केन्द्रीय शवद्यािय संगठन

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

शिक्षा एवं प्रशिक्षण का आं चशिक संस्थान, चंडीगढ़

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH

अध्ययन सामग्री / STUDY MATERIAL

िैशक्षक सत्र / SESSION – 2023-24

कक्षा / CLASS – दसव ीं / X

शवषय / SUBJECT – गणित / MATHEMATICS

संकिन - राजीव रं जन, सह-प्रशिक्षक (गशणत)

COMPILATION BY: RAJIV RANJAN, TRAINING ASSOCIATE (MATHS)

शिक्षा एवं प्रशिक्षण का आं चशिक संस्थान, चंडीगढ़

ZONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING, CHANDIGARH

से क्टर 33-सी, चंडीगढ़ / SECTOR-33 C, CHANDIGARH

वेबसाइट / WEBSITE : zietchandigarh.kvs.gov.in

ई-मेल/ E-MAIL :[email protected] दू रभाष / Phone : 7102-2921841; 2921994

 STUDY MATERIAL FOR CLASS X MATHEMATICS
INDEX
S.No. NAME OF CHAPTER PAGE No.

1 REAL NUMBERS 2

2 POLYNOMIALS 6

3 LINEAR EQUATION IN TWOVARIABLE 10

4 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 19

5 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS 24

6 TRIANGLES 31

7 COORDINATE GEOMETRY 35

8 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY 40

9 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY 45

10 CIRCLES 51

11 SURFACE AREA & VOLUME 57

12 STATISTICS 64

13 PROBABILITY 79

1
 REAL NUMBERS
1. Important Concepts/ Result
Theorem 1.1 (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic): Every composite number can be expressed
(factorised) as a product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime
factors occur.
HCF: Product of the smallest power of each common prime factor in the numbers.
LCM: Product of the greatest power of each prime factor, involved in the numbers.
Theorem 1.2: Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a, whereas is a positive integer.
Proof: Let the prime factorisation of 𝑎 be as follows:
𝑎 = 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , . . . , 𝑝𝑛 , where 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , . . . , 𝑝𝑛 are primes, not necessarily distinct. Therefore,
𝑎2 = ( 𝑝1𝑝2 . . . 𝑝𝑛)( 𝑝1𝑝2 . . . 𝑝𝑛) = 𝑝2 1𝑝2 2 . . . 𝑝2 𝑛. now, we are given that p divides a2.
Therefore, from the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, it follows that p is one of the prime factors of a2.
However, using the uniqueness part of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, we realise that the only
prime factors of a2 are 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , . . . , 𝑝𝑛 . So p is one of 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , . . . , 𝑝𝑛 .
Now, since 𝑎 = 𝑝1 , 𝑝2 , . . . , 𝑝𝑛 , and 𝑝 divides a.
We are now ready to give a proof that 2 is irrational. The proof is based on a technique called „proof by
contradiction‟.
Theorem 1.3: 2 is irrational.
Proof: Let us assume, to the contrary, that 2 is rational.
r
So, we can find integers r and s (≠ 0) such that 2 = s . Suppose r and s have a common factor other than 1.
a
Then, we divide by the common factor to get 2 ,  where a and b are co-prime.
b
So, b 2 = a.
Squaring on both sides and rearranging, we get 2b2 = a2 . Therefore, 2 divides a2.
Now, by Theorem 1.3, it follows that 2 divides a.
So, we can write a = 2c for some integer c.
Substituting for a, we get 2b2 = 4c2 , that is, b2 = 2c2.
This means that 2 divides b2, and so 2 divides b (again using Theorem 1.3 with p = 2). Therefore, a and b
have at least 2 as a common factor.
But this contradicts the fact that a and b have no common factors other than 1. This contradiction has arisen
because of our incorrect assumption that 2is rational. So, we conclude that 2 is irrational.
2. Some Illustrations/ Examples
i) MCQs
1. What is the HCF of the least prime number and the least composite number
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 Solution: (b) Least prime number = 2,
Least composite number = 4, HCF = 2
2. If two positive integers p and q are written as p = x5y2, q = x3y3, where x, y are prime no‟s then HCF (p, q)
is : (a) xy (b) x2y2 (c) x3y2 (d) x5y3
5 2 3 3
Solution: (c) p = x y , q=x y, HCF = x3y2
3. The values of r and s in the given figure is
4
3
s
r 7
(a) r = 10, s = 14 (b) r = 21, s = 84 (c) r = 21, s = 25 (d) r = 10, s = 40
Solution: (b) r = 3 x 7 = 21, s = 4 x r = 4 x 21 = 84,
2
4. The sum of exponents of prime factors in the prime factorisation of 196 is
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 2
Solution: (b) 4, 196 = 22 x 72, Sum = 2 + 2 = 4
5. The prime factorisation of 96 is:
(a) 25 × 3 (b) 26 (c) 24 × 3 (d) 24 × 32
Solution: (a) 25 × 3, The prime factorisation of 96 is: 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 2 5 × 3
ii) Short answer type questions
1. Show that 6- 2 is irrational
𝑎
Solution: Let 6- 2 is rational. Then, 6- 2 = 𝑏
(where a, b are co-prime integers and b ≠ 0)
𝑎 6𝑏−𝑎
6- 𝑏
= 2=> 𝑏
= 2
𝑎
Since a and b are integers, we get 6 - 𝑏
is rational and so 2 is rational.
But this contradicts the fact that 2is irrational. Hence out assumption 6- 2 is rational is wrong. So 6- 2is
irrational.
2. Find the HCF and LCM of 12, 14 and 16 using prime factorisation method.
Solution: 12 = 2 x 2 x 3 = 22 x 31, 14 = 2 x 7 = 21 x 71, 16 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 24
H.C.F (12, 14, 16) = 21 = 2, LCM (12, 14, 16) = 24 x 31 x 71 = 16 x 21= 336
3. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in the form 65m – 117, then the value of m is
Solution: 117 > 65, 117 = 65 × 1 + 52, 65 = 52 × 1 + 13, 52 = 13 × 4 + 0, HCF(65,117) = 13
According to the given, 65𝑚 – 117 = 13, 65m = 117 + 13, 65m = 130, m = 130/65 = 2
3. Questions for Practice:
i) MCQs
1. The LCM of two numbers is 2079 and their HCF is 27. If one of the number is 297.The other number is
(a) 190 (b) 189 (c) 163 (d) 199
2. The values of x and y in the given below figure are:
(a) 𝑥 = 25 , 𝑦 = 75 (b) 𝑥 = 20 , 𝑦 = 80 (c) 𝑥 = 21 , 𝑦 = 84 (d) 𝑥 = 23 , 𝑦 = 92
3. 5050 as product of its prime factors is.
(a) 2 × 52 × 101 (b) 2 × 5 × 5 x 5 × 101 (c)2 × 53 × 100 (d) 2 × 52
4. The expression of 2658 as a product of its prime factors.
(a) 2 × 3 × 443 (b) 2 × 4 × 443 (c)2 × 3 × 333 (d) 2 × 2 × 443
5. The ratio between the LCM and HCF of 5, 15 and 20.
(a) 1:12 (b) 12 : 11 (c)14 : 1 (d) 12 : 1
6. The HCF of two numbers 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 5 and their 𝐿𝐶𝑀 𝑖𝑠 200. The product 𝑎𝑏 is:
(a)1001 (b) 1000 (c)100 (d) 2000
7. The product of two numbers is 1050 and their HCF is 25. Their LCM is:
(a) 24 (b) 42 (c) 44 (d) 40
8. The LCM of two numbers is 182 and their HCF is 13. If one of the numbers is 26, the other number is.
(a)84 (b) 90 (c) 81 (d) 91
9. The least number that is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 5 is:
(a) 70 (b) 60 (c) 80 (d) 90
10. ASSERTION: 5 is an example of a rational number.
REASON: The square root of all positive integers is irrational numbers.
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and assertion reason R is the correct explanation of
assertion A.
(b) Both assertion A and reason R are true but reason R is not the correct explanation of assertion A
(c) Assertion A is true but reason R is false. (d) Assertion A is false but reason R is true.
3
ii) Short answer type questions(5)
1. Complete the following factor tree and the composite number x.

