Exercise Questions
Multiple Choice
1) Which of the following is the best definition of statistics?
a) The study of numerical data
b) The collection and analysis of numerical data
c) The interpretation of numerical data
d) The presentation of numerical data
Answer: (b)
2) Which of the following is not a type of statistics?
a) Descriptive statistics
b) Inferential statistics
c) Probability statistics
d) Experimental statistics
Answer: (c)
3) Which of the following is an example of inferential statistics?
a) Finding the average weight of a group of individuals
b) Calculating the percentage of students who passed a test
c) Determining if there is a significant difference between two groups
d) Creating a chart to display data
Answer: (c)
4) Which of the following is a classification of statistics?
a) Qualitative statistics
b) Quantitative statistics
c) Both a and b
d) Neither a nor b
Answer: (c)
5) Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
a) Age
b) Height
c) Gender
d) Weight
Answer: (c)
6) Which of the following is not an application of statistics?
a) Quality control in manufacturing
b) Predictive modeling in finance
c) Weather forecasting
d) Legal advising
Answer: (d)
7) Which of these is not a step in the statistical research process?
a) Conducting an experiment
b) Stating a hypothesis
c) Choosing a sample
d) Ignoring the data
Answer: (d)
8) Which statistical test is most appropriate for comparing the means of two groups?
a) t-test
b) chi-square test
c) ANOVA
d) correlation
Answer: (a)
9) Which statistical test is most appropriate for determining if there is an association between two
categorical variables?
a) t-test
b) chi-square test
c) ANOVA
d) correlation
Answer: (b)
10) Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
a) Standard deviation
b) Variance
c) Median
d) Correlation
Answer: (c)
11) Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Range
d) Mode
Answer: (c)
12) Which of the following is a measure of spread?
a) Mean
b) Median
c) Standard deviation
d) Mode
Answer: (c)
13) Which type of data has an inherent zero point and can be ratio-scaled?
a) Nominal data
b) Ordinal data
c) Interval data
d) Ratio data
Answer: (d)
14) Which of the following types of sampling is the most representative of the population?
a) Convenience sample
b) Stratified random sample
c) Cluster sample
d) Systematic sample
Answer: (b)
15) Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good statistical graph?
a) Clear and concise labeling
b) Appropriate scaling
c) Inclusion of unnecessary data
d) Title and caption
Answer: (c)
