how much is being used. This can harm the
environment and cause financial issues.

Greenhouse setups currently can not monitor important things like temperature, humidity,
soil moisture, and light levels very well because they don't have the right IoT sensors. Not being
able to monitor everything properly means it is tough to make sure plants grow well, leading to
lower crop yields. Not having real-time monitoring and control makes it hard to keep the right
conditions for plant growth and react quickly to any problems in the greenhouse.

Not having good tools for data analytics and visualization makes it hard for users to make
smart decisions about managing crops and resources in the greenhouse. Without a good system
to analyze data, it is tough to understand what is happening and make the most out of crop
production and resources. This can lead to problems with using resources well and lower
productivity in agriculture.
 1.2 Objectives

i. To develop and deploy smart electronic systems that efficiently manage resources, including
water, energy, and nutrients, within the greenhouse environment to reduce waste, lower
operational costs, and promote sustainable agriculture.
ii. To integrate IoT sensors to monitor crucial environmental parameters such as temperature,
humidity, soil moisture, and light levels within the greenhouse
iii. To implement data analytics and visualisation for users to make decisions about crop
management, resource allocation, and overall greenhouse performance.

1.3 Literature Review

The concept of smart greenhouses has gained considerable traction in recent years, driven
by the need for sustainable and efficient plant cultivation practices. A foundational aspect of
smart greenhouse technology is environmental monitoring and control. Numerous studies have
explored the integration of sensors and automation systems to optimize greenhouse conditions.
For instance, Smith et al. (2018) conducted a comprehensive investigation into the use of
environmental sensors for real-time data collection in greenhouses, which revealed their potential
in achieving precision agriculture. Similarly, Wang and Li (2019) emphasized the role of
automation and artificial intelligence (AI) in greenhouse management, showcasing the ability to
adjust factors like temperature, humidity, and lighting to meet the specific needs of plant species.
These studies underscore the relevance of sensor-based monitoring and automation in enhancing
plant growth and resource efficiency, aligning with the objectives of "Personal Smart
Greenhouse" project. However, while existing literature offers valuable insights, there is a need
to explore the customization and integration of these technologies to cater to the demands of the
affluent plant enthusiasts who value both technology and plant care aesthetics. The aims of this
project to address this aspect, bridging the gap between advanced technology and luxury plant
cultivation.
 1.4 Target Group

Our project targets a diverse customer base, including home gardeners seeking user-friendly
indoor gardening solutions, small-scale urban farmers in need of efficient cultivation methods,
and restaurants/cafes interested in sourcing fresh, locally grown produce. The personal smart
greenhouse offers a compact and technologically advanced solution for busy individuals,
optimizing crop yields in urban environments and providing businesses with a sustainable
approach to ingredient sourcing. The automation and remote monitoring features make it a
versatile and valuable solution for a range of customers with different needs in the realm of
indoor gardening.
2.0 Project Mechanics
2.1 Research/ Pre-analysis stage

1. Monitoring of Soil Condition

Soil moisture is an essential element in all types of farms (traditional or greenhouse).
This is so because all plants and crops are reliant on the soil's root moisture content.
Farmers may use soil moisture information to better understand the situation and guide
their decision-making. The soil's water content is assessed by its moisture content [1].
Research revealed that excessive irrigation damages nearly 80% of the crop, making the
roots more susceptible to fungal infections and rotting [1]. Additionally, low water levels
can cause plants to die off from a lack of nutrients and oxygen. Therefore, keeping an eye
on the soil's moisture content is essential. The people of Malaysia often require the spice
chilli. Due to its unstable price, chilli is also a strategic commodity and one of the key
factors influencing the dynamics of national inflation. Loose soil that is high in humus is
ideal for growing chilli [2]. According to Suhendri et al., The range of soil moisture
required by chilli plants is 60-80% [2].

2. Monitroting of Climate Change

Monitoring the climate or farm environment is one of the most important aspects of smart
greenhouse farming. Farmers can take proactive measures to mitigate unfavourable
conditions and safeguard their plants from diseases by utilising real-time monitoring. A
climate monitoring system for chili plants can be done by integrating sensors to gather
the data of humidity, temperature, and light intensity[3]. The range of temperatures
between 18 and 26°C (65 and 80°F) is optimal for fruit production and growth. For chili,
21–26°C (70–80°F) is the ideal daytime temperature. The optimal temperature range for
nighttime is 18–21°C (65–70°F). Naturally, these ranges could change based on the types
of chili cultivation[4]. Next, the optimal relative humidity level for chili is generally
65-85% RH [5]. For light intensity, chilli plants grown indoors do best with at least 12
hours of light per day—ideally, 8 to 12 hours of darkness and 12 to 16 hours of
photoperiod. Peppers require a lot of light to grow well indoors because they prefer full
sun outdoors. More blossoms and fruits will result from stronger vegetative growth, and
the amount of light pepper plant receives each day—known as photoperiod—will
determine how quickly it grows.
2.2 Coding and Programming stage

Programming is divided into two parts. The first part is a sensor calibration, while the
second one is a Wi-Fi Module connection. Arduino UNO will be implemented for this
project, and the ESP Node Module and Blynkk language is used for IoT prescription.