2. Find the least positive integer divisible by first five natural numbers.
3. Find the HCF of the numbers: 𝑘, 2𝑘, 3𝑘, 4𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5𝑘, where k is any positive integer.
4. Explain why 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 + 3 is a composite number.
5. The HCF of two numbers is 27 and their LCM is 162. If one of the numbers is 54, find the other number.
ANSWERS
i) MCQs
1. (b) 189 2 (c ) x=21 ,y=84 3. (a) 2 × 52 × 101 4. (a) 2 × 3 × 443 5 (d) 12 : 1
6. (b) 1000 7 (b) 42 . 8 (d) 91 9.(b) 60 10.(c)
ii) Short answer type questions
1. z=53, x= 11130, y= 5565, 2. LCM= 60 3. HCF= K 4. 11 × 7 × 5 × 3 can be expressed as a
product of primes. Therefore, it is a composite numbers. 5. Other number = 81

TEST PAPER 1: REAL NUMBERS (CLASS -X) M.M. 20

Section A (Each question carries 1 mark)
Q.1 Which of the following is a real number?
22
(a) 23 (b) 1.234 (c) 7
(d) all the above
Q.2 If p and Q are two consecutive natural numbers then HCF (a ,b) is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Section B (Each question carries 2 marks)
Q.3 Find the prime factorization of the denominator of the rational number 2.345.
Q.4 Find the LCM and HCF of 24 and 56 by Prime factorization method.
Q.5 Prove that 7 + √5 is irrational.
Section C (Each question carries 3 marks)
Q.6 Check whether 3n never ends with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Q.7 Prove that √7 is irrational.
Q.8 Three alarm clocks ring at intervals of 6, 10, and 14 minutes respectively. If they start ringing together,
after how much time will they ring together?
Q.9 Given that HCF (25 , 45) = 5 , find their LCM.

TEST PAPER 2 REAL NUMBERS (CLASS -X-) M.M. 30

Q.1 The largest number which divides 70 and 125, leaving remainders 5 and 8 respectively is
(a) 13 (b) 65 (c) 875 (d) 1750
Q.2 If two positive integers p and q can be expressed as p = a³b² and q = ab where a and b are prime
numbers then LCM (p , q) is
(a) ab ( b) a²b² (c) a³b² ( d) ab²
4
Q.3 A (Assertion): If the product of two numbers is 5780 and their HCF is 17, then their LCM is 340 &
R (Reason): HCF is always a factor of LCM.
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true & Reason (R) is the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(b) Both Assertion (A) & Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is not the correct explanation of Assertion (A)
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true
Q.4 If the product of two numbers is 34560 and their HCF IS 24 then find their LCM.
Q.5 Given that LCM (91, 26) = 182. Find the HCF OF 91and 26.
Q.6 Is it possible for the HCF & LCM of two numbers to be 18 and 378 respectively? Justify your answer.
Q.7 The LCM of two numbers is 9 times their HCF. The sum of LCM and HCF is 500. Find their HCF.
Q.8 Find the least number which is divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 10.
Q.9 Four bells toll together at 9:00 am. They toll after 6,8,10 and 12 seconds respectively. How many times
will they toll together again in next 3 hours.
Q.10 What will be the least possible number of planks, if three pieces of timber 42 m, 49 m, and 63 m long
have to be divided into planks of the same length.
Q.11 Prove that 3 + 7 is an irrational.
Q. 12 Check whether 4n can end with the digit 0 for any natural number n.
Q 13 There is a circular path around a sports field. Shyama takes 18 minutes to drive one round of the field,
while Sunny takes 12 minutes for the same. Suppose they both start at the same point and at the same time
and go in the same direction. After how many minutes will they meet again at the starting point?

5
 POLYNOMIALS
Important Concepts/ Result:
1. Polynomial: If x is a variable, n is a natural number and a0, a1, a2, a3, ……….
an are real numbers, then p(x) = anxn + an–1xn-1 + ......... + a1 x + a0, (an ≠0) is
called a polynomial in x.
2. Polynomials of degree 1, 2 and 3 are called linear, quadratic and cubic polynomialsrespectively.
3. Polynomial in the form ax2 + bx + c, where a, b, c are real numbers and a  0 is called a quadratic
polynomial in variable x.
4. A polynomial can have at most the same number of zeros as the degree of the
polynomial
5. A real number k is said to be a zero of a polynomial p(x), if p(k) = 0.
6. The graph of the corresponding equation y = ax2 + bx + c has one of the two shapes either open upwards
like or open downwards like depending on whether a > 0 or a < 0. (These curves are called parabolas.)
7. Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial ax2+bx+c , where α, β are the zeroes of the
polynomial
−𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 −𝑏
(i) Sum of zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
, 𝛼 + 𝛽 = 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑐
(ii) Product of zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
, 𝛼𝛽 = 𝑎
8. Relationship between Zeroes and Coefficients of a Polynomial ax3+bx2+cx+d , where α, β, γ are the
zeroes of the polynomial
−𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 −𝑏
(i) Sum of zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3
,𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 𝑎
−𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑐
(ii) Sum of Product of zeroes = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3
, 𝛼𝛽 + 𝛽𝛾 + 𝛾𝛼 = 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 −𝑑
(iii) Product of zeroes =𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2
, 𝛼𝛽𝛾 = 𝑎
9. Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 is Kx2 – (α + β) x + α β where k is any real number.
II. Some illustrations/Examples (with solution).
1 The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. , for some
polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x).

a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

2 The degree of zero polynomial is

a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) not defined
3 If -1 is a zero of the polynomial x2 – 7x – 8, then the other zero is
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) – 8 (d) 1
4 1
Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product ofzeroes are and - 1
4
respectively.
1 1 3 1 1 1 1
a) x2 - 4 x + 4
b) x2 - 4 x - 4
c) x2 - 4 x - 1 d) x2 - 4 x - 4
5 Assertion(A): Quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are 1 and -1 is x2 -1.
Reason(R): Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α and β is k 𝑥 2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 +
𝛼𝛽
(a) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

6
 (b) Both Assertion (A) and Reason(R) are true but Reason(R) is not the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but Reason (R) is true.
6 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials 6x2 – 3 – 7x.
7 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials 4u2 + 8u.
8 If the product of zeros of ax2– 6x – 6 is 4, find the value of a. Hence find the sum
ofits zeros.
9 1
Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are -1 and 3.
10 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial t2 – 5, and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.

