Scribd
Upload
66 views338 pages

Physics F3

physics for secondary education level 3

Uploaded by

husseinfreelancer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
66 views338 pages

Physics F3

physics for secondary education level 3

Uploaded by

husseinfreelancer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 338
a ee a ee =. - Physics howsecondany schools ola aT Property of the Gaverneent of the Umted Meputlc of Tanaania, Not for Sale FOR ONLINE USE ONLY = DO NOT DUPLICATE Physics | | Pros ronnie 1 __for Secondary Schools Student’s Book _Form 7 Three. pag the vector a is equal to the vector b. That is, they have the same magnitude and same direction, YZ yen vectors If the vector as the v le— 19m —>I Figure 1.24 If the tension in cables AB and AD is 500 N and 160 N respectively, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force exerted by cables AB and AD at point A using the Parallelogram law. oouazoee 18:1023 | | Physics for Secondary Schools F “6. Find the resultant force, F, when two forces, 9 N and 15 .N, act on an object with an angle of 60° between them. 7. Find the resultant force when two for 8 N and 16 N, form the following angles: (@) 45° (b) 60° (©) 120° Relative motion The same physical principles that apply when you are at rest on the earth, apply also when you are in any reference frame travelling at a constant velocity with respect to the earth. For example, if the motion of a bus follows a straight line a constant speed, you can toss and c: acoin on such a moving bus. The of the coin may differ when vi by an observer standing on side. The difference in motion 0 x be explained by inclu e frame in the deseriptiga~or mot ment of by SJobserver on Relative a an object as si another frame of reference. A passenger in a moving car will see the trees on the roadside moving in a direction opposite to that of the car. However, the same trees appear to be stationary when observed by a person standing at the roadside. Both observers are correct because the motion of an object under observation depends on the frame of reference of the observer relative to the frame of reference of the observed object. A frame of reference is a set of coordinates used to calculate the position and velocity of an object. ES fT DUPLICATE Relative velocity We come into situations when one or more objects move in a non-stationary frame in relation to an observer ina different frame of reference. A boat, for example, may cross a river that is flowing at a certain velocity with respect to an observer on the ground. Similarly, while flying, an airplane may encounter wind which has a certain velocity with respect to the observer on the ground. In both examples, the magnitude of the velocity of a moving object accordingly lo an observer on the ground is n ch 1e as that observed by the cae ¢, object. For example, an obsei t may perceive the be 20 mis, yet, an ‘ound sees the same boat eed of 25 mis. Ger yan observer on a stationary of reference observes a speed rent from the one observed by an server in a moving frame of reference. Hence, to describe the motion of an object in a moving medium, one must take into account the effect of the motion of medium on the motion of the object. This effect accounts for the differences in the velocity of the object as observed by the two observers. This means, motion is relative to the observer and therefore, the velocity of the boat must always be described relative to the observer. The velocity of an object that is considered relative to an observer ina different frame of reference is termed as relative velocity. Relative velocity is calculated by considering the object’s velocity as well as the velocity of the medium. For example, airplanes usually encounter winds moving with respect to an observer | | Privsics ronmines 12 eouazoze 19:1028 | \_ FOR-ONLINE-U DO NOT DUP on the ground. The wind may approach the plane from the front (headwind), behind (tailwind), or sideways (sidewind) as shown in Figure 1.25. A tailwind increases the speed of the plane while a headwind reduces it. | © @ Figure 1.25: Relative velocity Rey q eeu with respect to win On the other hand, wont = & along a water current, with respect to an T on’ nd. Considering a ee ure 1.26, the observer one Tro fy observe that the speed o ee Teadis increased if it moves along the water current. Conversely, the speed will decrease if the boat moves against the direction of the water current. Figure 1.26: 4 boat moving amidst a water current | | Prvsics rommines 13 2a If a plane is travelling along with a tailwind at a speed of 100 knv/h and the wind speed is 25 km/h, what is the speed of the plane relative to an observer on the ground? Solution The resultant speed of the plane is the vector sum of the speed of the plane and the speed of the wind. The resultant of these speeds is illustrated in Figure 1.27. 