Sensor calibration in Arduino Uno involves adjusting sensor readings to ensure

accuracy and reliability. In a smart greenhouse system, precise sensor data is critical for
effective environmental control. Calibration is typically performed by comparing sensor
outputs to known reference values and adjusting the sensor readings through software
algorithms. For example, a temperature sensor might be calibrated by comparing its readings
to a calibrated thermometer. The Arduino Uno, a popular microcontroller platform, provides
a versatile environment for sensor calibration through its programming capabilities. By
utilizing analog and digital input pins, calibration algorithms can be implemented in the
Arduino code to correct sensor readings and enhance overall system accuracy.

The use of the ESP8266 NodeMCU in conjunction with Arduino Uno expands the
capabilities of a smart greenhouse system by integrating IoT (Internet of Things)
functionality. The ESP8266 NodeMCU, equipped with Wi-Fi capabilities, allows remote
monitoring and control of the greenhouse environment. Sensor data calibrated by the Arduino
Uno can be transmitted to cloud platforms or servers using the ESP8266, enabling real-time
data analysis and decision-making. Additionally, the NodeMCU can receive commands
 wirelessly, facilitating remote adjustments to actuators such as fans, humidifiers, LEDs, and
water pumps. This integration of the ESP8266 NodeMCU enhances the smart greenhouse
system's connectivity and accessibility, making it a powerful IoT solution for efficient and
sustainable plant cultivation.

2.3 Prototype Building Stage

The prototype building stage of a smart greenhouse is a pivotal phase where

conceptual designs are transformed into a tangible model for testing and validation. This
process involves integrating key technologies, including sensors, actuators, and
microcontroller platforms such as Arduino Uno, to create a functional prototype. Strategic
placement of sensors and precise wiring is essential to ensure accurate data collection and
control. The microcontroller is programmed with algorithms for reading sensor data and
orchestrating responsive actions. Iterative testing identifies potential issues, leading to
refinements and improvements in the design. Power supply systems are established, and for
IoT integration, components like the ESP8266 NodeMCU may be incorporated. The prototype
serves as a foundation for evaluating system functionality and responsiveness, providing
valuable insights for further development (Li et al., 2018). Through documentation and
analysis of data logs, this stage informs the optimization of the smart greenhouse system for
eventual full-scale implementation.

2.4 Testing Stage and Data Analysis stage

In the testing stage of a smart greenhouse, the developed prototype undergoes

comprehensive evaluation to assess its functionality, responsiveness, and reliability in
real-world conditions. This involves validating sensor accuracy, actuator performance, and
the overall system's ability to maintain optimal environmental parameters. Tests are
conducted under various scenarios to mimic different cultivation conditions, and any
identified issues or inefficiencies are addressed through iterative refinements to enhance the
system's robustness. Subsequently, during the data analysis stage, the recorded sensor data
and system responses are thoroughly examined. This stage includes assessing trends,
identifying patterns, and evaluating the efficiency of the control algorithms. By analyzing the
data collected during the testing phase, valuable insights are gained into the system's
performance, enabling informed adjustments and optimizations. This iterative process of
testing and data analysis is crucial for fine-tuning the smart greenhouse system, ensuring its
effectiveness, and providing a foundation for further enhancements and scalability in
agricultural applications.

2.5 Documentation stage

After doing all the analysis of the collected data, the analysis is documented in the
final report along with the pictures and supporting details of the project. We will present
about the progress of the project and the overall implementation of the project. The final
report and the will be submitted through Putrablast for further evaluation.
 3.0 Project Management
3.1 Gantt Chart

A Gantt chart is a visual representation of a project schedule that is often used nowadays. It is
a form of bar chart that displays the beginning and ending dates of the many aspects of a
project, such as the resources, the planning, and the dependencies.

Table 3.1.1: Gantt Chart

The Gantt Chart in table 3.1.1 shows the complete operation schedule for this project session
within this semester. During Week 7 and 8, the lecturer asked to team up for the assignment task,
to easily delicate the work and perform cooperation during the progress. The team takes three
members per group. The progress started with the declaration of title, where the team gathered
information and briefly decided the appropriate topic based on the theme given, which is
‘Embedded System Technology for Food Security’. The title is chosen regarding the
implementation of a control system for real-time data for managing and preserving food security.
The idea was to enhance the product’s qualtiy rate by using an embedded system to perform
major testing, overview monitoring, and standard assessment inspection.

During the mid-sem break, the progress continued with the development of Business
Model Canvas, which is a strategic management tool that provides a visual framework for
developing, describing, and analyzing a business model. Moreover, the introduction and
discussion of the system design also included to make sure the task is fully described and
understandable of its operation. For the group's task and work assesment, Ghantt Chart is
provided to ensure every member is always aware of each personal duty. Last but not least,
SWOT Analysis was also discussed during the mid-sem break as a strategic planning tool used to
assess the internal strengths and weaknesses of a business, as well as the external opportunities
and threats it faces. The term "SWOT" stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and
Threats. All this task is prepared within the mid-sem break, and due to Week 10 before finalizing
into the assignment report.