16. What is data?
A) A collection of raw facts and figures
B) A method to gather information
C) A type of analysis technique
D) None of the above
Answer: A
17. What are variables?
A) Factors that can change
B) Quantitative measurements
C) A form of data analysis
D) None of the above
Answer: A
18. What is quantitative data?
A) Data that cannot be measured
B) Data that can be measured
C) Data that cannot be analyzed
D) None of the above
Answer: B
19. What is qualitative data?
A) Data that cannot be measured
B) Data that can be measured
C) Data that cannot be analyzed
D) None of the above
Answer: A
20. What is nominal data?
A) Data that can be put in order
B) Data that cannot be put in order
C) Data that is quantitative
D) None of the above
Answer: B
21. What is ordinal data?
A) Data that can be put in order
B) Data that cannot be put in order
C) Data that is quantitative
D) None of the above
Answer: A
22. What is interval data?
A) Data that can be categorized
B) Data that cannot be categorized
C) Data that has a clear zero point
D) None of the above
Answer: C
23. What is ratio data?
A) Data that can be categorized
B) Data that cannot be categorized
C) Data that has a clear zero point
D) None of the above
Answer: C
24. What is discrete data?
A) Data that can take on any value
B) Data that can only take on specific values
C) Data that is continuous in nature
D) None of the above
Answer: B
25. What is continuous data?
A) Data that can take on any value
B) Data that can only take on specific values
C) Data that is discrete in nature
D) None of the above
Answer: A
26. What is nominal variable?
A) A variable that has no numerical value
B) A variable that has a numerical value
C) A variable that can be measured
D) None of the above
Answer: A
27. What is ordinal variable?
A) A variable that has no numerical value
B) A variable that has a numerical value
C) A variable that can be measured
D) None of the above
Answer: B
28. What is interval variable?
A) A variable that has no numerical value
B) A variable that has a numerical value
C) A variable that can be measured
D) None of the above
Answer: C
29. What is ratio variable?
A) A variable that has no numerical value
B) A variable that has a numerical value
C) A variable that can be measured
D) None of the above
Answer: C
30. What is dichotomous variable?
A) A variable with two possible outcomes
B) A variable with three possible outcomes
C) A variable with four possible outcomes
D) None of the above
Answer: A
31. Which of the following is not a step in the data collection process?
A) Data analysis
B) Data processing
C) Data collection planning
D) Data collection execution
Answer: A
32. Which of the following is a type of primary data collection technique?
A) Survey research
B) Internet research
C) Text analysis
D) Meta-analysis
Answer: A
33. Which of the following is a type of secondary data source?
A) Customer satisfaction survey
B) Experimental study
C) Social media post
D) Government census report
Answer: D
34. Which of the following is not a common data collection method?
A) Interviews
B) Focus groups
C) Social media analysis
D) Observational studies
Answer: C
35. Which of the following is not a type of sampling method?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Random sampling
C) Systematic sampling
D) Descriptive sampling
Answer: D
36. Which of the following is not considered a probability sampling technique?
A) Stratified sampling
B) Simple random sampling
C) Snowball sampling
D) Cluster sampling
Answer: C
37. Which of the following describes purposive sampling?
A) Participants are randomly selected from a population.
B) Participants are selected based on specific characteristics or traits.
C) Participants are selected based on their proximity to the researcher.
D) Participants are selected based on their willingness to participate.
Answer: B
38. Which of the following sampling techniques relies on selecting participants that are nearby or
available?
A) Convenience sampling
B) Cluster sampling
C) Stratified sampling
D) Systematic sampling
Answer: A
39. Which of the following data collection methods is best suited for collecting qualitative data?
A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Observational studies
D) Meta-analysis
Answer: C
40. Which of the following data collection methods is best suited for collecting quantitative data?
A) Surveys
B) Experiments
C) Interviews
D) Focus groups
Answer: B
41. Which of the following is not a common method for collecting survey data?
A) Paper surveys
B) Online surveys
C) Phone calls
D) Social media
Answer: D
42. Which of the following is not a type of questionnaire or survey question?
A) Open-ended questions
B) Multiple choice questions
C) True\/false questions
D) Fill-in-the-blank questions
Answer: C
43. Which of the following describes a naturalistic observation?
A) Participants are observed in a laboratory or controlled environment.
B) Participants' behavior is manipulated to observe the effect.
C) Participants are observed in their natural setting or environment.
D) Participants are asked to provide self-reports of their behavior.
Answer: C
44. Which of the following is not a type of interview?
A) Structured interview
B) Semi-structured interview
C) Unstructured interview
D) Open-ended interview
Answer: D
45. Which of the following is not a common source of secondary data?
A) Academic journals
B) Government reports
C) Corporate financial statements
D) Personal interviews
Answer: D
46. What is the purpose of data editing?
A) To gather data
B) To analyze data
C) To check data for errors
D) To present data
Answer: C
47. Which of the following is not a step in organizing data?
A) Data entry
B) Data cleaning
C) Statistical analysis
D) Data transformation
Answer: C
48. What is data transformation?
A) The process of removing outliers from data
B) The process of converting data into a different format
C) The process of checking data for errors
D) The process of organizing data
Answer: B
49. What is data visualization?
A) The process of presenting data in a visual format
B) The process of analyzing data
C) The process of transforming data
D) The process of organizing data
Answer: A
50. What is exploratory data analysis?
A) The process of analyzing data in depth
B) The process of cleaning data
C) The process of presenting data
D) The process of examining data to discover patterns and relationships
Answer: D
51. What is descriptive statistics?
A) The process of analyzing data
B) The process of summarizing data
C) The process of presenting data
D) The process of organizing data
Answer: B
52. Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency?