100 kmvh 125 kovh Figure 1.27 The plane travels with a resultant speed of 125 km/h relative to the observer on, the ground. Suppose the same plane is now travelling at 100 km/h and encounters a wind blowing directly against it with a speed of 25 km/h. What will its speed be relative to an observer on the ground? Physics for Secondary Schools The resultant speed is the vector sum of the two speeds as shown in Figure 1.28. 100 ki/h Figure 1.28 In this case, the resultant speed will be 75 ku/h. This is the speed of the plane relative to an observer on the ground. ee A plane travelling at a velocity of 100 km/h to the South encounters a side wind blowing at 25 km/h to the West. What is the velocity of the plane as observed by an observer on the ground? Solution The resultant velocity of the plane is the resultant vector of the two individual velocities. This is illustrated in Figure 1.29. NJ R= 110625 km? 7h? INE_USE_ONLY 81 DUPLICATE — [ = R/ IE & 3 + <= 25 km/h 25 kmv/h 100 kmh Figure 1.29 Using Pythagoras theorem: R? =(100 knvh)’ +(25 knvh) R=103.1 knv/h This is the magnitude of the resultant velocity. The direction of the resulting velocity can be determined using a trigonometrical function (Figure 1.30) | 270° Ff Thookmn ay v 25 km/h Figure 1.30 Tt follows that, tang= ese 0.25 100 km/h = tan\(0.25) = 14° | | Prvsics romumunes 1¢ onan 19:19:20 | \_ FOR ONLINE U DO NOT DUP If the resultant velocity of the plane makes an angle of 14° southward, then the direction of the resultant velocity is 270° — 14° = 256°. This is because the resultant vector’s direction is measured as an anticlockwise angle of rotation from due East. Relative velocity is also a measurement of velocity between two moving objects Consider two objects, A and B, moving in the same direction with velocities v, and v,, respectively. The velocity of object A relative to B is the difference of the two velocities given 4S Vag = Vq—Vyi WheTe Vy means the velocity of A relative to B. The velocity of B relative to A is therefore, Vox = Va Va If the objects are moving in opposite directions, then the second velocity will take on a negative value to signify opposite directions, that is, Van = Va (Va) =¥q+¥p OF Vea =Va—(Va) = Va +¥a Therefore, if the two objects are moving in opposite directions, Van = Van =Vq+¥p- eee Car A is moving with a speed of 20 m/s while car B is moving with a speed of 30 m/s, Calculate the speed of car B relative to car A if the cars are moving in, (a) the same direction (b) the opposite directions. | | Prvsics ronmiines 15 Solution (8) Van =Va-Va =30 m/s—20 mvs =10 m/s ‘Therefore, the velocity of car B relative tocar, ifthey are moving in the same direction, is 10 m/s. (b) Ysa =Va-(-Va) =30 m/s~(~20 mis) = 30 m/s +20 m/s =50 m/s ‘Therefore, the speed of car B relative to car A, if they are moving in the opposite direction, is 50 m/s. Appcations of relative motion ‘DUPLICATE VO =cos40° x 30 N Applying the Pythagoras theorem, the resultant force is given by: =0.7660 x 30 N Paps R? =22.98N F? =(-6.67)° N? +26.88° N? sin4o> = 2 F = 44,49 N? +722.53 N? z; . 7.70 N Fy = F,sin40° If this force was to be presented =sin 40° x 30 N graphically, it would appear as shown in Fi, 14 = 0.642 x 830 N po ignredAs =19.28N Since the component F,, points to the left, it is negative. Therefore, F,,=~22.98N. 2688N \ In order to get the resultant vector F, calculate the sum of components on the x-axis and y-axis respectively. Total component on the x-axis: 667N F,=F,+Fy Figure 1.43 =16.31 N+(-22.98 N) To get the angle @, use the tangent function: =16.31 N-22.98 N tng = 2688 N =~6.67N ” = tan (4.03) Therefore, F, =-6.67 N. 6=76° Total component on the y-axis Therefore, 0=76°. B=, +F, The angle 0 of the resultant force from 8 7 East: =7.6 N+19.28N 0 =180°-76° = 26.88 N =104° Therefore, F, = 26.88 N. Therefore, the resultant force is 27.70 N at an angle of 104° from East. Ty | mrsesromien 2 som | FOR-ONLINE-U DO NOT DUP Application of vector resolution in solving problems Vector resolution can be used to solve many problems involving _ physical quantities such as force, velocity, work and many others. Sometimes one may be required to add up to 10 vectors. To perform the operation using the graphical method described