In Week 11 and Week 12, the plan was to complete the question and issues part, regarding
the environment and sustainable addressing of the system created. These questions are the key to
related the connection between the control system and agricultural crops, especially to overcome
the current problems that occured through analysis and inspection. Eventually, in Week 12, the
team should have concluded all the contents and finalized the report for the final submission in
Week 13.
3.2 Work Division

The work division as follows:

Table 3.2.1: Work division

Ahmad Afif Bin Hilmi ● Bought all the necessary equipments

for the project and help with fine tuned
the sensor.
Ahmad Zafran Bin Zulmajdi ● Constructed the Personal Greenhouse coding
for humidity, light, main switch and LCD
display.
Hafiz Bin Mohd Hanafi ● Build the hardware products and help with
coding analysis IoT.

Figure 3.2 below show the structure organization for this project, which the job position is
suit with their job scope.

Figure 3.2: Organization Structure

3.3 Project Cycle
The project cycle for this project can be represented as Figure 3.4 below.

Figure 3.3: Project Cycle

 4.0 Methodology
4.1 SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses,
Opportunities, and Threats of a particular project, business, or concept. When applied to an
integrated system for agriculture purposes, such as a Smart Greenhouse, it offers valuable
insights into the internal and external factors that can impact its success.

Figure 3: SWOT Analysis for integrated system of agriculture

 Starting with the strengths, a Smart Greenhouse leverages cutting-edge technologies to
create an optimized environment for plant growth. Automated climate control, precise irrigation
systems, and real-time monitoring contribute to increased productivity and resource efficiency.
The integration of sensors and smart devices facilitates data-driven decision-making, providing
farmers with valuable insights for crop management. Additionally, the technology promotes
sustainability by minimizing resource wastage and reducing the environmental footprint of
traditional farming practices.

However, weaknesses must also be considered. The initial investment in setting up a

Smart Greenhouse can be high, potentially limiting its accessibility to smaller or
resource-constrained farmers. Technical complexities and the need for skilled personnel may
pose challenges for those unfamiliar with advanced agricultural technologies. Additionally, the
dependency on technology introduces vulnerabilities, such as system malfunctions or
cybersecurity threats, which can disrupt operations and impact crop yields.

Opportunities abound for integrated agricultural systems. Advances in technology

continue to drive innovation, offering the potential for continuous improvement in Smart
Greenhouse capabilities. Government incentives and increased consumer demand for sustainable
farming practices create a favorable market environment. Collaborations between technology
developers and agricultural experts present opportunities to refine and tailor integrated systems
to diverse farming needs, promoting widespread adoption.

On the flip side, there are external threats that need consideration. Economic fluctuations,
changing regulatory landscapes, and natural disasters can impact the viability of Smart
Greenhouse operations. Market competition and the rapid evolution of technology may result in
the need for consistent updates and upgrades to stay competitive, adding financial strain to
adopters.

In conclusion, a SWOT analysis of an integrated system for agriculture, such as a Smart

Greenhouse, helps stakeholders understand its internal dynamics and external challenges. By
leveraging strengths and opportunities while addressing weaknesses and mitigating threats,
the agriculture industry can harness the full potential of smart technologies to enhance
productivity, sustainability, and overall efficiency.
4.2 NABC Analysis

Table 4.2.1 : NABC analysis for Smart Indoor Greenhouse

Need Approach

● The need arises from the growing ● A personal smart greenhouse

interest in indoor gardening due to equipped with a microcontroller,
urbanization, limited outdoor sensors, and machine learning
gardening space, and a desire for capabilities.
convenient plant care solutions. ● Integration of automation, real-time
monitoring, and remote control
● The project offers a user-friendly,
features using an Arduino UNO
technologically advanced solution
microcontroller, providing an
for indoor gardening, meeting the
advanced and efficient indoor
needs of home gardeners, urban
gardening solution.
farmers, and businesses in the
hospitality sector.

Benefits Competition

● The project caters to busy individuals ● Competitors that selling similar

by offering a smart, automated products
solution for indoor plant care.

● Enhanced agricultural efficiency

through machine learning,
optimizing environmental settings
for diverse crops and soils.