3 −1 2 1
Answers:1(a). 2(b). ,3(b). 4(c).5(a), 6)2 , 3
. 7) 0, - 2, 8) a =3/2, 4 9)x2 + 3 x - 3
,
−𝑏 𝑐
10) Zeroes are 5 - 5, Verification: α+ β = 𝑎
= 0 and α β = 𝑎 = −5
Practice Questions: Number of questions should be as mentioned in the table:
1 The graph of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + cis an upward open parabola if
a) a>0 b) a< 0 c) a =0 d) a= -1
2 The degree of constant polynomial is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3
3 If one of the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial (k–1) x2 + k x + 1 is –3, then find
the value of k.
3 −3 4 −4
(a) 4
(b) 4
(c) 3
(d) 3
4 Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are – 3 and 2
respectively.
a) x2 + 3x + 2. b) x2- x - 6 c) 2x2 + 2x - 2 d) x2 + 3x - 2
5 1
Find a quadratic polynomial, the sum and product of whose zeroes are and - 1
4
respectively.
1 1 3 1 1 1 1
a) x2 - 4 x + 4
b) x2 - 4 x - 4
c) x2 - 4 x - 1 d) x2 - 4 x - 4
6 Find the quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are 0 and 5
respectively.
a) x2- 5x b) x2- 6 c) x2- 5, d) x2+ 5
7 1
If α and 𝛼 are the zeroes of the quadratic equation 2x2 – x +8k, then the value of k is
1 −1
a)4 b) 4 c) 4 d) 2
8 The number of polynomialshaving zeroes -2 and 5 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d)more than 3
9 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials t2 – 15.
(a) 15 , 15(b)− 15 , 15 (c) − 15 , − 15(d) 5, 3
10 Assertion(A): quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are – 3 and 2
respectively is x2 + 3x + 2

7
 Reason(R): Quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α and β is k 𝑥 2 – (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 +
𝛼𝛽
(a) BothAssertion (A)and Reason (R)are true and Reason (R) is the
correctexplanationofAssertion(A).
(b) Both Assertion(A)andReason(R) are truebutReason(R) is notthe
correctexplanation ofAssertion(A).
(c) Assertion (A) is truebut Reason (R) isfalse.
(d) Assertion (A) isfalse but Reason (R) istrue.
11 Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are 2 + 3 and 2 - 3
12 If 𝛼 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛽 are the zeroes of the polynomial 21x2 – x – 2, find the quadratic
polynomial whose zeroes are2𝛼 and 2𝛽.
13 Form a quadratic polynomialone of whosezeroes is 2 + 5andsum of zero is 4.
14 For what value of k, the number -4 is a zero of polynomial x2 – x – (2k + 2).
15 Find a quadratic polynomial whose sum and product of zeroes are 3 and 1
respectively.
16 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
17 Find the zeroes of the polynomialx2 – 3 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
18 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 5x + 6, and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
19 Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 4 and verify the relationship between the
zeroes and the coefficients.
20 If αand β are zeros of x2– x – 2, find a polynomial whose zeros are (2α + 1) and
(2β + 1).

IV. ANSWER
1(a)2(b) 3(c)4(a) 5(c) 6(d) 7(b) 8(d) 9(b)10(a)
−𝑏
11). x2-4x + 112) 21x2- 2x -813) x2- 4x - 114) 915) x2-4x + 1 16) -2,-5 Verification: α+ β = 𝑎
= -7 and α β
𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐 −𝑏
= = 10 17) 3 , - 3Verification: α+ β = = 0 and α β = = −318) -2, -3Verification: α+ β = = -5
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑐 −𝑏 𝑐
and α β = 𝑎 = 619) 2, -2 Verification: α+ β = 𝑎
= 0 and α β = 𝑎 = −420) x2 –4x -5
Test-1 (20 marks)
S.Nos. Questions. Marks
1 The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. for some polynomials p(x). Find 2
the number of zeroes of p(x).

2 If αand β are zeros of 2x2– 7x+ 3, then find the value of α2 +β2. 2
3 If αand β are zeros of x2– 5x+ 6, then find the value of α + β- α β 2
8
4 Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are 4 and -5. 2
5 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial 3x2- x - 4, and verify the 3
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
6 If αand β are zeros of 2x2– 4x+ 5, then find the value of α3 +β3 3
7 If Zeroes of a quadratic polynomial x2– (a+1)x + b are 2 and -3,then Find 3
the value of a and b.
8 If α and β are the zeroes of the polynomial 6x2- 7x + 2, then find the 3
quadratic polynomial whose zeroes are α-1 and β-1.

Test-2 (30marks) Formatted: Font: Bold, Font color:

Text 1, Complex Script Font: Bold
S.Nos. Questions. Marks
Formatted: Centered
1 The graphs of y = p(x) are given in Fig. for some 2
polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x)

2 Find a quadratic polynomial, whose zeroes are α and β. 2

3 Find the sum of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial x2-3x+2. 2
4 Find the product of zeroes of a quadratic polynomial x2-x+6. 2
5 If one zero of the quadratic polynomial x 2 + 4x + k is 2, then find the 2
value of k.
6 If the sum of the zeros of the polynomial p(x) = 2x2 + 3kx –5 is 6, then 2
find the value of k.
7 If zeros of the quadratic polynomial x2+(a+1)x+b are 2 and -3, then find 3
the values of a and b.

8 If α and β are the zeros of the polynomial x2 – 5x + m such that α – β = 1, 3

find m.
9 If the sum of squares of zeros of the polynomial x2 – 8x + k is 40, find the 3
value of k.
10 Find the zeroes of the quadratic polynomial x2 + 7x + 10, and verify the 3
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
11 Find the zeroes of the polynomial x2 – 8x and verify the relationship 3
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
12 If one zero of the zeroes of the polynomial (a2 + 9) x2 + 13x + 6a is 3
reciprocal of the other, find the value of a.

9
 PAIR OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN TWO VARIABLES
KEY POINTS:
The general form for a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y .
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0
Where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are all real numbers and a1≠ 0, b1 ≠0, a2≠ 0, b2≠ 0.
Consistency of system of linear equations in two variables
A pair of values of the variables x and y satisfying each one of the equation is called a solution of the
system.
Consistent System: A system of linear equations is said to consistent if it has at least one solution.
In-consistent System: A system of linear equation is said to be in-consistent if it has no solution.
Algebraic methods of solving a pair of linear equations:
(i) Substitution method
(ii) Elimination Method
Solution by Graphical Representation
Ratio comparison Graphical Algebraic Consistent/Inconsistent
Representation Interpretation
Exactly one Consistent
a1 b1
 solution
(unique Sol)
a2 b2
a1 b1 c1 Infinite solution Dependent(consistent)
 
a2 b2 c2

a1 b1 c1 No solution Inconsistent
 
a2 b2 c2

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Ques1. Determine, whether the system of equations is consistent or in-consistent.
x + y = 14 and x – y = 4
Solution: Rearrange the given equation like general form: x + y -14 = 0 and x – y – 4 = 0
By comparing we get, a1  1 , b1 = 1, c1  14 , a 2  1 , b2 = - 1, c2  4
b1 1 c1  14
a1

1  
a2 1 b2  1 c2 4
a1 b1
Since  Therefore, system of equations has only one sol
a 2 b2
Hence, the system of equations is consistent
Ques-2 Solve the following system of equation by substitution method: x + y = 14 and x – y = 4
SOLUTION: Equations are x + y = 14 ……… (i) x – y = 4 ………(ii)
from equation (ii) find x in term of y x = y + 4 ……… (iii)
substitute this x in (i), we get (y + 4) + y = 14, or 2y + 4 = 14, or 2y = 14 – 4
or 2y = 10 or y = 10/2 , or y = 5
Now from equation (iii) we find the value of x with the help of (y = 5) x = 5 + 4 = 9
Thus, x = 9 and y = 5
Ques3 Solve the following system of equation by elimination method: 2x + y = 24 and x –2y = 7
10
Solution: Given equations are
2x + y = 24 ……… (i), x –2y = 7 ………(ii)
Here, if we multiply by 2 in equation (i) and adding with equation (ii), we get
4x + 2y = 48 ……… (i) ,x - 2y = 7 ……(ii), 5x = 55, Or x = 55/5, Or x = 11
Now, in equation (i) putting the value of x to find y
2 x 11 + y = 24 Or 22 + y = 24 Or y = 24 – 22 Or y = 2 , Thus, x = 11 and y = 2
Ques 4 To determine the value of k (unknown) for which the given system of linear equations has infinitely
many solutions. 2x + 3y = 5 and 4x + ky = 10
Solution: Rearrange the given equation in general form 2x + 3y - 5 = 0 and 4x + ky – 10 = 0
a1 2 b1 3 c1  5
By comparing we get,  ,  , 
a 2 4 b2 k c2  10
a1 b1 c1 2 3  5
For infinitely many solutions, we must have     Or k = 2 x 3 , Or k = 6
a2 b2 c2 , 4 k  10
Hence, the given system of equations will have infinitely many solutions, if k = 6
Ques5.The area of a rectangle gets reduced by 9 square units, if its length is reduced by 5 units and breadth
is increased by 3 units. If we increase the length by 3 units and the breadth by 2 units the area increases by
67 square units. Find the dimensions of the rectangle
Solution. Let the length of the rectangle be x units and breadth be y units.
ATQ, (x – 5)(y +3) = xy – 9, (x +3)(y +2) = xy +67, Solve for x and y.
Ques6 One says, “Give me a hundred, friend! I shall then become twice as rich as you”. The other replies,
“If you give me ten, I shall be six times as rich as you”. Tell me what is the amount of their
(respective ) capital?
Solution: Let amount of money with first person = Rs. x
Let amount of money with second person = Rs. Y
ATQ, x + 100 = 2 (y – 100), Also, y + 10 = 6 (x – 10), Solve for x and y.
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
MCQ
Q1 The value of k for which kx + 2y = 5 and 3x + y =1 have unique solution, is:
(a) k = -1 (b) k ≠ 6 (c) k = 6 (d) k = 2
Q2 The graph of an equation y = -3 is a line which will be:
(a) parallel to x-axis (b) parallel to y-axis
(c) passing through origin (d) on x-axis
Q3 The pair of equations 3x + 2y =5, 2x + 3y = 7 has:
(a) no solution (b) one solution (c) many solutions (d) two solutions
Q4 If (6, k) is a solution of the equation 3x + y = 22 then, the value of k is:
(a) –4 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) –3
Q5 ASSERTION & REASON
Directions:
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Assertion: The value of k for which the system of linear equations kx-y=2 and