earlier, one adds the first two vectors’ head-to-tail, and then adds the third vector to the sum of the first and second vector, then the fourth to the sum and so on. This may be difficult to obtain the vector sum. An easier way of adding vectors is to separate the vectors into their x and y-components, then sum up the respective components. An airplane is flying east at 200 km/h, its velocity relative to the air, while a 100 knvh wind is blowing 45° northeast, What is the velocity of the airplane according to an observer on the ground? Solution Figure 1.44 The-x and y-components of the airplane velocity are 200 km/h and 0 km/h, respectively, We can use trigonometrical ratios to get the x and y-components of the wind velocity: Vy 100 km/h v, =100 km/h x cos 45° cos 45° = = 70.71 km/h sin45°=—» _ 100 km/h v, =100 km/h x sin 45° v, = 70.71 kan/h Thus, the resultant velocity components (y,.¥,) are given by, vy, = 200 km/h + 70.71 km/h = 270.71 knvh = p, =0+70.71 knvh = 70.71 kh Using the Pythagoras theorem: Vevey? vay ty, (270.71? km?/h? + 70.71? km?/h? = 280 km/h The angle A between the resultant velocity and the eastward directed velocity is given by: _70.71 km/h © 280 km/h = 0.2525 A=sin“'(0.2525) =14.6° The resultant velocity is 280 km/h at an angle of 14.6° from the east. sinA | | Prvsics rommiines 25 eoeazoze 18:38 | \_ Physics for Secondary Schools 1. Given the displacement vectors: A=15 mat 65° B=22 mat 135° C=8 mat 180° D=12 mat 300° Find the following vectors using the component method: (aA+C (b)B+D 2. Given the components of some vectors: (a) V,=12 m, V,=8m (b) R,=-18 m, R,=12 m (©) S,=20m, $,=-14m each component and determine the magnitude and direction of their resultant. 3. An airplane is moving at 200 km/h at an angle of 60°. The plane experiences a wind blowing at 120 km/h at an angle of 210°. Find the resultant velocity of the plane by resolving the velocities into their components. 1. Scalars are the physical quantities that have magnitude only while vectors are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. 2. Vectors can be added graphically using the parallelogram law or triangle law of vector addition. NX < INE-USE-ONLY OT DUPLICATE a 3. The Triangle law of vector addition states that: “If two vectors are represented by the two sides of a triangle in sequence, then the third closing side of the triangle drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second vector represents the resultant of the two vectors in both magnitude and direction”. 4, Parallelogram law of vector addition states that: “/f two vectors are represented by two adjacent sides of a parallelogram, then the diagonal of the parallelogram through the common point of the fvo vectors represents the sum of the two vectors in magnitude and direction”. Draw the vector represented by [7 5. Aresultant vector is a vector whose magnitude and direction represents the net effect of all vectors starting at a given point. 2 . Relative motion is the comparison between the motions ofan object as. perceived by observers in different frames of reference. = A frame of reference is a set of coordinates that can be used to determine the position and velocity of objects. 90 Relative velocity is the velocity of an object that is considered relative to an observer in a different frame of reference. 9. A two-dimensional vector is composed of two parts, which are perpendicular to each other. Bach part is called a vector component. couazoze 18:28 | \_ FOR-ONLINE_US DO NOT DUP 10. Resolving vectors refers to the process of finding the components of a given vector. Trigonometric ratios are useful in vector resolution. Choose the correct answer for each of the following questions. (a) Two forces, 4 N and 6 N are acting at an angle of 45° to one another. Which of the following is the resultant force? (i) 9.2N,@=27.5° (ii) 42.N,0=162.5° (ili) 42 N, = 45° (iv) 0.42 N, 0= 135° Physics for Secondary Schools 3. Two forces, 5 Nand 12 Nareacting on a body. Using the graphical method, find the resultant force of the two forces when the angle between them is: (a) 30° (b) 45° (©) 120° 4. A plane is flying due East with a velocity of 100 m/s when it encounters a wind blowing at a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the resultant velocity of the plane if the direction of the wind is due: (a) East (b) West (©) South (b) Figure 1.45 shows a block \ 5, A box is being pulled on the floor being pulled along a track. If ’ a force of 20 N is applied in direction A at an angle of 60% <€ what is the resolved part of the force in