● Energy conservation through

controlled irrigation, regulated
heating/cooling, and the use of
locally sourced, fresh produce.
 4.3 Business Model Canvas

Figure 4.3: Business Model Canvas for smart indoor greenhouse project

Relationship between design, model, algorithm based on to sustainable

development

The relationship between design, model, and algorithm in the context of sustainable development for
smart greenhouse implementation is integral to creating an efficient and environmentally conscious
agricultural system. The design phase involves conceptualizing a greenhouse layout that optimizes
resource use and incorporates eco-friendly technologies. The selected design is then translated into a
physical model, considering factors such as material sustainability, energy efficiency, and waste reduction.
Algorithms play a crucial role in the operational efficiency of the smart greenhouse, controlling
environmental parameters based on sensor inputs to ensure optimal conditions for plant growth.
Sustainable development principles guide the entire process, from design conception to algorithm
implementation, emphasizing resource conservation, minimal environmental impact, and long-term
viability. This integrated approach ensures that smart greenhouses not only enhance agricultural
productivity but also align with sustainability goals, contributing to a more eco-friendly and resilient food
production system.
 Figure 5: Eco-friendly and resilient food production

Improvement on current design in market

Improving the current design of smart greenhouses in the market involves considering advancements in
technology, sustainability, and user experience. Here are several key areas for enhancement:

1. Enhanced Energy Efficiency

Integrate energy-efficient solutions such as solar panels, energy storage systems, and low-power
electronics. This helps reduce the overall energy consumption of the smart greenhouse, making it
more sustainable and cost-effective.

Figure 6: Solar installation onsmart greenhouse

2. Water Recycling Systems

Introduce water recycling and rainwater harvesting systems to minimize water consumption.
Smart greenhouses can benefit from efficient water management, contributing to both
sustainability and cost-effectiveness.

3. Incorporation of Robotics
 Explore the integration of robotic systems for tasks such as automated harvesting and plant
maintenance. Robotics can further automate processes, reduce labor requirements, and enhance
overall efficiency.

Figure 7: Robotic corporation to crop harvesting system

Relationship between real time embedded system and application

The relationship between real-time embedded systems and the application of smart greenhouses is
fundamental to the seamless and efficient functioning of these advanced agricultural environments.
Real-time embedded systems, consisting of microcontrollers or microprocessors, are at the core of smart
greenhouse technology. These systems continuously monitor and process data from various sensors in
real-time, ensuring immediate and precise control over environmental parameters such as temperature,
humidity, light, and soil moisture. The responsiveness of embedded systems allows for instantaneous
adjustments to actuators like fans, humidifiers, LEDs, and water pumps, maintaining optimal conditions
for plant growth. This relationship is symbiotic, as the embedded systems enable the smart greenhouse
application to operate with precision, adaptability, and efficiency. The real-time nature of these systems is
crucial for timely decision-making, minimizing delays in the implementation of control strategies and
ultimately maximizing the productivity and sustainability of the smart greenhouse.

Relationship of design to society and economy

The relationship between the design of smart greenhouses and society's well-being and economic
prosperity is intricate and impactful. The design of these advanced agricultural systems directly influences
society by contributing to sustainable food production practices, reducing environmental impact, and
promoting local economies. Smart greenhouses, designed with energy-efficient technologies, precision
farming techniques, and resource optimization, play a crucial role in addressing global food security
challenges. By providing a controlled environment for year-round cultivation and minimizing the use of
water, fertilizers, and pesticides, these designs contribute to more sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.
Additionally, the implementation of smart greenhouses stimulates economic growth by creating
employment opportunities in technology development, greenhouse management, and related sectors.
Moreover, local economies benefit from increased agricultural productivity and reduced dependency on
imports, fostering self-sufficiency. Overall, the design of smart greenhouses aligns with societal and
economic goals by promoting environmental stewardship, enhancing food security, and fostering
economic resilience within communities.

The questions and issues addressed

1. Need for Convenient Indoor Gardening:

Question: How can individuals cultivate plants indoors conveniently?

Solution: The project introduces a smart greenhouse to meet the needs of home gardeners facing
challenges like limited outdoor space and busy lifestyles.

2. Efficient Small-Scale Agriculture:

Question: How can urban farmers optimize crop cultivation in limited spaces?

Solution: The project provides an efficient solution for small-scale urban farming, allowing users
to maximize crop yields within confined environments.

3. Demand for Locally Sourced Produce:

Question: How can businesses in the hospitality sector source fresh, locally grown produce?

Solution: The smart greenhouse caters to restaurants and cafes by offering a sustainable and
local approach to ingredient sourcing.

4. Real-Time Monitoring and Control:

Issue: Existing indoor gardening solutions may lack real-time monitoring and control features.

Solution: The project addresses this issue by incorporating sensors, an Arduino UNO
microcontroller, and a dedicated application for remote monitoring and control.

5. Energy Conservation:

Issue: How can energy resources be conserved in an automated greenhouse?

Solution: The project includes features such as controlled irrigation and regulated
heating/cooling to save energy resources.
4.4 Software

There are two software we used which are TinkerCAD and Arduino IDE. Below shows the
testing for each component before we integrated into one system.

Main Switch
Below are some of the progress that have been achieved in the simulation by using an online
simulator called TinkerCAD. This is open-source software, which means that it is freely
available online and can be used by anybody as long as the link is shared.

