Lab Work: What is Magnetic Conductor?

Working Principle and Application

of Magnetic Conductor.

A magnetic contactor is a device that is powered by magnetism. Used to open

and close the contacts in the motor control circuit, may also be called a magnetic
switch or a contactor.

A magnetic contactor is a device that is very often used in industry. Commercial,

large industries are very much dependent on this device. Through it, we can easily
control heavy loads such as high-capacity motors.

Basically, a magnetic contactor works on the same principle as a relay,

connecting and disconnecting electricity. The actuators are similar, this device
uses a coil, which when an electrified coil creates a magnetic field.

This magnetic field can control the contacts that exist in magnetic contactors.
What makes magnetic contactors different from relays is, magnetic contactors
have main contacts, namely contacts that may be made specifically to control a
motor phase.

Magnetic Contactor Working Principle

When an electric current flows to the magnetic field coil located in the center leg
of the coil core. This will create a magnetic field in which the magnetic field
forces overcome the spring force to cause the steel core to move down in this state
(ON).

Two sets of contactors will change the operating condition,

• The normally closed (NC) contactor will open the contact point circuit and
• The normally open contactor (NO) will open the contact circuit, connect
the circuit of the contact point when there is no current flowing to the coil,
all contactor magnetic fields.
The major structure of the magnetic contactor
The basic elements of magnetic contactors are as follows.

1. Iron Core

The iron core is divided into two parts:

2. Fixed Core

It becomes an electromagnet when the coil is energized.

3. Moving Core

When the coil gets energized, a magnetic contactor is closed, and it makes the
moving core slide into the fixed core.

4. Coil

The coil is powered to pull the main contacts close, auxiliary contacts use the
power of that coil to operate.

5. Contact

There are mainly two types available.

Main Contact
The main contact is also known as “the main Contact”, is used in the power
circuit to connect the electrical system to the load.

The main contacts are designed for hundreds or more ampacity and auxiliary
contacts are for tens or less.

Auxiliary Contact
Auxiliary Contact is used with the “auxiliary contact control circuit” as a
secondary switching. The contacts may be normally open (NO) or normally close
(NC). Normally open are open when the contactor is de-energized, whereas
normally closed are opposite.

The auxiliary contacts are allowed to pass small currents, used to show the status
of the main contacts. In other words, it provides an interface to the control system.

Types of Magnetic Contactors

Magnetic contactors are divided mainly into two categories.

✓ AC contactor.
✓ DC contactor.

AC contactor
Contactors that are used with AC power are divided into 4 types according to the
nature of the load and its use is as follows:

AC 1 magnetic contactor
This type of contactor is helpful in resistive loads such as heaters and electrical
furnace, and non-inductive or slightly inductive loads, which means the load’s
power factor lies between 0.95 and 1.

AC 2 magnetic contactor
For starting slip-ring motors. Suitable for use with retractable loads as a slip ring
motor. They mostly prefer high torque current applications.
AC3 magnetic contactor
Suitable for starting and stopping loads at the motor is up to the speed of a squirrel
cage motor. This type of contactor can withstand high current continuously.
Example – Elevators, lifts.

AC4 magnetic contactor

Suitable for frequent starting-stop motor circuit jogging and the reversal of the
squirrel-cage motor rotation. Also used in rapid start/stop. Example-Cranes.

DC contactor
The following are the types of DC contactors.

DC-1 magnetic contactor

Suitable for inductive and slightly non-inductive loads, resistance furnaces,
heaters.

DC-2 magnetic contactor

Shunt motors, starting, plugging, inching, dynamic breaking

DC-5 magnetic contactor

Series-motors, starting, plugging, inching, dynamic braking.

Advantages of Magnetic Contactors

Advantages of using relays and magnetic contactors when compared with other
switches.

1. Provides high safety for operators

2. Provide ease of control

3. Economical compared to manual controls

4. Controllable with an automatic device or a remote-control operation is

possible.
Applications of Magnetic Contactors
The following are some of the applications of magnetic contactors.

Magnetic Motor Starter

It is an electrically operated switch (contactor) that comprises motor overload
protection. Magnetic motor starters are similar to contactors, additionally, they
have an overload attached to them.

Overloads have heaters or electronic overloads, which sense excessive current

flow to the motor.

The magnetic motor starter is a magnetic contactor plus overload relay.

Lighting Control Contactor

It is being used for remote or local switching of relatively large mercury,
fluorescent, or tungsten, or even in LED lighting load centralized ON/OFF
control.
Lab Work: Describe The Timer Relay.

A time delay relay is a type of relay that has a built-in time delay function. This
means the relay will not immediately activate when it is energized but will wait
for a set amount of time before doing so. This can be useful for applications
requiring delays before the relay activates, such as industrial automation or
security systems.
There are many different types of time delay relays available, each with unique
features and capabilities. Some relays have adjustable time delays, while others
have preset time delays that cannot be changed. Additionally, some relays have
multiple time ranges that can be selected, while others are limited to a single
range.

Working Principle of Timer Relay

Timing relays are commonly used in a variety of industrial and commercial
applications. Some common applications include machines, buildings, water
segments, HVAC, and other applications.

Machine Control
They are often used in machine control applications to provide cyclic machinery
switching. This can help to prevent equipment from sticking or becoming
damaged.