direction B? . Figure 1.45 () 17N (ii) 20N ii) 12N (iv) ON 2. (a) Give two examples of vector | | Prvsics rommines 25 and scalar quantities. (b) What is relative velocity? using a string, The string makes an angle of 30° with the box as shown in Figure 1.46. Box Figure 1.46 If the force applied at the string is 200 N, find the force which tends to: (a) lift the box (b) pull the box forward 6. An airplane is taking off at a velocity of 20 m/s. Find the components of the plane’s velocity if the take-off angle is, (a) 70° (b) 45° (©) 60° (@ 85° Physics for Secondary Schools | N E U Ss E O N LY | = wane | DUPLICATE a 7. The speed of car B relative to 10. A mass 3 kg hangs at the end of car A is 8 m/s when the two cars are moving in the same direction and 28 m/s when the two cars are moving in opposite directions. Determine the speed of each car. A river is flowing at a velocity of 2 m/s due South. A person in a boat wants to move across the river at 10 m/s due East. (a) At what angle should the person move? (b) At what velocity should the person move the boat? . Two forces, P and Q, are applied on a small boat stuck in a shallow \ Il. a string. Find the horizontal force needed to pull the mass sideways until the string is at 30° to the vertical. Find also the tension in the string at the final position. (a) Explain, with examples, the terms relative velocity and resultant velocity. (b) Two cars A and B are moving alonga straight road in the same direction with speeds of 25 km/h and 40 km/h, respectively. Find the speed of car B relative to car A. 12. How long will a passenger sitting hres near the window of an SGR train ss cornioe shown mn eure Jo, 4, saelling at 360 km/h see a local P=200N 3 train passing by in the opposite Q=400N Figure 1.47 Using the Parallelogram law, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant of the two forces. | | Privics ronmmuines 26 direction with a speed of 100 km /h? The length of the local train is 315m. Aswimmer’s speed in the direction of the flow of a river is 18 km/h. Against the direction of flow of the river the swimmer’s speed is 8 km /h. Calculate the swimmer’s speed in still water and the speed of the river flow. | | Prvsics rommines 27 FOR-ONLINE-U DO NOT DUP Chapter Two Friction Friction plays an important role in everyday processes. Friction has positive and negative effects depending on the situation. For instance, friction gives shoes and tyres grip on the ground. You can move from one point to another due to friction. On the other hand, the same friction can cause wear and tear to your shoes. In this chapter, you will learn about the concept of friction, types of friction and laws of friction. The competencies developed from this chapter will enable you to use lubricants or ball-bearing between moving parts of machines. You will also be able to apply friction in generating heat by rubbing your hands as well as making fire by rubbing sticks. Concept of friction Pulling a block of woo Se table or pushing the on a force in the opposite directiof\y9 the applied force. It occurs when a solid object moves over another solid object as well as when an object moves through a fluid (liquid and gas). Friction can also occur within the fluid itself. Friction is caused by the molecular attraction between the parts of two surfaces in contact. The surfaces are microscopically irregular. When two objects are in contact, particles (atoms or molecules) of one object are very close to those of the other object. The particles of the two materials tend to attract each ead felt \O” ther by molecular and electrostatic forces. These attractive forces existing between different surfaces are known as adhesive forces. Figure 2.1 shows two objects in contact, with the arrows showing adhesive forces acting on them. Any relative motion between the two surfaces must overcome the adhesive forces. Figure 2.1: Adhesive forces acting between nwo surfaces Physics for Secondary Schools All objects that appear very smooth can show some degree of roughness at the microscopic level. There are significant number of ridges and grooves on rough surfaces, as shown in Figure 2.2. Rough elements tend to lock one another as they slide or tend to slide past each other. In moving any surfaces in contact, we must apply a force to overcome the interlocking. The ridges of one surface can lock into the grooves of the other, effectively creating a type of mechanical bond. A large amount of force is therefore needed to slide the objects in contact. The friction between solids and fluids or between different fluids is known as viscosity. Figure 2.2: Surface roughnel ~ N ses) friction berks ~~ Advantages 2 & You have come across different examples all around where frictional force is acting. It is required in accomplishing many daily activities. The following are some advantages of frictional force. 