Figure 8: Simulation done in TinkerCAD

Figure 8 displays the results of the simulation that was run in order to evaluate the
performance of the main switch. . It showcases the greenhouse structure with its white
decorative exterior and transparent features for optimal aesthetics. Sensor placements,
including those for soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and light intensity, would be
strategically depicted. The figure also feature a control panel with buttons, switches, and an
LCD display for user interaction and real-time monitoring. Components such as the Arduino
UNO microcontroller, panic button, ON/OFF switch, and smart system elements are
integrated, illustrating the cohesive design of the smart greenhouse. The functional features,
including the activation of the pump, humidifier kit, fan, and UV light based on sensor
readings, visually represented, providing a comprehensive view of the project's key
components and their interactions.

Figure 9: Show the coding regarding the sensor

In coding the Personal Smart Greenhouse components, the Arduino UNO

microcontroller serves as the central controller. The soil moisture sensor code reads
analog values, triggering the pump when moisture surpasses a set threshold. The
humidifier activates when humidity falls below the designated level, while the fan and
UV light respond to temperature and light intensity thresholds, respectively. The LCD
display code manages real-time data presentation, providing users with comprehensive
insights into the greenhouse environment. This coding approach ensures seamless and
efficient operation, optimizing conditions for sustainable plant cultivation
4.5 Hardware Components

Soil Moisture Sensor

The pump activates when the soil moisture reading exceeds 600, ensuring targeted irrigation
and efficient water use to maintain optimal soil conditions in the personal smart greenhouse.

Figure 4.5.1: Soil moisture testing

Humidity Level

When the humidity level drops below 80%, the humidifier kit is supposed to turn on. With
this feature, you can be sure that the system will work proactively to keep the ideal
conditions for plant growth. The personal smart greenhouse ensures that plants receive the
essential moisture to survive by turning on the humidifier when the humidity drops below the
set threshold. This helps to maintain the general health and wellbeing of the grown crops.

Figure 4.5.2: Humidity Level testing

Temperature Sensor

An essential part of the climate management system of the personal smart greenhouse is the
fan, which is programmed to turn on when the sensor registers a temperature higher than
26°C. The purpose of this technique is to effectively control the greenhouse's temperature,
avoiding overheating and fostering an atmosphere that is ideal for plant growth. The system
actively tries to maintain an ideal and stable climate, which helps the greenhouse cultivate a
variety of plants. It does this by activating the fan when the temperature rises beyond the
predefined threshold.

Figure 4.5.4: Fan/Temperature testing

Light Intensity

When the light level drops below 70 lux, the UV light system is supposed to turn on. This
feature is essential to the light management system of the personal smart greenhouse because
it makes sure that the UV light is turned on when natural light levels are not high enough to
support plant development. The system actively supplements the lighting conditions,
promoting optimal photosynthesis and general well-being of the cultivated plants in the
greenhouse. The UV light is triggered when the sensor's reading drops below the designated
threshold.
 Figure 4.5.7: Light intensity testing

LCD

Figure 4.5.7: LCD will display all the readings of each sensors

The purpose of the LCD display is to provide a thorough summary of all sensor readings in
the personal smart greenhouse. Real-time data on temperature, humidity, light intensity, and
soil moisture can be easily monitored by users. With the help of this integrated function,
users can easily track and evaluate the greenhouse environment, giving them the information
they need to choose the best care for their plants. The LCD screen acts as an intuitive user
interface, giving people a single location to obtain important data and making sure they can
easily monitor the conditions required for productive growth in the greenhouse.
 5.0 Technical Design
5.1 Block diagram

Figure 5.1.1: Block Diagram for Magic Cane

The complex integration of various components within an Arduino-based system

designed for monitoring and regulating environmental conditions in a personal smart greenhouse
is shown in the block diagram in Figure 2. The system has been carefully developed to establish
a sophisticated and adaptable setting that is ideal to encourage healthy plant development.
Several kinds of sensors comprise the main component of this system, including light intensity,
temperature, humidity, and soil moisture sensors. By collaborating, these sensors collect vital
information regarding the greenhouse environment. The light intensity sensor measures ambient
light, which is crucial to photosynthesis, while the soil moisture sensor monitors hydration levels
and the temperature and humidity sensors ensure an ideal atmospheric climate.

In addition to the sensor array, there are several actuators present, including a water
pump, a ventilation fan, and a round purple UV LED that is easily identifiable. The sensors' data
is dynamically incorporated into the operation of these actuators. For example, the cooling fan is
triggered in the event that the temperature surpasses a certain threshold, and the UV LED is
activated to augment natural light for plant growth during periods of low light. By adjusting the
sprinkler and water pump in response to readings from the soil moisture sensor, optimal
irrigation conditions are maintained. The complex interaction of sensors and actuators is
coordinated by the Arduino board, which functions as the primary processing unit. The Arduino
analyses sensor data and dynamically regulates the actuators in accordance with pre-programmed
logic. This generates a real-time feedback loop that facilitates the adjustment of the greenhouse
environment to suit the particular requirements of the plants.