11
 6x-2y=3 has a unique solution is 3.
Reason: The graph of linear equations a1x+b1y+c1=0 and a2x+b2y+c2=0 gives a pair
of intersecting lines if a1/a2 ≠ b1/b2

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q6 Find the value of a so that the point (2,9) lies on the line represented by ax-3y=5
Q7 Find the value of k so that the lines 2x–3y = 9 and kx - 9y = 18 will be parallel.
Q8 Determine the value of k (unknown) for which the following system of equations has
infinitely many solutions. 2x + 3y = 5 and 4x + ky = 10
Q9 Solve the following system of equation by elimination method 2x + y = 24 and x –2y = 7
Q10 Solve the following system of equation by substitution method: x + y = 14 and x – y = 4
Q11 The difference between two numbers is 26 and one number is three times the other. Find
them.
Q12 Find the point of intersection of line -3x+7y=3 with x-axis
Q13 Find the fraction which becomes to 2/3 when the numerator is increased by 2 and equal
to 4/7 when the denominator is increased by 4.
Q14 For what value of k will the equation x +5y – 7 = 0 and 4x + 20y + k = 0 represent
coincident lines?
Q15 Do the equations y = x and y = x + 3 represent parallel lines?
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q16 Students of a class are made to stand in rows. If one student is extra in a row, there Ans60
would be 2 rows less, if one student is less in a row there would be 3 rows more. Find
the number of the students in the class
Q17 The sum of digits of a two-digit number is 9. If 27 is subtracted from the number, the Ans63
digits are reversed. find the number
Q18 For what values of a and b, will the following pair of linear equations have infinitely
many solutions: x + 2y = 1, (a – b)x + (a + b)y = a + b – 2
Q19 The perimeter of a rectangle is 44 cm. Its length exceeds twice its breadth by 4cm.
Find the length and breadth of the rectangle
Q20 There are two classrooms A and B. If 15 students are sent from A to B, then the
number of students in each classroom will be the same. If 5 students are sent from B to
A, then the number of students in A will be double the number of students in B.
Represent this information algebraically.
Q21 CASE STUDY QUESTIONS
Dipesh bought 3 notebooks and 2 pens for Rs. 80. Lokesh also bought the same
types of notebooks and pens as Dipesh. He paid 110 for 4 notebooks and 3 pens

i) Let the cost of one notebook be x and that of pen be y . Which of the following set 1
describe the given problem?
(a) 2 x + 3 y = 80 and 3 x + 4y = 110
(b) 3 x + 2 y = 80 and 4 x+ 3 y = 110
12
 (c) 2 x + 3 y = 80 and 4 x + 3 y = 110
(d) 3 x + 2 y = 80 and 3 x + 4 y = 110
What is the exact cost of the notebook? 1
ii)
(a) Rs 10 (b) Rs 20 (c) Rs 16 (d) Rs 24
iii) What is the exact cost of the pen? 1
(a) Rs 10 (b) Rs 20 (c) Rs 16 (d) Rs 24
What is the total cost if they will purchase the same type of 15 notebooks and 12 pens.
iv) (a) Rs 410 (b) Rs 200 (c) Rs 420 (d) Rs 240 2
Q22 Amit is planning to buy a house and the layout is
given below. The design and the measurement has
been made such that areas of two bedrooms and
kitchen together is 95 sq.m

Based on the above information, answer the following questions:

1. Form the pair of linear equations in two variables from this situation.
2. Find the length of the outer boundary of the layout.
3. Find the area of each bedroom and kitchen in the layout.
4. Find the area of living room in the layout.
5. Find the cost of laying tiles in kitchen at the rate of Rs. 50 per sq.m

Q23 It is common that Governments revise travel fares from time to time based on various
factors such as inflation ( a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value
of money) on different types of vehicles like auto, Rickshaws, taxis, Radio cab etc.
The auto charges in a city comprise of a fixed charge together with the charge for the
distance covered. Study the following situations

Name of the city Distance travelled (Km) Amount paid (Rs.)

City A 10 75
15 110
City B 8 91
14 145

Refer situation 1
1.If the fixed charges of auto rickshaw be Rs x and the running charges be Rs y km/hr,
the pair of linear equations representing the situation is
a) x + 10y =110, x + 15y = 75
b) x + 10y =75, x + 15y = 110
c) 10x + y =110, 15x + y = 75
d) 10x + y = 75, 15 x + y =110
2. A person travels a distance of 50km in City A. The amount he has to pay is
a) Rs.155 b) Rs.255 c) Rs.355 d) Rs.450
13
 3. What will a person have to pay for travelling a distance of 30km in City B?
a) Rs.185 b) Rs.289 c) Rs.275 d) Rs.30

ANSWERS
MCQ Answer Short Answers Long Answers Case Answers
Ans Ans Study
Ques Ques Ques
Q1 b Q6 a=16 Q16 60 Q21 i) a
ii) b
iii) a
iv) c
v) a
Q2 a Q7 K=6 Q17 63 Q22 i) x+y=13
2x+y=19
ii) 54 cm
iii) x=6 y=7
iv) 75 sqm
v)Rs 1750
Q3 b Q8 K=6 Q18 a=3, b=1 Q23 i) a
ii) d
iii) b
Q4 b Q9 x= 11,y= 2 Q19 Length=16,Breadth=6
Q5 a Q10 x= 9, y=5 Q20 SecA=75 students,
SecB=45 students
Q11 x= 39, y=13
Q12 x= -1,y=0
Q13 28
45
Q14 k= -28
Q15 Yes parallel
lines
TEST-1 Mathematics- Class-X M.M.:20
SECTION-A
Q1 The solutions of the equation 2x - y - 5 =0 are: 1
(a) x = 2, y = -1 (b) x = 2, y =1
(c) x =1, y = -1 (d) x = -2, y =1
Q2 The system of equations k x - y = 2 and 6x -2y = 3 has a unique solution when: 1
(a) k = 0 (b) k ≠ 0 (c) k = 3 (d) k ≠ 3
Q3 Point (4, 3) lies on the line: 1
(a) 3x + 7y =27 (b) 7x + 2y = 47 (c) 3x + 4y =24 (d) 5x + 4y =1
Q4 The graph of an equation y =-3 is a line which will be: 1
(a) parallel to x-axis (b) parallel to y-axis
(c) passing through origin (d) on x-axis
SECTION-B
Q5 If the lines represented by the pair of linear equations 2x + 5y = 3, 2(k + 2) y + 2
(k +1)x = 2k are oincident then, find the value of k .
Q6 If x = a, y = b is the solution of the pair of equations x - y = 2 and x + y = 4, 2
then the respective values of a and b are
Q7 Solve the pair of linear equations x + y = 4 and 2x − 3y = 3 algebraically using 2