1. Frietion aids in walking; we can not walk if there is no friction between the soles of our shoes or feet and the ground. The friction between your feet and the ground makes it possible for you to walk. Without friction, your | | Preis romumnes 2 fT DUPLICATE rn Kini , layers duri: feet would slip backward as you try to walk forward. . Friction helps cars to move on the road. This is possible due to the friction between car tyres and the road’s surface. If there is no friction, the tyres will keep on slipping at one point without making the car to move. Moving objects are brought to a stop by the application of friction, Braking systems in moving machines such as vehicles, matbreyeles and bicycles make use¢f friction, For example, a mea wn when brake pads ic sh \ds clamp onto the i ycle t ed to Wear out unnecessary ing the sharpening and nvfing of metal parts. Figure 2.3 4 oe a knife sharpener. Figure 2.3: Sharpening a knife . In lighting matches, friction between the matchstick and matchbox produces heat which ignites the matchstick, .. Frictionenables setting of fire by rubbing sticks. Figure 2.4 shows an example of fire making by rubbing sticks. apse 19:1940 | \_ Perera DO NOT DUP! Figure 2.4: Making fire by rubbing sticks 7. It is friction that enables a nail to remain tightly held in a solid material. You cannot fix a nail in a wood or wall if there is no friction. 8. It is friction that enables us to write on paper or on the board 9. Friction prevents asteroids or falling satellites from reaching the earth’s surface. Asteroids burn in the atmosphere before reaching earth due to the friction betweer surface and air molecules. Disadvantages of friction, SS aj Even though fii Q H advantages in our iu also Tasso ag yws: 1. Friction prodtces Kesouy heat and noise in moving machinery parts leading to the wastage of energy in the form of heat and sound. For instance, the friction between pistons and cylinders of an engine accounts for major energy loss. If the piston-cylinder systems are not properly lubricated and cooled, friction may cause overheating of the engine, and hence lowers the efficiency of the engine. This explains why the efficiency of the actual machines is always less than 100%. 2. Friction slows down the motion of moving parts as it always acts in the opposite direction of the motion, hence more energy is needed to overcome it. 3. Friction causes materials to wear and tear out. Examples of such materials include; soles of shoes, car tyres, and machinery moving parts. As a result of this, the worn out materials must be replaced or properly disposed as ‘unwanted materials. Friction ma: redause fire in a forest or bush. TI is,caused by the friction betw: branches in high wink jocit €nts_machinery parts Bon Go @ freely. If there is no gat oy machinery parts could M3 ‘freely. Physics for Secondary Schools 2. Note the extent of wear and tear on each eraser. Question How does the nature of the surface affect the wear and tear of the erasers? Ona rough surface, there is more wear and tear than on a smooth surface. Thus, rough surfaces increase friction resulting in increased wear and tear. ‘A common disadvantage of friction is that it wears out the soles of your shoes. A worn shoe sole is shown in Figure 2.5. igure 2.5: A shoe sole worn out due to friction Methods o or In instances where friction is an advantage, it is necessary to increase the magnitude of the friction. The following are some ways in which friction force between surfaces can be increased: 1. Pressing together harder the surfaces under consideration. ‘This increases the normal force between surfaces. For most front-wheel-drive cars, the engine is placed over the driven wheels as shown in Figure 2.6 to increase the normal force on the wheel, | | Privics ronmuines 30 fT DUPLICATE Figure 2.6: 4 car engine located over the driven wheels 2. Changing the roughness of . Fpr example, increasing eal imlyres increases the oXwnveen the tyre and the gy it is important to aw bicycle tyre when ae worn off. Spikes II shoes and groves on Ss: shoes inerease friction b¥fween the shoes and the ground. Adding grit to sandpaper improves its scrubbing ability. surfaces. S& L 0 3. Use of materials with a high coefficient of friction. Car