STUDY GUIDE for Module 6: Voltage Regulation and Introduction to Power Electronics

Transformer – steps down the AC Voltage to a desired output

Rectifier – provides pulsating DC Voltage. It can be in a full-wave or half-wave

Filter – provides a filtered output voltage. The resulting DC OUTPUT has a ripple or AC
Voltage variation

Regulator – can be used to have a regulator circuit to provide much less ripple output or pure DC
like in battery and remains the same DC value even if the input and load varies.

Transformer – Rectifier – Filter – Regulator – Load

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Power Supply

Transformer- a device that has two or more coil winding used to step-up or down AC Voltage, in
the United states they supply a nominal line voltage of 120 Vrms and a frequency of 60Hz, in the
Philippines its 220Vrms and 60Hz, power supply line voltages must be step down for safer and
lower levels that are more suitable for use.

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Parts of a Transformer

- Phasing dots shown at the upper ends of the windings means that the secondary windings
have the same instantaneous phase with the primary windings.
- Primary Winding is usually the input of the transformer where main power source
connected.
- Secondary Winding is usually the output side of the transformer where the load is
connected.

Turns Ratio:

V1 N2
V2 = Or V2 = V1 V1 = primary vo ltage
N1 N2 N1 V2 = secondary voltage
N 1 = # of turns of primary coil
P1 = P2 N 2 = # of turns of secondary coil
V1 I1 = V2 I 2 I1 = primary current
I1 I 2 = secondary current
= V2 = N2
I2 V1 N1
Rectification – is the process of converting an AC input into pulsating DC output.

- Half Wave Rectifier

Ideal half wave : Vp(out) = Vp(in)

Vp
half wave : Vdc =  0.318V p

Parameters to consider for Rectifier Diodes:

Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV)

- the peak value that the diode can withstand in repetitive reverse voltage.

Peak Reverse Voltage (PRV)

- the maximum value of reverse voltage that the diode can handle satisfactorily.

half wave : f out = f in

half wave(practical diode) : Vp(out) = Vp(in) - 0.7volts

where :
V p ( out) = peak output vol tage (across the load, if there is)
V p ( in) = peak input volt age (across the secondary transforme r)
f out = output signal frequency (or ripple frequency)
f in = input signal frequency (or ripple frequency

PIV = Vp (out)
- Centered Tapered Rectifier

Ideal full wave : Vp(out) = 0.5Vp(in)

2Vp(out)
full wave : Vdc =  0.636V p ( out)

full wave : f out = 2f in
-
-
full wave(practical diode) : Vp(out) = 0.5Vp(in) - 0.7volts

PIV = 2V p (out) = V p (in)  full - wave, center - tapped

 - Bridge Type Rectifier

Ideal full wave : Vp(out) = Vp(in)

2Vp(out)
full wave : Vdc =  0.636V p ( out)


full wave : f out = 2f in

full wave(practical diode) : Vp(out) = Vp(in) - 1.4volts

PIV = V p (out)  full - wave, bridge - type

Filter – eliminates the fluctuations in the output voltage of a half-wave or full-wave rectifier
and produces a constant level DV Voltage, it is necessary because circuits require a constant
source of DC Voltage and current to provide power and biasing for proper operation, they are
implemented with capacitors.

ripple voltage (rms) RV(rms)

r=  100% =  100%
dc voltage Vdc

FOR HALF - WAVE : Vdc  0.318Vp(out)

RVrms  0.385Vp(out)
r = 121%
FOR FULL - WAVE : Vdc  0.636Vp(out)
RVrms  0.308Vp(out)
r = 48%
Choke – Input Filter

Disadvantage:

1. costly, bulky and heavy weight.

2. Trend nowadays is toward low-voltage, high-current power supplies.

3. Line frequency is 60Hz, large inductances have to be used.

Advantage:

1. Specially used in computers, monitors and an increasing variety of equipment.

Capacitor-Input Filter

Capacitor-input filter is the most widely used in power supplies. It produces a dc output voltage
equal to peak value of the rectified voltage.