14
 elimination method
SECTION-C
Q8 The perimeter of a rectangle is 44 cm. Its length exceeds twice its breadth by 4 3
cm. Find the length and breadth of the rectangle.
Q9 The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 8. If 18 is added to the number, 3
then the digits interchange their places. Find the number.
SECTION-D
Q10 A company placed two orders from two different shops. The first order was for 4
13 desktops and 4 laptops and the total cost came out to be Rs 487000. The
second order was for 6 desktops and 2 laptops and the total cost came out to be
Rs 232000. What is the cost of one desktop and of one laptop?
PRACTICE TEST-2, Class-X M.M.:30
SECTION-A
Q1 If 2x +3y = 0, 4x -3y =0 then, x + y equals: 1
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2
Q2 16 1
The pair of equations 3x +4y =18 ; 4x + y =24 has:
3
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) can‟t say
Q3 Determine the value of k (unknown) for which the given system of equations 1
has infinitely many solutions 5x + 2y = k and 10x + 4y = 6
a) k= -3, b) k≠ 3 c) k=3 d) k=2
Q4 The values of x and y if 23x + 35y = 209 and 35x + 23y = 197, are : 1
(a) 3 and 4 (b) 4 and 5 (c) –3 and 2 (d) 5 and 3
Q5 ASSERTION & REASON 1
Directions:
In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A)
(C) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Assertion :If a pair of lines are coincident, then we say that pair is consistent
and it has a unique solution.
Reason (R) : If a pair of lines are parallel, then the pair has no solution and is
called inconsistent pair of equations.
(a) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A)
(b) Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A)
(c) (A) is true but (R) is false
(d) (A) is false but (R) is true

SECTION-B
Q6 2

15
 If (6, k) is a solution of the equation 3x + y = 22 then, find the value of k .

Q7 2
If 1 is added in numerator and denominator both, then a fraction changes to 4. If
1 is subtracted from the numerator and denominator both, the fraction changes
to 7. Find numerator of the fraction.

Q8 Find the value of y obtained on solving the equations 2x + y = 2x - y = 8 . 2

Q9 Half the perimeter of a rectangular garden, whose length is 4 m more than its 2
width is 36 m. Find the dimensions of the garden .

Q10 Ritu can row downstream 20 km in 2 hours, and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find 2
her speed of rowing in still water and the speed of the current .
(a) 4 km/h, 4 km/h (b) 6 km/h, 4 km/h
(c) 6 km/h, 6 km/h (d) 4 km/h, 6 km
Q11 x y 2
The coordinates of the point where x-axis and the line   1 intersect, are:
2 3
(a) (0, 3) (b) (3, 2) (c) (2, 0) (d) (0, 2)
SECTION-C
Q12 3
A father‟s age is three times the sum of ages of his two children. After 5 years,
his age will be two times the sum of their ages. Find the present age of the
father.
OR
For which values of a and b, will the following pair of linear equations have
infinitely many solutions?
x + 2y = 1; (a – b)x + (a + b)y = a + b – 2

Q13 3
There are two classrooms A and B. If 15 students are sent from A to B, then the
number of students in each classroom will be the same. If 5 students are sent
from B to A, then the number of students in A will be double the number of
students in B. Represent this information algebraically
Q14 3
There are two points on a highway A and B. They are 70 km apart. An auto
starts from A and another auto starts from B simultaneously. If they travel in
the same direction, they meet in 7 hours, but if they travel towards each other
they meet in 1 hour. Find how fast the speed of two autos .

SECTION-D
Q15 CASE STUDY 4
Mr. RK Agarwal is owner of a famous amusement park in Delhi. Generally he

16
 does not go to park and it is managed by team of staff. The ticket charge for the
park is Rs 150 for children and Rs 400 for adults. One day Mr Agrawal decided to
random check the park and went there. When he checked the cash counter, he
found that 480 tickets were sold and Rs 134500 was collected

(i)Let the number of children visited be x and the number of adults visited be y .
Which of the following is the correct system of equation that model the problem?
(a) x + y = 480 and 3 x + 8 y = 2690
(b) x + 2y = 480 and 3 x +4 y = 2690
(c) x + y = 480 and 3 x + 4 y = 2690
(d) x +2 y = 480 and 3 x + 8 y = 2690
(ii) How many children attended?
(a) 250 (b) 500 (c) 230 (d) 460
(iii) How many adults attended?
(a) 250 (b) 500 (c) 230 (d) 460
(iv) How much amount collected if 300 children and 350 adults attended?
(a) Rs 225400 (b) Rs 154000 (c) Rs 112500 (d) Rs 185000
OR
One day total attended children and adults together is 750 and the total
amount collected is Rs 212500. What are the number of children and
adults attended ?
(a) (700, 800) (b) (350, 400) (c) (800, 700) (d) (400, 350)

ANSWERS OF TEST-1

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10

a d c a K=3 X=3, X=3, L=16 X=3 Desktop= Rs 23000

y=1 y=1 B=6 y=5 Laptop=Rs47000

ANSWERS OF TEST-2

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10
a c c a d K=4 Numera Y=0 L=20 Speed of rowing
tor=15 , =6km/hr
B=16 Speed of current
=4km/hr
17
Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q1 Q15 Q15 Q15
5(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(2,0 Fathers secA=75 AutoA=40 a c a d
) age=45 secB=45 km/hr
yrs AutoB=30
km/hr

18
 QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
I. Important Concepts / Results
A quadratic polynomial of the form ax² + bx + c, where a ≠ 0 and a, b, c are real numbers, is called a
quadratic equation
when ax² + bx + c = 0.
Here a and b are the coefficients of x² and x respectively and „c‟ is a constant term.
Any value is a solution of a quadratic equation if and only if it satisfies the quadratic equation.
Quadratic formula: The roots, i.e., α and β of a quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 are given
−𝑏± 𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 −𝑏± 𝐷
by 𝑥 = 2𝑎
where b² – 4ac ≥ 0 or 𝑥 = 2𝑎
Here, the value b² – 4ac=D is known as the discriminant and is generally denoted by D. „D‟ helps us to
determine the nature of roots for a given quadratic equation. Thus D = b² – 4ac.
The rules are: If D = 0 ⇒ The roots are Real and Equal. If D > 0 ⇒ The two roots are Real and Unequal.
If D < 0 ⇒ No Real roots exist.
If α and β are the roots of the quadratic equation, then Quadratic equation is:
x² – (α + β) x + αβ = 0 Or x² – (sum of roots) x + product of roots = 0
Examples
i) MCQ
1) 1. Which of the following is not a quadratic equation
(a) x² + 3x – 5 = 0 (b) x² + x3 + 2 = 0 (c) 3 + x + x² = 0 (d) x² – 9 = 0
Ans:- (b)
:Reason: Since it has degree 3.
2) The polynomial equation x (x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) (x – 2) is
(a) linear equation (b) quadratic equation (c) cubic equation
(d) bi-quadratic equation
Ans:- (a)
Explaination: We have x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) (x – 2)
⇒ x² + x + 8 = x² – 4
⇒ x² + x + 8- x² + 4 = 0
⇒ x + 12 = 0, which is a linear equation.
3) The roots of the quadratic equation 6x² – x – 2 = 0 are