The system incorporates an Ethernet module to enable interaction with other devices or
systems via a network, thereby facilitating external communication. The connectivity facilitates
the ability to remotely monitor, log data, and potentially integrate with more extensive smart
home or IoT ecosystems. Additionally, the system is equipped with mobile control
functionalities, enabling users to conveniently oversee the smart greenhouse through their mobile
devices. This functionality increases user autonomy by facilitating remote monitoring and
control in accordance with the requirements of a contemporary, mobile way of life.
 5.2 Flowchart

Figure 5.2.1: Flowchart for Magic Cane system

Within the smart indoor greenhouse, three essential sensors are employed to create an
environment conducive to the growth and well-being of indoor plants. The first of these sensors
is the soil moisture sensor, responsible for monitoring the moisture content in the soil where the
plants are rooted. When the sensor detects that the soil moisture falls below a predefined
threshold, it triggers the activation of a water pump. This action ensures that the plant's soil
receives the necessary hydration, effectively automating the watering process and maintaining
the plant's health. Another vital component of the system is the humidity and temperature sensor,
which continuously measures the environmental conditions inside the greenhouse. Specifically, it
monitors temperature and humidity levels. When the sensor registers a temperature lower than a
specified threshold, it initiates the operation of a fan and sprinkler. These fans and sprinklers play
a pivotal role in stabilizing the temperature within the greenhouse, providing cooling when
necessary and creating an ideal climate for the plants.
 Lastly, the system utilizes a photosensitive light intensity sensor to keep track of the
ambient light levels surrounding the greenhouse. If the sensor determines that the light intensity
is insufficient, it triggers the activation of UV lights. This step ensures that the plants receive
adequate illumination even in low-light conditions, supplementing natural light for
photosynthesis and promoting healthy plant growth. Together, these sensors form an intelligent
and responsive ecosystem within the smart indoor greenhouse, alleviating the need for constant
manual supervision and offering an automated solution for the optimal care of indoor plants.
5.3 Coding
Figure 5.4.1: The prototype of the walking stick
 5.4 Prototype

The prototype for Personal Smart Greenhouse was designed using TinkerCAD online
software. Figure 3 showing the structure of the Personal Smart Greenhouse which is a
modification on the conventional transparent box with a bottom cover.

Figure 5.4.1: The prototype of the walking stick

The chosen design for the Personal Smart Greenhouse project shown in figure 4
prioritizes user-friendliness and practicality. The greenhouse design incorporates features for
ease of use and enhanced functionality. A durable and weather-resistant exterior material is
selected to ensure longevity and protection against environmental factors. The greenhouse is
equipped with a smart irrigation system to efficiently manage water supply to the plants,
preventing over-watering or drought conditions. The ergonomic design of the greenhouse
includes a user-friendly control panel, allowing individuals to easily monitor and adjust
environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and light levels. This ensures optimal
growing conditions for the plants inside. Additionally, a smart sensor system is integrated to
provide real-time data on the greenhouse environment. This includes sensors for temperature,
soil moisture, and light intensity, enhancing the user's ability to make informed decisions
regarding plant care.
 Overall, the design of the Personal Smart Greenhouse focuses on user comfort, efficient
plant care, and practical functionality, offering an innovative and user-friendly solution for
individuals engaged in small-scale, smart gardening.

Figure 5: The arrangement of the circuit systems

The circuit system is designed for automated environmental control in a controlled

environment, such as a smart greenhouse. The system comprises four actuators—fan, humidifier,
LED, and water pump—that directly respond to signals from four sensors. These sensors include
a temperature sensor (DHT22), which monitors ambient temperature, a humidity sensor
(DHT11) for measuring air moisture levels, a light-emitting sensor to gauge ambient light
conditions, and a soil moisture sensor for assessing the moisture content in the soil. The
interconnected sensors continuously collect data from the environment, and the circuit system
reacts in real-time to maintain optimal conditions. For instance, the fan and humidifier adjust
based on temperature and humidity readings, the LED responds to light intensity, and the water
pump activates as needed to maintain soil moisture. This comprehensive and responsive system
ensures precise control over the environmental parameters crucial for plant growth, creating an
efficient and automated solution for optimal plant cultivation in controlled settings.
 5.5 Marketing Survey

A survey was conducted through the use of a questionnaire to gain insights into the
market's value and perception of the Personal Smart Greenhouse. The core objective of this
survey was to measure individuals' willingness to acquire and integrate this innovative
technology for tending to their valuable plants, particularly when they are frequently away or
occupied with work commitments. The examination of survey responses from 70 participants
aims to reveal the demand and enthusiasm in the market for the Personal Smart Greenhouse
project. The target demographic of this project consisted of citizens between the ages of 35-50
and above who lead busy lives with demanding work commitments. Pleased to report that, the
target was successfully achieved.

From the survey, participants represented a diverse group, with a near-equal split of
48.6% male and 51.4% female participants. It appears that more females have a preference for
gardening and planting compared to males. A wide spectrum of ethnic backgrounds was
captured, with the majority comprising Malay (74.3%), a notable Chinese representation (18.6%)
and others are Indian and French.