A) Mean
B) Median
C) Standard deviation
D) Mode
Answer: C
53. Which of the following is not a measure of variability?
A) Range
B) Variance
C) Standard deviation
D) Mode
Answer: D
54. What is inferential statistics?
A) The process of summarizing data
B) The process of organizing data
C) The process of drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample of data
D) The process of presenting data
Answer: C
55. What is a statistical hypothesis?
A) A prediction about a population parameter
B) A fact about a population
C) A prediction about a sample parameter
D) A fact about a sample
Answer: A
56. What is the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis?
A) A null hypothesis is a prediction about a population parameter, while an alternative hypothesis is a
fact about a population.
B) A null hypothesis is a prediction that there is no relationship between two variables, while an
alternative hypothesis is a prediction that there is a relationship between two variables.
C) A null hypothesis is a prediction about a sample parameter, while an alternative hypothesis is a
prediction about a population parameter.
D) There is no difference between a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis.
Answer: B
57. Which of the following is not a common data analysis technique?
A) Regression analysis
B) Cluster analysis
C) Time series analysis
D) Content analysis
Answer: D
58. What is correlation analysis?
A) The process of examining the relationship between two variables
B) The process of summarizing data
C) The process of presenting data
D) The process of organizing data
Answer: A
59. What is regression analysis?
A) The process of examining the relationship between two variables
B) The process of summarizing data
C) The process of presenting data
D) The process of organizing data
Answer: A
60. What is cluster analysis?
A) The process of dividing a set of data into groups based on similarities
B) The process of summarizing data
C) The process of organizing data
D) The process of presenting data
Answer: A
61. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range
Answer: d. Range
62. Which of the following graphs is best suited for displaying the frequency of a nominal variable?
a. Pie chart
b. Bar chart
c. Histogram
d. Scatter plot
Answer: a. Pie chart
63. Which of the following is a measure of dispersion?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Range
d. Mode
Answer: c. Range
64. Which of the following is NOT a type of variable in statistics?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Decimal
Answer: d. Decimal
65. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most affected by outliers?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Both a and b
Answer: a. Mean
66. When creating a histogram, the height of each bar represents:
a. The frequency of the variable
b. The percentage of the variable
c. The mean of the variable
d. The mode of the variable
Answer: a. The frequency of the variable
67. Which of the following graphs is best suited for displaying the relationship between two continuous
variables?
a. Pie chart
b. Bar chart
c. Scatter plot
d. Line chart
Answer: c. Scatter plot
68. Which type of graph is best suited for displaying data over time?
a. Pie chart
b. Bar chart
c. Scatter plot
d. Line chart
Answer: d. Line chart
69. A relative frequency histogram is a graph that shows:
a. The frequency of each observation
b. The percentage of each observation
c. The proportion of each observation
d. None of the above
Answer: c. The proportion of each observation
70. In a frequency distribution table, the column that lists the different categories of the variable is
called:
a. The interval
b. The frequency
c. The class width
d. The category label
Answer: d. The category label
71. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most appropriate for a skewed distribution?
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Both b and c
Answer: b. Median
72. Which type of graph is used to display the distribution of a continuous variable?
a. Bar chart
b. Pie chart
c. Scatter plot
d. Histogram
Answer: d. Histogram
73. In a frequency distribution table, the range of values that a class includes is called:
a. The frequency
b. The interval
c. The class width
d. The category label
Answer: b. The interval
74. Which of the following is a measure of relative standing?
a. Mode
b. Range
c. Quartiles
d. Mean
Answer: c. Quartiles
75. Which of the following is the measure of dispersion that is most commonly used in statistical
analysis?