- half-wave rectifier with filter capacitor

For Full-wave rectifier with capacitor filter
Ripple Formula
I dc
Vr pp =
fC
where :
Vr pp = peak - to - peak ripple voltage
I dc = dc load current
f = ripple frequency
C = capacitanc e
Ripple Formula in rms

I dc I V
Vr rms = = 2.4 dc = 2.4 dc
4 3 fC C R LC
where : I dc = dc load current in milliamper es
C = capcitance in microfarad s
R L = Load resistance in kilohms

DC Voltage Vdc

I dc I dc
Vdc = Vp(out) - = Vp(ou) - 4.17
4fC C
Ripple for Filter Capacitor , r

Vrrms I dc 2.4
r= 100% = 2.4 100% = 100%
Vdc CVdc R LC
where : I dc = dc load current in milliamper es
C = capcitance in microfarad s
R L = Load resistance in kilohms

RC Filter section in DC Operation

RL
V 'dc = Vdc
R + RL

RC Filter section in AC Operation

XC 1.3
V 'r (rms)  Vr (rms)  Vr (rms)
R RC
V 'r (rms) where :
r= 100%
V 'dc C = capaci tan ce(microfarad)
R = resis tan ce(kilohms)
Regulators

- Line Regulation- constant output

- Load Regulation – nearly constant output

 V 
Line Regulation =  OUT 100%
 VIN 

Line Regulation =
( VOUT / VOUT )100%
VIN

 V −V 
Load Regulation =  NL FL 100%
 VFL 

Types of voltage regulation

-Linear

-Series

-Shunt

-Switching

-Step- down Switching Regulators

-Step-up Switching Regulators

-Voltage Inverter Switching Regulators

Series Regulators

Basic Series Regulator Circuit

 R 
VOUT = 1 + 2  VREF
 R3 

0.7 V
I L(max) =
R4
Integrated Circuit (IC) Voltage Regulators

-available as series regulators or as switching regulators. The popular three-terminal regulators

are often used on separate pc boards within a system because they are inexpensive and avoid
problems associated with large power distribution systems (such as noise pickup).

-to the 78XX series, however the piThe 79XX series is the negative output.

The output Voltage is calculated by:

 R 
VOUT = VREF 1 + 2  + I ADJ R2
 R1 

Power Electronics is the the application of solid state electronics to the control and conversion of
electric power.

Power Electronics Basics:

I. Types of interfaces:

• dc-dc: dc-dc converter

• ac-dc: rectifier

• dc-ac: inverter

• ac-ac: cycloconverter

(used less often)

II. Power electronic converters components:

• Semiconductor Switches

▪ Diodes

▪ MOSFETs

▪ IGBTs

▪ SCRs

• Energy Storage Elements

▪ Capacitors

▪ Inductors
 • Other Elements

▪ Transformer

▪ Control Circuit

▪ Classifications of Power Electronics:

▪ 1. DC-DC converters (DC Choppers)

▪ 2. AC-DC converters (Controlled Rectifiers)

▪ 3. DC-AC converters (Inverters)

▪ 4. AC-AC converters (AC Voltage Controllers)

DC-DC Converters (DC Choppers)

Methods for varying Average Output Voltage

A. Pulse – Width Modulation

B. Pulse – Frequency Modulation

AC – DC Converters (Controlled Rectifiers)

Two types of controlled Rectifiers

- Half Controlled Rectifiers

- Fully Controlled Rectifiers

For firing angle in the range 0° < α < 90°

1. Average output voltage is positive.

2. Converter operates in the rectifying mode.

3. Power to the load is positive

Power flow is from AC source to the DC load.

For firing angle in the range 90° < α < 180°

1. Average output voltage is negative

2. Converter operates in inversion mode

3. Power to the load is negative

4. Power flow is from DC load to AC source

Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier

In fully-controlled rectifier, only rectification can be obtained by connecting a freewheeling

diode across the output terminals of the rectifier.

Half-Controlled OR Semi-controlled Bridge Rectifiers

Another method of obtaining rectification in bridge rectifiers is replacing half of the SCRs with
diodes. These circuits are called semi-controlled bridge rectifiers.

Types of Inverters

- Voltage Source Inverter

- Current Source Inverter

References:

• Boylestad, Robert L. et. al. 2014. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory 11 th ed. United
States: Prentice Hall.

• Floyd, Thomas L. 2012. Electronic Devices 9th ed. United States: Prentice Hall.

• Anand, M. L. 2016. Electronic devices and circuits III (power electronics). New Delhi :
S. K. Kataria& Sons.

• Northrop, Robert B. 2014. Introduction to instrumentation and measurements. Boca

Raton : CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

• Gupta, J. B. 2015.Electronics measurements and instrumentation. New Delhi : S. K.

Kataria& Sons

• Goyal, Shweta 2015. Industrial electronics and control devices. New Delhi : S. K.
Kataria& Sons