Lighting Control
Timing relays can be used to delay switching multiple rows of lamps in
production facilities or greenhouses. This can help to save energy by preventing
lights from being turned on when they are not needed.

Water segments
Pump controls and irrigation systems are common applications for timing relays
in the water segment.

HVAC Control
It can be used in HVAC systems to control fans and centralized water systems.
This can help to save energy and keep buildings comfortable.

Alarm Triggering
Timing relays can be used to trigger alarms after a set amount of time has
elapsed. This can be useful for security applications or for monitoring purposes.
These are just a few examples of where timing relays can be used. There are
many other potential applications for these versatile devices.

Types of Time Delay Relay

ON-Delay Timers
An ON-delay timer is a type of time delay relay used to control the activation of
a circuit by delaying the initiation of current flow. ON-delay timers are typically
used in applications where it is important to ensure that a circuit is not activated
until after a certain amount of time has elapsed. This can help prevent accidental
circuit activation or allow time for a system to stabilize before it is activated.

OFF-Delay Timers
OFF-delay timers are a type of time delay relay that opens or closes the circuit as
soon as power is removed. The contacts will not return to their normal position
until the preset time delay has elapsed, at which point the load is de-energized.
OFF-delay timers are often referred to as “delay on break” timers.

If you were to close the control switch again during timing, it would reset the time
delay; however, most OFF-delay timers automatically reset when power is lost,
but some models allow for manual resetting.

One Shot Timers

One-shot timers are a time delay relay used to activate a circuit after a set amount
of time has passed. They are also called single shot timers, single shot interval
timers, and single pulse timers. One-shot timers are activated by power. As soon
as power is applied, the contacts move to a different position.

They stay in this new position for the time previously set and then return to their
original spot. The timer starts over when the previous cycle is completed, and the
switch controlling it is turned off. One-shot timers are often used in industrial
settings, such as operating machinery start/stop buttons.

Interval Timers
Interval timers are a time delay relay used to control the length of time an
electrical load is energized. They are also called pulse shaping timers, bypass
timing timers, interval delay timers, and delay on energization with instantaneous
transfer timers.

These kinds of timers work by delaying the application of power to an electrical

load until a specific time has elapsed. Once the timer has elapsed, the power is
applied and remains on until the timer expires. At this point, power is removed
from the load and remains off until power is reapplied.

Recycle Timers
Recycle timers are a type of time delay relay used to control a load’s on and off
cycling. They are also called duty cycling or cycle timers. These timers conserve
energy by turning a load off and on at regular intervals. They can also be used to
create a flashing effect. Recycle timers are either single-function or multi-
function devices.

CHINT Time Delay Relay

NJS1 Time Delay Relay
The NJS1 time-delay relay is an electronic device used to control circuits. It is
specifically designed for AC 50Hz/60Hz power supplies and can handle voltages
up to 380V. The relay has a power consumption of less than 3VA and an electrical
life of 1×10(5). It also has a mechanical life of 1×10(6) and can operate in
temperatures ranging from -5 degrees Celsius to +40 degrees Celsius.
The NJS1 Time Delay Relay can be used in several ways. For example, it can
control motors, lighting, or other electrical devices. It can also be a safety feature
in applications where a delay is needed before a circuit is activated.

JSZ3 Time Delay Relay

JSZ3 Time Delay Relay is a kind of advanced electric relay. It adopts
microcomputer control, has the function of time delay, and can be widely used in
complete equipment automatic control, automatic control system, and machine
automatic control.

The JSZ3 Time Delay Relay is a great option for those looking for a precision
timer. With a delay precision of less than equal to 10%, it is perfect for a wide
range of applications. The ambient temperature range of -5 degrees C to +40
degrees C also makes it suitable for various settings.

Additionally, it can be installed in equipment, panel, or DIN-rail installations,

making it adaptable to many different situations.

Conclusion
Time delay relays control circuits’ activation after a set amount of time has
passed. There are various time delay relays, each with specific uses. Some
common applications for time delay relays include controlling the start and stop
of machines, controlling the on and off cycling of a load, and delaying the
activation of a circuit.
Lab Work: Why Interlock use in Star Delta Connection?

In a Star-Delta starter, interlocks are crucial safety features that prevent

potentially damaging situations during the transition between star and delta
configurations. Here's why they are important:

• Prevents Short Circuit: Without interlocks, if both the Star contactor and
Delta contactor were energized simultaneously, a direct short circuit would
occur across the motor windings. This could cause severe damage to the
motor, contactors, and wiring due to the high current surge.
• Protects Contactor Contacts: During the transition, if there's a slight
delay in disconnecting the Star contactor before engaging the Delta
contactor, the contactor contacts can experience arcing. This arcing can
damage the contacts and reduce their lifespan. Interlocks ensure a clean
and timely transition, minimizing arcing.
• Ensures Proper Sequence: Interlocks guarantee the proper sequence of
operation. The Star contactor disconnects first, allowing the motor
windings to settle, before the Delta contactor connects. This staged
approach minimizes electrical stress on the motor windings.

In essence, interlocks act as electrical safeguards in the Star-Delta starter,

preventing short circuits, protecting components, and ensuring a smooth and safe
transition between star and delta configurations.