Ans:- ( c)
Explaination:Reason: We have 6×2 – x – 2 = 0
⇒ 6x² + 3x-4x-2 = 0
⇒ 3x(2x + 1) -2(2x + 1) = 0
⇒ (2x + 1) (3x – 2) = 0
⇒ 2x + 1 = 0 or 3x – 2 = 0
1 2
∴ x =− 22, x = 3
4) If one root of the quadratic equation 2x² + kx – 6 = 0 is 2, the value of k is
(a) 1 (b) -1 (c) 2 (d) -2
Ans: (b)
Reason: Scice x = 2 is a root of the equation 2x² + kx -6 = 0
∴ 2(2)² +k(2) – 6 = 0
⇒ 8 + 2k – 6 = 0

19
⇒ 2k = -2
∴ k = -1
5) The roots of the equation 7x² + x – 1 = 0 are
(a) real and distinct (b) real and equal (c) not real (d) none of these
Answer: (a)
Reason: Here a = 2, b = 1, c = -1
∴ D = b² – 4ac = (1)² – 4 × 2 × (-1) = 1 + 8 = 9 > 0
∴ Roots of the given equation are real and distinct.
Short Answer type Questions:-
1) If the equation 12x² + 4kx + 3 = 0 has real and equal roots, find the value of k
Solution: Here a = 12, b = 4k, c = 3
Since the given equation has real and equal roots
∴ b² – 4ac = 0
⇒ (4k)² – 4 × 12 × 3 = 0
⇒ 16k² – 144 = 0
⇒ k² = 9
⇒ k = ±3
2) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 + x – 6 = 0
Solution: x2 – 5x + 2x – 10=0
=>x(x – 5) + 2(x – 5)=0
=>(x – 5)(x + 2)=0
Therefore, x – 5 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
=> x = 5 or x = -2
3) Find two consecutive positive integers, the sum of whose squares is 365.
Solution:
Let us say the two consecutive positive integers are x and x + 1.
Therefore, as per the given questions,
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 365
⇒ x2 + x2 + 1 + 2x = 365
⇒ 2x2 + 2x – 364 = 0
⇒ x2 + x – 182 = 0
⇒ x2 + 14x – 13x – 182 = 0
⇒ x(x + 14) -13(x + 14) = 0
⇒ (x + 14)(x – 13) = 0
Thus, either, x + 14 = 0 or x – 13 = 0,
⇒ x = – 14 or x = 13
Since the integers are positive, x can be 13 only.
∴ x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
Therefore, two consecutive positive integers will be 13 and 14.
III. Questions for Practice
i) MCQ
1) The quadratic equation x2 + x – 182 = 0 has degree
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

20
2) The equation (x – 2)² + 1 = 2x – 3 is a
(a) linear equation (b) quadratic equation (c) cubic equation
(d) bi-quadratic equation
3) The quadratic equation whose roots are 1 and
(a) 2x² + x – 1 = 0 (b) 2x² – x – 1 = 0 (c) 2x² + x + 1 = 0 (d) 2x² – x + 1 = 0
4) The quadratic equation whose one rational root is 3 + √2 is
(a) x² – 7x + 5 = 0 (b) x² + 7x + 6 = 0 (c) x² – 7x + 6 = 0 (d) x² – 6x + 7 = 0
5) The equation 2x² + kx + 3 = 0 has two equal roots, then the value of k is
(a) ±√6 (b) ± 4 (c) ±3√2 (d) ±2√6
6) The roots of the quadratic equation 2x² – 2√2x + 1 = 0 are

7) The roots of the quadratic equation

(a) a, b (b) -a, b (c) a, -b (d) -a, -b

8) The roots of the equation (b – c) x² + (c – a) x + (a – b) = 0 are equal, then
(a) 2a = b + c (b) 2c = a + b (c) b = a + c (d) 2b = a + c
9) The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 313. The numbers are
(a) 12, 13 (b) 13,14 (c) 11,12 (d) 14,15
2
10) Assertion: If one root of the quadratic equation 6x – x – k = 0 is 2/3, then the value of k is 2.
Reason: The quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a ≠ 0 has almost two roots.
Directions:
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

i) Short Answer Type Questions:-

1
1) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – x + 8 = 0
2) Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
3) Solve : √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
4) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 by using Quadratic formula
5) Find the roots of the following equations:

21
Answer

Test-1 Quadratic Equations: M.M.: 20

I Choose the correct answer:- 4 x 1=4 marks
The quadratic equation x2 + x – 182 = 0 has degree
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
2) The equation (x – 2)² + 1 = 2x – 3 is a
(a) linear equation (b) quadratic equation (c) cubic equation
(d) bi-quadratic equation
3) The equation 2x² + kx + 3 = 0 has two equal roots, then the value of k is
(a) ±√6 (b) ± 4 (c) ±3√2 (d) ±2√6
4) The sum of the squares of two consecutive natural numbers is 313. The numbers are
(a) 12, 13 (b) 13,14 (c) 11,12 (d) 14,15
II. Answer the following : 5 X 2 = 10 Marks
5) Solve : √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
6) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 4 = 0 by using Quadratic formula
1
7) Find the roots of the quadratic equation 2x2 – x + = 0
8
8) Find two numbers whose sum is 27 and product is 182.
9) If the equation 12x² + 4kx + 3 = 0 has real and equal roots, find the value of k
III. Answer the following:- 2 x 3 = 6 Marks
10) Find the roots of the following equations:
11) Find two consecutive positive integers, the sum of whose squares is 365.
12) A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it would have taken 1
hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.

Test-2 Quadratic Equations M.M. : 30

I Choose the correct answer:- 5 x 1 = 5marks
1) If one root of equation 4x2-2x+k-4=0 is reciprocal of the other. The value of k is:
(a) -8 (b) 8 (c) -4 (d) 4
2) The roots of quadratic equation 2x2 + x + 4 = 0 are:
(a) Positive and negative (b) Both Positive (c) Both Negative
(d) No real roots

MCQ Short Answer

1 c 1 1 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑
4 4
2 b 2 13 and 14
3 b 3 5
− ,− 2
2
4 d 4 −1 + 33 −1 − 33
,
4 4
5 d 5 3 + 13 3 − 13
,
2 2

6 c
7 d
22
8 d
9 a
10 a
3) If ½ is a root of the quadratic equation x2-mx-5/4=0, then value of m is:
(a) 2 (b) -2 (c) -3 (d) 3
4) Which one of the following is not a quadratic equation?
(a) (x + 2)2 = 2(x + 3) (b) x2 + 3x = (–1) (1 – 3x)2
(c) (x + 2) (x – 1) = x2 – 2x – 3 (d) x3 – x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)3
5) A quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots, if
(a) b2 – 4ac > 0 (b) b2 – 4ac = 0 (c) b2 – 4ac < 0 (d) b2 – ac < 0
II. Answer the following : 5 X 2 = 10 Marks
1) Find the roots of the quadratic equation: √2x2 + 7x + 5√2 = 0
2) Find the value of k for which the equation x2 + k(2x + k – 1) + 2 = 0 has real and equal roots.
3) If – 5 is a root of the quadratic equation 2x2 + px – 15 = 0 and the quadratic equation p(x2 + x) + k = 0 has
equal roots, find the value of k.
4) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. Find the integers.
10
5) If the sum of a number and its reciprocal is 3
, find the number.
III. Answer the following:- 5 x 3 = 15Marks
1) If the equation (1 + m2)x2 + 2 mcx + c2 – a2 = 0 has equal roots then
show that c2 = a2 (1 + m2).
2) A plane left 30 minutes late than its scheduled time and in order to reach the destination
1500 km away in time, it had to increase its speed by 100 km/h from the usual speed.
Find its usual speed.
3) The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 1 m less than twice the shortest side. If the third side
is 1 m more than the shortest side, find the sides of the triangle.32