The survey encompassed various age groups, with 40% aged 50 and above and 27.1%
falling within the 18-25 age range as shown in Figure 1. Many individuals in the 30-50 age group
reside in apartments or urban environments. The survey included diverse housing types, such as
landed houses (35.7%), apartment (30%), condominium (22.9%), and residential area (11.4%).
These living spaces often have limited outdoor gardening areas, making it challenging to
maintain a traditional garden. Apartment may have limited balcony or window space for potted
plants, further restricting their gardening opportunities.The 21.4% of respondents were affiliated
with the education sector, the rest in manufacturing, retail, healthcare, finance, and services
providing a balanced perspective.
 Figure 1: The pie chart illustrates the distribution of survey participants' ages. It reveals a
varied demographic, with the majority falling within the 50 and above age group, accounting for
40% of respondents.

The age group of 30-50 and above typically comprises individuals with busy schedules
due to work and family commitments. As a result, a significant number of respondents from this
demographic dedicated an average of 1 hour per week to plant care, as shown in Figure 2. These
time constraints can make it difficult to dedicate time to plant care. Additionally, it's worth noting
that the majority of respondents, both occasional and frequent travellers, often spend time away
from their plants as shown in Figure 3. These challenges highlight the need for solutions that
provide effective plant care even in the absence of constant manual supervision. The survey
spanned a broad geographic scope, with 25% of respondents residing in Melaka and 20% in
Pahang and 13.2% from kelantan.

Figure 2: The chart presents respondents' distribution of weekly hours dedicated to plant
care. Notably, the most prevalent response indicates that a significant portion, 54.3% of
participants, allocate approximately 1 hour per week to caring for their plants.

Figure 3: The chart displays the frequency of respondents' travel or time spent away
from their plants. Majority of them either 'occasionally' or 'frequently' travel or spend time away
from their plants.

From the survey, it was observed that respondents not only cultivate common plants but
also unique and exotic species, including lavender, lilies, roses, and a variety of others, as
illustrated in the Figure 4. Nevertheless, orchids and bonsai garnered the highest number of
respondents, signifying their popularity in the community. Respondents were found to care for
their plants either within indoor luxury gardens or custom-designed plant rooms (34%) as shown
in Figure 5. The majority of participants acknowledged encountering challenges related to
temperature, humidity, and lighting while maintaining ideal conditions for their plants as shown
in Figure 6.

Figure 4: The pie chart depicts the diverse range of valuable plant species that respondents
currently care for. Orchids and bonsai enthusiasts are the predominant choices, with 17.1%% and
8.6% of participants, respectively.
 Figure 5: This chart illustrates the preferred environments for tending to valuable plants
among the respondents. “Backyard’' and “Custom-designed plant room or space” stand out as the
most favored settings, with 34.3% and 21.4% of participants.

Figure 6: The chart illustrates respondents' experiences with challenges related to

maintaining the ideal environment for their plants, including temperature, humidity, and lighting
conditions

Respondents conveyed an interest in specific features, including remote monitoring,

automated irrigation, climate control, security, data analytics, and more. Most participants
frequently or occasionally traveled away from their plants. They confirmed that the prospect of
remote greenhouse monitoring and control during their absence was appealing. An
overwhelming majority of respondents expressed a strong preference for a smart greenhouse
system that incorporates advanced technology for plant care. As shown in Figure 7, they
indicated a keen interest in a system that utilizes Arduino with IoT (Internet of Things)
capabilities. This clear preference highlights the desire for a technologically advanced and
interconnected solution to monitor and nurture their plants effectively.. The majority of survey
participants were already familiar with the idea of a personal smart greenhouse. Respondents
generally anticipated the cost of this technology to range between RM100-RM300, with some
individuals willing to invest RM1000 or more to use this technology.

Figure 7: The chart represents respondents' preferences for controlling and monitoring
their smart greenhouse system. The majority of participants (57.4%) expressed a strong
preference for 'Arduino-based automation with IoT (Internet of Things),' highlighting their desire
for a technologically advanced and interconnected system for efficient plant care.

To summarize, the results of this market survey provide critical insights into the potential
market value of the Personal Smart Greenhouse, shedding light on the demand and enthusiasm
among individuals who value their plants and seek innovative solutions to maintain them, even
during their outstation or busy work periods. The Personal Smart Greenhouse project is versatile
and well-suited to address these challenges, offering a technological solution that enables
individuals in both apartments and landed houses to efficiently care for their plants, including
high-value crops like chili and tomatoes. With remote monitoring and automation features,
individuals can maintain their crops even with limited time or garden space. This adaptability is
especially valuable for busy professionals and those in the 30-50 age and above group who may
not have the time to devote to traditional gardening. Given the overwhelming interest shown by
respondents, the project aims to focus on high-value crops like chilli, aligning its objectives with
the promotion of agriculture and food security.
 6.0 Financial Aspect
6.1 Financial/ Budget

Table 6.1.1: List of components and price

Actual Price
Equipment Price Qty (RM) Description
(RM)