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Mean absolute deviation
Answer: c. Standard deviation
76. Which of the following statements is NOT a definition of statistics?
A. Statistics is the science of data collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation.
B. Statistics is the study of variability and uncertainty.
C. Statistics is the discipline that deals with the collection, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data.
D. Statistics is the art of guessing the right answer.
Answer: D.
77. Which of the following is a classification of statistics according to the nature of the data being
analyzed?
A. Descriptive statistics
B. Inferential statistics
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
Answer: C.
78. Which of the following statements is NOT an application of statistics?
A. Predictive modeling
B. Quality control
C. Sports analytics
D. All of the above are applications of statistics.
Answer: D.
79. Which of the following is a step in statistics?
A. Collecting data
B. Analyzing data
C. Interpreting data
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
80. Which of the following is a type of descriptive statistic?
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
81. Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
A. Standard deviation
B. Mean
C. Median
D. Mode
Answer: A.
82. Which of the following is a type of inferential statistic?
A. Z-test
B. T-test
C. ANOVA
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
83. Which of the following is a type of probability sampling?
A. Simple random sampling
B. Systematic sampling
C. Cluster sampling
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
84. Which of the following is a type of non-probability sampling?
A. Convenience sampling
B. Stratified sampling
C. Snowball sampling
D. All of the above
Answer: A.
85. Which of the following is NOT a type of data?
A. Nominal
B. Interval
C. Ratio
D. Dual
Answer: D.
86. Which of the following is a type of research design?
A. Experimental design
B. Correlational design
C. Survey design
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
87. Which of the following is a measure of variability?
A. Variance
B. Standard deviation
C. Range
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
88. Which of the following is a type of correlation?
A. Positive correlation
B. Negative correlation
C. Zero correlation
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
89. Which of the following is NOT a type of hypothesis?
A. Null hypothesis
B. Alternative hypothesis
C. Linear hypothesis
D. Directional hypothesis
Answer: C.
90. Which of the following is a type of regression analysis?
A. Simple linear regression
B. Multiple regression
C. Logistic regression
D. All of the above
Answer: D.
91. What is a population?
a) A sample of individuals
b) The entire group of things or people that a study is interested in
c) A group of individuals who respond to a survey
Answer: b
92. What is a sample?
a) The entire group of things or people that a study is interested in
b) A subset of the entire population that is studied to draw conclusions about the population
c) A group of individuals who respond to a survey
Answer: b
93. What is a survey?
a) A research study that randomly selects individuals from a population
b) A group of people who respond to a questionnaire or interview
c) The entire group of things or people that a study is interested in
Answer: b
94. What is a census?
a) A survey of a random sample of individuals from a population
b) A survey of the entire population
c) A research study that randomly selects individuals from a population
Answer: b
95. Who is typically surveyed in a census?
a) A randomly selected sample of individuals from a population
b) Every individual in the population
c) A subset of the entire population that is studied to draw conclusions about the population
Answer: b
96. What is sampling error?
a) The difference between the population and sample mean
b) The difference between the sample and census mean
c) The degree to which a sample differs from the population
Answer: c
97. What is the margin of error?
a) The degree to which a sample differs from the population
b) The difference between the population and sample mean
c) The range of values within which the true population value is likely to fall
Answer: c
98. What is a random sample?
a) A sample that is chosen based on specific characteristics of the population
b) A sample that is chosen without regard to specific characteristics of the population
c) A sample that is chosen based on known characteristics of the population
Answer: b
99. What is a biased sample?
a) A sample that is chosen without regard to specific characteristics of the population
b) A sample that is chosen based on specific characteristics of the population
c) A sample that is chosen based on known characteristics of the population
Answer: b
100. What is statistical inference?
a) The process of drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample drawn from that
population
b) The process of drawing conclusions about a sample based on data collected from that sample
c) The process of collecting data about a population or sample through surveys or censuses
Answer: a
101. Which of the following is not a method of probability sampling?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Convenience sampling