23
 ARITHMETIC PROGRESSIONS
KEY POINTS
1. An arithmetic progression (AP) is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a
fixed number d to the preceding term, except the first term. The fixed number d is called the common
difference.
The general form of an AP is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ……..
2. A given list of numbers a1 , a2 , a3, a4, a5, . . . is an AP, if the differences a2 – a1 , a3 – a2 , a4 – a3 ,
. . ., give the same value, i.e., ak + 1 – ak is the same for different values of k.
3. In an AP with first term a and common difference d, the nth term (or the general term) is given by
an = a + (n – 1) d.
𝑛
4. The sum of the first n terms of an AP is given by :𝑆𝑛 = 2 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
5. If l is the last term of the finite AP, say the nth term, then the sum of all terms of the AP is given
𝑛
by : 𝑆𝑛 = 2 𝑎 + 𝑙)
𝑎+𝑐
6. If a, b, c are in AP, then b = 2
and b is called the arithmetic mean of a and c
MCQS
1. The sum of the first five multiples of 3 is:
(a) 45(b) 55(c) 65(d) 75
Answer: (a) 45
Explanation: The first five multiples of 3 is 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15
a=3 and d=3n=5
Sum, Sn = n/2[2a+(n-1)d]
S5 = 5/2[2(3)+(5-1)3]=5/2[6+12]=5/2[18]=5 x 9= 45
2. The 10th term of the AP: 5, 8, 11, 14, … is
(a) 32 (b) 35 (c) 38 (d) 185
Answer: (a) 32
Explanation:
Given AP: 5, 8, 11, 14,….
First term = a = 5
Common difference = d = 8 – 5 = 3
nth term of an AP = an = a + (n – 1)d
Now, 10th term = a10 = a + (10 – 1)d
= 5 + 9(3)= 5 + 27= 32
3. In an AP, if d = -4, n = 7, an = 4, then a is
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 20 (d) 28
Answer: (d) 28
Solution;Given,d = -4, n = 7, an = 4
We know that,an = a + (n – 1)d
4 = a + (7 – 1)(-4)
4 = a + 6(-4)
4 = a – 24
⇒ a = 4 + 24 = 28
24
 4. 30th term of the A.P: 10, 7, 4, …, is
(a) 97 (b) 77 (c) -77 (d) -87
Answer: (c) -77
Explanation: Given,A.P. = 10, 7, 4, …
First term, a = 10, Common difference, d = a2 − a1 = 7−10 = −3
As we know, for an A.P., an = a +(n−1)d
Putting the values;
a30 = 10+(30−1)(−3)
a30 = 10+(29)(−3)
a30 = 10−87 = −77
5. The missing terms in AP: __, 13, __, 3 are:
(a) 11 and 9 (b) 17 and 9 (c) 18 and 8 (d) 18 and 9
Answer: (c)
Explanation: a2 = 13 and a4 = 3
The nth term of an AP;
an = a+(n−1) d
a2 = a +(2-1)d
13 = a+d ………………. (i)
a4 = a+(4-1)d
3 = a+3d ………….. (ii)
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii), we get,
– 10 = 2d
d=–5
13 = a+(-5)
a3 = 18+(3-1)(-5)= 18+2(-5) = 18-10 = 8 (third term).
CASE STUDY :Q. 1. India is competitive manufacturing location due to the low cost of manpower and
strong technical and engineering capabilities contributing to higher quality production runs. The
production of TV sets in a factory increases uniformly by a fixed number every year. It produced 16000
sets in 6th year and 22600 in 9th year
Based on the above information, answer the following questions:
(i)Find the production during first year.
OR
(i) Find the production during 8th year.
(ii) Find the production during first 3 years.
(iii) In which year, the production is `₹ 29,200.
OR
(iii) Find the difference of the production during 7th year and 4th year.
Sol. `(i) 5000
Explanation: a6 = 16,000
a + (n + 1)d = 16,000
a + (6 – 1)d = 16,000
a + 5d = 16,000 ...(i)
a9 = 22,600
a + (n – 1)d = 22,600
a + (9 – 1)d = 22,600
a + 8d = 22,600 ...(ii)
25
Solving equation (i) and (ii) a + 5d = 16,000
a + 8d = 22,600 – – – –
3d = – 6,600
d = 2,200
Now, putting d = 2,200 in equation (i)
a + 5d = 16,000
a + 5 × 2,200 = 16,000
a + 11,000 = 16,000
a = 5,000
OR
(i) Sol. Production during 8th year is (a + 7d) = 5000 + 2(2200) = 20400
(II) Sol. Production during first 3 year = 5000 + 7200 + 9400 = 21600
(III)Sol. N = 12
Explanation: an = 29,200
a + (n – 1)d = 29,200
(x – 1)2,900 = 29,200 – 5,000
2,200n – 2,200 = 24,200
2200n = 26,400 n = 26 400/ 2 200 ,n = 12
(IV) Sol. Difference = 18200 – 11600 = 6600
SHORT ANSWER TYPE
Q.1: Which term of the AP: 21, 18, 15, . . . is – 81? Also, is any term 0? Give reason for your answer.
Solution, a = 21d = 18 - 21 = -3 .
Let -81 be the nth term.
Now,nth term, -81 = 21 + ( n -1 ) -3
-81 = 21 -3n + 3
-81 = 24-3n
3n = 24 + 81
n=35Therefore, the 35th term is -81 and the eighth term is 0.
Q.2: The fourth term of an AP is zero. Prove that its 25th term is triple its 11th term.
Ans: Given that a4=0
⇒a+3d=0
⇒a=−3d …(1)
We have to prove that a25=3a11
⇒a+24d=3(a+10d)
⇒a+24d=3a+30d
From equation (1),
⇒−3d+24d=3(−3d)+30d
⇒21d=21d
∴LHS=RHS
Hence proved.
3. How many terms of the arithmetic progression 45 ,39,33, …………….. must be taken so that their sum is
180? Explain the double answer

Solution: Let the number of terms be n

First term (a)=45
Common difference (d)=39−45=−6
We know that,
𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = 2𝑎 + 𝑛 − 1 𝑑
2
26
 𝑛
⇒180 = 2
90 + 𝑛 − 1 −6

⇒n2−16n+60=0
⇒(n−10)(n−6)=0
⇒n−10=0 or n−6=0
4. The sum of four consecutive numbers in A.P. is 32 and the ratio of the product of the first and last term to
the product of two middle terms is 7 : 15. Find the numbers.
Solution:. Let the four consecutive terms of A.P. be (a – 3d), (a – d), (a + d) and (a + 3d).
By given conditions a – 3d + a – d + d + a + 3d = 32 ⇒ 4a = 32
𝑎−3𝑑 𝑎+3𝑑 7
𝑎−𝑑 𝑎+𝑑
= 15 , 𝑑 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑑 = ±2
Hence, the numbers are 2, 6, 10 and 14 or 14, 10, 6 and 2
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
MCQs
1. A sequence is an ordered list of numbers. A sequence of numbers such that the difference between the
consecutive terms is constant is said to be an arithmetic progression (A.P.).
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions.
Which of the following sequence is an A.P.?
(a) 10,24,39,52,.... (b) 11,24,39,52, ... (c) 10,24,38,52, ... (d) 10, 38, 52, 66, ....
2.If x, y and z are in A.P., then
(a) x + z = y (b) x - z = y (c) x + z = 2y (d) None of these
3. If the nth term of the A.P. – 1, 4, 9, 14, ....is 129. Find the value of n.
(a) 24 (b) 50 (c) 13 (d) 27
4. The list of numbers –10, –6, –2, 2,… is
(a) an AP with d = –16 (b) an AP with d = 4 (c) an AP with d = –4 (d) not an AP
5. In an Arithmetic Progression, if a = 28, d = -4, n = 7, then an is:
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 7
6. If k-1, k+3 and 3k-1 are in AP, then find the value of k
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 7
7. What is the common difference of an AP in which a18 – a14 = 32?
(a) 8 (b) -8 (c) -4 (d) 4
8. The famous mathematician associated with finding the sum of the first 100 natural numbers is
(a) Pythagoras (b) Newton (c) Gauss (d) Euclid
9. If the nth term (n > 1) of an A.P. is smaller than the first term, then nature of its common difference d is
(a) d> 0 (b) d < 0 (c) d = 0 (d) Can't be determined
10. Assertion: Sum of natural number from 1 to 100 is 5050
𝑛+1
Reason: Sum of n natural number is = 𝑛 2
a.) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
b.) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
c.) Assertion is true but the reason is false.
d.) Both assertion and reason are false.
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS: CASE STUDY-1
The school auditorium was to be constructed to accommodate at
least 1500 people. The chairs are to be placed in concentric
circular arrangement in such a way that each succeeding circular
row has 10 seats more than the previous one.
1. If the first circular row has 30 seats, how many seats will be
there in the 10th row?
2. For 1500 seats in the auditorium, how many rows need to be there?
OR
27
If 1500 seats are to be arranged in the auditorium, how many seats are still left to be put after 10th row?
3. If there were 17 rows in the auditorium, how many seats will be there in the middle row?