Arduino UNO R3 Microcontroller 13.80 1 13.80 Main microcontroller

Arduino Ethernet W5100 Shield (SD 45.00 1 45.00 Internet of Things (IoT)
Card)

4-Channel 5V Relay Module for Arduino 10.70 1 10.70 Automatic switch for
actuator

DHT11 Temperature Humidity Sensor 5.00 1 5.00 Sensor for humidity

Module with Cable.ESP32

DHT22 Digital Temperature Sensor 6.80 1 6.80 Sensor for temperature

AM2302 Module

LDR Photoresistor Light Sensor 3.20 1 3.20 Sensor for light intensity
Module for Arduino

Adjustable Soil Moisture Sensor Soil 3.90 1 3.90 Sensor for soil moisture
Hygrometer Sensor

DC Brushless Axial Cooling Fan 8.00 1 8.00 Actuator for control

temperature

Battery Shield Power Bank Supply 13.30 1 13.30 Power source supply
Module for Arduino R3

Micro Submersible Water Pump DC 4.50 1 4.50 Actuator for control soil
3V-5V moisture

Round Purple UV LED 4.35 1 4.35 Actuator for control light

intensity

Rocker Switch On Off SPST Round 2.00 1 2.00 Main switch for supply

Jumper Wire Cable for Arduino 3.60 2 7.20 Connection between

(20 pieces) component

Humidifier Kit Plate Accessories 3.75 1 3.75 Sprinkler

Plant Box Design 15.00 - 15.00 Structure of plant box

Total 146.50
Table 6.1.1 show the total estimated budget for the Smart Greenhouse Project. This included list
of equipment, quantity needed, price and description for each equipment This project required
amounts to RM 146.50, reflecting a comprehensive allocation for the diverse range of
components necessary for the successful development of the personal smart greenhouse system.
The total budget for this project falls within the preferred range identified by customers in the
questionnaire, aligning with their expectations of a budget between RM100 and RM300. This
pricing strategy ensures affordability and accessibility, making the project viable for a wide
demographic, including the age group of 18-25.
6.2 Retail Price and Projected Profit of Magic Cane

Table 6.2 : Profit calculation and net margin

Feature Description

Average Maximum Budget RM 250.00

Temperature control, automated irrigation, compatibility with
Key Features smart devices

Interest in Smart Technology 70% of survey participants expressed interest

Profit and Net Margin Analysis Refer to Table 6.1.1 for budget breakdown

Retail Price Consideration RM 230.00 based on survey results

Projected Revenue Calculated as sales volume x retail price

Projected Profit Revenue - total estimated budget
Net Margin Profit as a percentage of revenue
Example Calculation (Assuming 100
units sold)
Retail Price RM 230.00

Projected Revenue 100 units * RM 230.00 = RM 23,000.00

Projected Profit RM 23,000.00 - RM 146.50 = RM 22,853.50
Net Margin (RM 22,853.50 / RM 23,000.00) * 100 = 99.80%
RM 230.00 aligns with expectations, profitable business
Conclusion model

The survey included 70 respondents interested in personal greenhouse solutions and provided
valuable insight into customer preferences and market expectations. Participants reported that
the average maximum budget range was mainly between RM100 and RM300, highlighting
an important understanding of the price range that potential customers consider for a
personal greenhouse. Key features such as temperature control, automatic irrigation, and
compatibility with smart devices are highlighted as the most important aspects, highlighting
the importance of integrating smart technologies to improve user experience and
environmental control within greenhouses. it was done. Notably, a clear majority of 70% of
survey respondents expressed strong interest in private greenhouses equipped with smart
technology, demonstrating the market's strong preference for technologically advanced
solutions that streamline greenhouse management. Shown. Regarding profit and net profit
analysis, the estimated total budget for the smart greenhouse project shown in Table 6.1.1 is
RM146.50. This comprehensive breakdown includes important features, quantities, prices,
and descriptions for the successful development of your personal smart greenhouse system.
Considering the survey results and the budget range of the majority, a competitive selling
price of RM230.00 for the personal greenhouse is proposed, which is in line with the budget
expectations of the majority of respondents. The projected profit, calculated as the difference
between the estimated total budget and the projected sales (estimated sales volume
multiplied by retail price), is RM22,853.50. The resulting net profit margin of 99.80% not
only represents a financially viable venture, but also a sound business model. This model
ensures the sustainability and profitability of projects in the competitive personal smart
greenhouse market, not only meeting customer preferences but also providing a solution that
balances affordability and necessary functionality.
7.0 Conclusion

In conclusion, the Personal Smart Greenhouse project addresses the contemporary need for
efficient indoor gardening solutions through innovative technology and user-friendly
features. The project's benefits, including enhanced agricultural efficiency and sustainability,
position it as a standout solution. Its versatility in catering to different customer segments,
coupled with competitive advantages in design and automation, makes the Personal Smart
Greenhouse a valuable and forward-thinking option in the evolving landscape of indoor
gardening.
 8.0 References

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