Answer: d. Convenience sampling
102. Which of the following is a disadvantage of cluster sampling?
a. It is expensive
b. It requires a large sample size
c. It can introduce bias
d. It requires knowledge of the population size
Answer: c. It can introduce bias
103. Which of the following sampling techniques involves selecting every nth item from a population?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Cluster sampling
Answer: b. Systematic sampling
104. Which of the following is an example of non-probability sampling?
a. Probability proportional to size sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Stratified random sampling
d. Snowball sampling
Answer: d. Snowball sampling
105. Which of the following best describes stratified sampling?
a. Dividing the population into clusters and selecting random samples from each cluster
b. Selecting every nth item from a population
c. Dividing the population into subgroups and selecting random samples from each subgroup
d. Dividing the population into regions and selecting random samples from each region
Answer: c. Dividing the population into subgroups and selecting random samples from each subgroup
106. Which of the following is an advantage of multi-stage sampling?
a. It is easy to implement
b. It is suitable for populations of any size
c. It reduces the likelihood of bias
d. It requires a smaller sample size
Answer: c. It reduces the likelihood of bias
107. Which of the following is a drawback of systematic sampling?
a. It can be biased if the population is not randomly ordered
b. It is time-consuming
c. It requires knowledge of the population size
d. It is only suitable for small populations
Answer: a. It can be biased if the population is not randomly ordered
108. Which of the following is an example of probability proportional to size sampling?
a. Selecting a sample of households from each census tract
b. Selecting a sample of restaurants from each city block
c. Selecting a sample of students from each classroom
d. Selecting a sample of employees from each department
Answer: a. Selecting a sample of households from each census tract
109. Which of the following is a disadvantage of quota sampling?
a. It can introduce bias
b. It requires a large sample size
c. It is time-consuming
d. It is expensive
Answer: a. It can introduce bias
110. When is stratified random sampling preferred over simple random sampling?
a. When the population is homogeneous
b. When the population is heterogeneous
c. When the population is small
d. When the population is located in a rural area
Answer: b. When the population is heterogeneous
True or false questions
1. Statistics is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret data. - True
2. Descriptive statistics is a branch of statistics that involves the collection, presentation, and analysis of
data. - True
3. Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that involves drawing conclusions about a population