tyres are made of rubber which has a high coefficient of friction. This increases the frictional force between the tyres and the road. Wrapping sticky tape on the handle of an oar also increases grip on the oar. Sticky materials have a very high coefficient of friction. s Scrubbing steel wool is made rough to increase _ friction. Similarly, a rough cloth will have better cleaning qualities due to large friction than a relatively slippery one. Figure 2.7 shows a scrubbing steel wool in use for cleaning cooking utensil couazoza 1asa4s | \_ — FOR-ONLINE_US DO NOT DUP Figure 2.7: Scrubbing a cooking utensil with a steel wool Methods of reducing friction As we have already discussed, friction has a disadvantage in some situations. In such cases, the friction should be minimized The following are some of the procedures for reducing the frictional force between surfaces: 1. Devices such as ball bearings or rolle can change sliding friction into smaller rolling friction by r the points of contact on Ball bearings or rollers i en vy sliding surfaces desea DCA) 2. One technique by Spaliroad engineers is e unt of free movemf of before it transmits its motion Yan adjoining coupled ear. This allows the train to pull forward and only take on the static friction of one car at a time, instead of all cars at once, thus spreading the static frictional force out over time. 3. A common way to reduce friction is by using a lubricant, such as oil or water between the two surfaces (Figure 2.8). This often dramatically reduces the coefficient of friction. Acoustic lubrication uses sound as a lubricant. Physies for Secondary Schools Figure 2.8: Lubricant (Engine oil) 4, The use of special materials, which have a low coficient of friction such as Teflon 10, boat cooking utensils, reduc: sci and thus slides easily. ig Kae usually reduces eee friction can be v moving in a fluid, for imple airplanes in air and ships in ater, the shape is designed so as to reduce friction between the body and fluid. advantages of rollers in moving objects Materials: seven cylindrical ball pens, 100 g load, wooden block, spring balance, hook screws, a laboratory bench Procedure 1, Attach a hook screw on a wooden block, fix a spring balance and put it ona bench. | | Prvsics rons 95 INE. USE-ONLY i DUPLICATE 2. Put a 100 g weight on the wooden block as shown in Figure 2.9 and apply a small pull on the spring until the block just starts moving. Physics for Secondary Schools VU balance fogs: ™ ny ‘Wooden block — Bench Figure 2.9 3. Record the reading of the force used to pull the wooden block. 4, Take five cylindrical ball pens and place them parallel to each other on the bench. 5. Put the wooden block of the same weight on top of the cylindrical ball pens, and put 100 g weight as shown in Figure 2.10. 6. Apply a small pull on the spring and record the reading of the foree used to pull the wooden block as it just starts moving. Figure 2.10 Questions (a) What did you observe when pulling the wooden block when in direct contact with the bench surface? (b) What did you observe when pulling the block resting on different number of ball pens? (©) What is the advantage of using ball pens? With the introduction of several ball pens under the object, moving the object became much easier compared to when the ball pens were absent. Therefore, ball pens reduce friction, such that, object can be easily moved from one position to another using a slightly lower force. | | Prvsics ronmmuines 32 - eouazoce 1a:sa4e | \_ Normal force and friction ‘Suppose an object is laying on a table as shown in Figure 2.11. The earth pulls the object downwards. According to Newton’s third law of motion, the table reacts by exerting an equal and opposite force on the object. This force is perpendicular to the surface of the object, thus, it is called the normal force. Since the object remains in contact with the table, normal force is a contact force. Normal force is, therefore, the net force pressing two parallel surfaces together. Its direction is perpendicular to the surfaces, as shown in Figure 2.11, and is abbreviated as Fy or R, or N. For an object resting on a horizontal surface, the force due to the weight of the object and normal force are the only two forces acting on the object. The two “& equal but opposite in direction. ‘Thus, in magnitude, R=W=mg where m is the mass cas. the acceleration due teByavity. Norma¥fot W=mg Figure 2.11: Forces acting on an object resting on a horizontal plane From the preceding section, you learnt that friction can be altered by