based on a sample. - True
4. Statistic means any function of sample data, while parameter refers to any function of population
data. - True
5. Nominal data can be organized and ranked in order. - False
6. The mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency. - True
7. Percentages are often used to display relative frequencies of categorical data. - True
8. A small sample size tends to produce more accurate results than a large sample size. - False
9. The larger the p-value, the more likely it is that the null hypothesis will be rejected. - False
10. In the scientific method, data analysis comes before the formulation of the hypothesis. - False
11. The mode is the only measure of central tendency that can be used with categorical data. - False
12. Sampling variability refers to the fact that different samples from the same population will have
different statistics. - True
13. The standard deviation is a measure of variability that is not affected by extreme values. - False
14. The first step in the statistical research process is to formulate a hypothesis. - True
15. Probability theory is the branch of statistics concerned with measuring the likelihood of events
occurring. – True
16. Continuous data can only take on specific values. False
17. Qualitative data is subjective, making it difficult to analyze using statistical methods. True
18. Variables are factors that can change. True
19. Discrete data can take on any value. False
20. Nominal data is data that can be put in order. False
21. Ordinal data has a clear zero point. False
22. Interval data can be measured on a numerical scale. True
23. Ratio data can only take on a limited number of possible values. False
24. Qualitative data is usually numeric in nature. False
25. Continuous data is data that can take on any value. True
26. Categorical data can be divided into subcategories. True
27. A variable is a characteristic or attribute that can take on different values. True
28. Nominal variables are variables that have a numerical value. False
29. Discrete data can be measured on a continuous scale. False
30. Ratio variables have a true zero point. True
31. Data collection is the process of gathering information from various sources. True
32. Primary data is data that is collected through existing sources. False
33. Internet research is a type of primary data collection technique. False
34. Secondary data sources include archival data and surveys. False
35. Snowball sampling is a type of probability sampling technique. False
36. Purposive sampling is a type of non-probability sampling technique. True
37. Convenience sampling involves selecting participants who are nearby or available. True
38. Random sampling is a type of probability sampling technique. True
39. Observational studies are typically used to collect quantitative data. False
40. Experiments are typically used to collect qualitative data. False
41. Phone surveys are a common method for collecting survey data. True
42. Open-ended questions are a type of closed-ended survey question. False
43. Naturalistic observation involves observing participants in a laboratory or controlled environment.
False
44. Structured interviews involve a set of predetermined questions. True
45. Personal interviews are a common source of secondary data. False
46. True or False: Data editing is the process of collecting data.
Answer: False. Data editing is the process of reviewing and correcting data for errors.
47. True or False: Data cleaning is not an important step in organizing data.
Answer: False. Data cleaning is a crucial step in organizing data, as it helps to ensure accuracy and
consistency.
48. True or False: Data transformation involves summarizing data into key insights.
Answer: False. Data transformation involves converting data into a different format or structure for
analysis or presentation purposes.
49. True or False: Data visualization is not an important aspect of presenting data.
Answer: False. Data visualization is a key aspect of presenting data, as it helps to communicate complex
information in a clear and concise manner.
50. True or False: Exploratory data analysis is the process of drawing conclusions based on data analysis.
Answer: False. Exploratory data analysis is the process of examining and summarizing data to uncover
patterns and insights.
51. True or False: Descriptive statistics involve using data to make predictions about a larger population.
Answer: False. Descriptive statistics involve summarizing and describing data, but do not involve making
predictions about a larger population.
52. True or False: The median is a measure of central tendency.
Answer: True.
53. True or False: Variance is a measure of variability.
Answer: True.
54. True or False: Inferential statistics involves making conclusions about a sample based on data from a
population.
Answer: False. Inferential statistics involves making conclusions about a population based on data from
a sample.
55. True or False: A statistical hypothesis is a fact about a population.
Answer: False. A statistical hypothesis is a proposed explanation or prediction about a population.
56. True or False: A null hypothesis states that there is no relationship between two variables.
Answer: True.
57. True or False: Time series analysis is a common data analysis technique.
Answer: True.
58. True or False: Correlation analysis can be used to determine causation between two variables.
Answer: False. Correlation analysis only examines the strength and direction of the relationship between
two variables, but cannot determine causation.
59. True or False: Regression analysis is a technique used to predict values of a dependent variable
based on one or more independent variables.
Answer: True.
60. True or False: Cluster analysis is a technique used to summarize data into key insights.
Answer: False. Cluster analysis involves grouping data into clusters based on similarities.
61. True or False: Tabulation is the process of summarizing data in a table format.
Answer: True.
62. True or False: Histograms are a type of graph used to represent categorical data.
Answer: False. Histograms are a type of graph used to represent continuous data.
63. True or False: Bar graphs are useful for comparing the frequency or proportion of categorical data.
Answer: True.
64. True or False: The median is the most common value in a data set.
Answer: False. The median is the value in the center of a data set when arranged in numerical order.
65. True or False: The mean is calculated by adding up all the values in a data set and dividing by the
total number of values.
Answer: True.
66. True or False: A frequency table displays the number of times each value occurs in a data set.
Answer: True.
67. True or False: A pie chart is a good way to display the frequency of categories in a data set.
Answer: True.
68. True or False: A box plot can indicate the presence of outliers in a data set.
Answer: True.
69. True or False: When data is skewed, the median can be a more useful measure of central tendency
than the mean.
Answer: True.
70. True or False: A histogram can be used to determine the shape and spread of data.
Answer: True.
71. True or False: Scatterplots are used to show how two variables are related to each other.
Answer: True.
72. True or False: A stem-and-leaf plot is used to display categorical data.
Answer: False. A stem-and-leaf plot is used to display numerical data in a compact format.
73. True or False: In a frequency distribution, the total number of observations is equal to the sum of the
frequencies.
Answer: True.
74. True or False: A line graph is used to show the frequency or proportion of categorical data.
Answer: False. A line graph is typically used to show trends over time or continuous data.
75. True or False: A cumulative frequency graph displays the cumulative frequencies of a data set.
Answer: True.
76. True or False: Statistics is the science of collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and presenting data.
Answer: True
77. True or False: Descriptive statistics involves making inferences about a population based on sample
data.
Answer: False
78. True or False: Sampling is the process of selecting a representative subset of a population for study.
Answer: True
79. True or False: Stratified sampling is a type of probability sampling.
Answer: True
80. True or False: The mean is a measure of central tendency that is not affected by extreme values.
Answer: False
81. True or False: Inferential statistics involves using sample data to make predictions or inferences
about a larger population.
Answer: True
82. True or False: A null hypothesis assumes that there is no statistically significant difference between
two groups.
Answer: True
83. True or False: Correlation does not imply causation.
Answer: True
84. True or False: The range is a measure of variability that is the difference between the largest and
smallest values of a dataset.
Answer: True
85. True or False: Regression analysis can be used to predict the value of a dependent variable based on
the value of one or more independent variables.
Answer: True
86. True or False: A survey is a method of collecting primary data that involves observing and recording
behavior.
Answer: False
87. True or False: Probability theory is the branch of statistics that deals with events that have an
uncertain outcome.
Answer: True
88. True or False: Skewness is a measure of the symmetry of a data distribution.
Answer: True
89. True or False: A confidence interval is a range of values that is likely to contain the true mean of a
population.
Answer: True
90. True or False: The chi-squared test is used to determine if there is a significant association between
two categorical variables.
Answer: True
91. A population is a subset of a sample.
Answer: False
92. A census is a survey conducted on the entire population.
Answer: True
93. A sample is a smaller subset of the population that is used to represent the entire population.
Answer: True
94. In a census, a researcher selects individuals to participate in the study based on certain criteria.
Answer: False
95. The margin of error describes the range of values within which the true population value is likely to
fall.
Answer: True
96. A representative sample is one in which every individual in the population has an equal chance of
being selected.
Answer: True
97. The purpose of a census is to gather data on a small, select group of individuals in order to draw
conclusions about the entire population.
Answer: False
98. Sampling error refers to the degree to which a sample differs from the population.
Answer: True
99. A biased sample is one in which individuals are not selected randomly and therefore does not
accurately represent the population.
Answer: True
100. The goal of statistical inference is to draw conclusions about the population based on data
collected from the sample.
Answer: True
101. True or False: In systematic sampling, every item in the population has an equal chance of being
selected.
Answer: False. In systematic sampling, every nth item is selected, not every item.
102. True or False: Multi-stage sampling is a type of probability sampling.
Answer: True.
103. True or False: In stratified sampling, the population is divided into subgroups based on a
characteristic of interest.
Answer: True.
104. True or False: Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability sampling.
Answer: True.
105. True or False: Cluster sampling is a type of probability sampling where the population is divided
into clusters and a simple random sample is selected from each cluster.
Answer: False. In cluster sampling, the population is divided into clusters and all members of selected
clusters are included in the sample.
106. True or False: Quota sampling guarantees a representative sample of the population.
Answer: False. Quota sampling may introduce bias as the researcher chooses participants based on
certain pre-set characteristics.
107. True or False: The purpose of stratified random sampling is to reduce sampling error.
Answer: True.
108. True or False: Snowball sampling is a type of probability sampling.
Answer: False. Snowball sampling is a type of non-probability sampling.
109. True or False: Probability proportional to size sampling is a technique used in cluster sampling.
Answer: False. Probability proportional to size sampling is a technique used in stratified sampling.
110. True or False: Multi-stage sampling is when several techniques of sampling are combined to create
a more complex method of sample selection.
Answer: True.