either increasing the contact force or changing the surface roughness. This means that the magnitude of the frictional force depends on the nature of the surface | | Perera z FOR-ONLINE-U DO NOT DUP and the magnitude of the normal force ‘Thus the magnitude of frictional force, F, is proportional to the magnitude of the normal force. That is, F, 7, « R However, under constant normal force, two different surfaces are expected to give different frictional forces. Thus, the nature of the surface determines the proportionality constant factor, called the coefficient of friction. Thus, eS uR But, we mee = mg, it follows: “Hing t is j mit that the frictional he materials in which Nes are made of and not . Note again that, frictional Yex® along the two surfaces in mei for t, thus, it is a contact force. oouazoze 101945 | \_ INE. USE._ONLY. eT DUPLICATE ‘Wooden block Pulley eo any arity Figure 2.12 3. Place a known mass m, on the wooden block and record the total weight of the wooden block and mass m, as, W; =(m,+m,) x g. 4. Add known masses to the pan until the block starts moving. Ensure that it slides without accelerating, 5. Record the mass m, that causes the block to slide without accelerating. Then, record the total weight 1; =(m,+m,) x g that causes the block to slide without accelerating. 6. Repeat steps 3, 4 and 5 using three different masses. 7. Record your results in a table similar to the one shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 | Questions 1, Plot the graph of w, against w;. 2. From your graph, explain the relationship between normal force, R, and frictional force, F,. The force exerted by weights and pan w, will cause the block to slide when it overcomes frictional force. Therefore, w, is equal to frictional force whereas W, is equal to the total normal reaction on the block. Increasing w, results in an increase in wy, | | Prvsics rommines 34 couazoze 101948 | \_ — FOR-ONLINE-U DO NOT DUP “= 1. What does it mean by the term friction? 2. Explain any four importance of friction in daily life 3. In which instances do you think friction is not useful? Give four reasons, 4. Briefly explain any three methods used to increase the frictional effect. 5. Suggest any four ways which ean be used to reduce the frictional effect. 6. Why is it easy to slip when there is soap water on the floor? 7. When walking on a low friction surface, one should take short steps. Why? 8 You try to move a table across the floor, but it doesn’t move. What is the other force acting on the table? (7 9. When is the applied force said to be less than frictional force? 10. When a person walks on a surface, the frictional force exerted by the surface on the person is opposite to the direction of motion. Is this true or false? Explain your answer. 11. Large bags are normally fitted with rollers at their bases, explain the importance of the rollers as far as friction is concemed. ‘Types of friction Suppose you apply a small force in pushing a cupboard, it will not move Have you asked yourself why? This is because the applied force to the cupboard is balanced by the frictional force. On the other hand, when more force is applied to push the same cupboard, it | | Prvsics rommiines 95 will move. However, the cupboard will still experience frictional force while in motion. This means that, there are two types of frictional forces existing in nature. The frictional force that keeps an object stationary in a given position, is called static frictional force. The frictional force experienced by a moving object is called kinetic or dynamic frictional force. Static friction From the previous section, you have learnt that, intermolecular force and surface interlocking are the main cause of friction. intermolecular force ‘This means that, th and surfac cking are also the main cause of fi Gal force ‘Thus, it can fa et te fional force opposes Gti lative motion between bic a -ontact with one another. friction, the frictional force fOree applied to an object at rest, jit remains at rest until the force of tic friction is overcome. Static friction ‘occurs when two objects are not moving relative to each other. The initial force to get an object moving is applied mainly to overcome this static friction. For instance, if you are walking up the hill, there is static friction between your shoes and the trail each time you step on the ground Without this static friction, your feet would slip, making it difficult to walk Normal fore Applied force Statie friction — =mg Figure 2.13: 4 book resting on a table

You might also like