CASE STUDY 2
In a class the teacher asks every student to write an example of A.P. Two
friends Geeta And Madhuri writes their progressions as −5, – 2, 1, 4, …
𝑎𝑛𝑑 187, 184, 181, .... respectively. Now, the teacher asks various students of
the class the following questions on these two progressions. Help students to
find the answers of the questions.
1. Find the sum of common difference of the two progressions.
2. Find the 34th term of the progression written by Madhuri.
OR
Find the 19th term of the progression written by Geeta.
3. Find the sum of first 10 terms of the progression written by Geeta.
OR
Which term of the two progressions will have the same value?

CASE STUDY 3
Your elder brother wants to buy a car and plans to take loan from a bank
for his car. He repays his total loan of Rs 1,18,000 by paying every month
starting with the first instalment of Rs 1000. If he increases the instalment
by Rs 100 every month, answer the following:
(i) The amount paid by him in 30th instalment is
(ii) What is the amount paid by him in the 30 instalments? What amount
does he still have to pay after 30th instalment?
(iii) If total instalments are 40 then what is the amount paid in the last
instalment?
OR
The ratio of the 1st instalment to the last instalment is

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

1.If the 3rd and the 9th terms of an AP are 4 and -8, respectively, then which term of this AP is zero.
2: How many
multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
Q.3: The sum of 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find the first
three terms of the AP.
4. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and the
common difference.
5. Find the sum of the first 22 terms of an AP in which d = 7 and 22nd term is 149.
6. If the sum of the first n terms of an AP is 4n − n2, what is the first term (that is S1)? What is the sum of the
first two terms? What is the second term? Similarly find the 3rd, the 10th and the nth terms.
7. A sum of ₹ 700 is to be used to give seven cash prizes to students of a school for their overall academic
performance. If each prize is Rs 20 less than its preceding prize, find the value of each of the prizes.
8. The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an AP is 6 and their product is 8. Find the sum of the first
sixteen terms of the AP.
9. How many number of multiples of 4 lie between 10 and 250?
10. What is the 20th term from the last term of the A.P. 3, 8, 13, …, 253?

28
ANSWERS TO PRACTICE QUESTIONS
MCQS
1C 2C 3D 4B 5A 6A 7A 8C 9B 10 A
CASE STUDY 1: 1 120 seats in the tenth row, 2 n= 15 OR number of rows = 750, 3 110 seats
CASE STUDY 2: 1. 0, 2. 88 OR49, 3. S10 = 85OR n=33,
CASE STUDY 3: (i) 3900 , (ii) 73500, 44500, (iii) 4900 OR 10:49
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. 5th term of the given AP is 0
2. There are 60 multiples of 4 between 10 and 250.
3. The first three terms of this AP are −13, −8, and −3.
4. Number of terms, n = 16 and common difference d = 40/15 = 8/3.
5. 1661, 6. First term = 3Sum of first two terms = S2 = 4 Second term, a2 = 1
3rd, 10th, and nth terms are −1, −15, and 5 − 2n respectively.
7. The value of each of the prizes was ₹160, ₹140, ₹120, ₹100, ₹80, ₹60, and ₹40.
8. Sum of first 16 terms is 20, 9. n = 60, 10.a20 = 158
TEST-2 (20 MARKS)
Q. 1. Find the value of x for which 2x, (x + 10) and (3x + 2) are the three consecutive terms of an A.P
Q. 2. How many two digits numbers are divisible by 3 ?
Q. 3. Find the tenth term of the sequence: . 2, 8, 18, … … ..
Q. 4. How many terms of an A.P. 9, 17, 25, ....must be taken to give a sum of 636 ?
Section B
Q. 5. The fifth term of an A.P. is 20 and the sum of its seventh and eleventh terms is 64. Find the
common difference.
Q. 6. Find the middle term of the A.P. 213, 205, 197, ..... 37.
Q. 7. In an A.P. of 50 terms, the sum of the first 10 terms is 210 and the sum of its last 15 terms is 2565.
Find the A.P
Q. 8. If Sn, the sum of first n terms of an A.P. is given by Sn = 3n2 – 4n. Find the nth term.
ANSWERS: Q. 1. x = 6., Q. 2. 30, two digit numbers divisible by 3. Q. 3. 100
Q. 4. n=12, Q. 5.common difference, d = 3, Q. 6. middle term will be 125
Q. 7. A.P. is 3, 7, 11 ......., Q. 8. an = 6n – 7
TEST-2 M.M.: 30
1. In an A.P, a m+n + a m-n is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2a m (d) a m
2.The first and last term of an A.P. are 1 and 11. If the sum of its terms is 36, then the number of
terms will be (a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 7 (d) 8
3. Sum of first n natural number is
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 2
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 2
(d) 2

4. If 7th and 13th terms of an A.P. are 34 and 64 respectively, then its 18th term is
(a) 87 (b) 88 (c) 89 (d) 90
SECTION B
5. Sum of all natural numbers lying between 250 and 1000 which are exactly divisible by 3 is
6. If nth terms of the APs 63, 65, 67 ... and 3, 10, 17, are equal, then n is
29
7. The number of terms of an A.P. 3, 7, 11, 15... to be taken so that the sum is 406 i s
8. Find the number of terms in each of the AP 7, 13, 19…., 205
SECTION C
9. Check whether –150 is a term of the AP: 11,8,5,2…
10. Find the sum of first n odd natural numbers.
11 The sum of 4th and 8th terms of an AP is 24 and the sum of the 6th and 10th terms is 44. Find the first
three terms of the AP.
12. How many terms of the AP: 24, 21, 18, . . . must be taken so that their sum is 78?
13. The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the number of terms and the
common difference.
Q.14: The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an AP is 6 and their product is 8. Find the sum of
the first sixteen terms of the AP.
ANSWERS: 1. C , 2 B, 3 B , 4 C, 5 156375, 6 13, 7 14, 8 34, 9 −150 cannot be term in
AP., 10 𝑛2 , 11. First three terms of this AP are −13, −8, and −3
12. n = 4 or 13. Both values of n are admissible. So, the number of terms is either 4 or 13.
13. Number of terms, n = 16, Common difference d = 40/15 = 8/3., 14. S16 = 20

30
 TRIANGLE
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1.Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called similar figures.
2. All the congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true.
3.Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if (i) their corresponding angles are equal and (ii)
their corresponding sides are in the same ratio (i.e., proportion).
4. If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in distinct points, then
the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
5. If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio,then the line is parallel to the third side.
6. If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides are in the same ratio
and hence the two triangles are similar (AAA similarity criterion).
7. If in two triangles, two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two angles of the other
triangle, then the two triangles are similar (AA similarity criterion).
8 If in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then their corresponding angles are equal and
hence the triangles are similar (SSS similarity criterion).
9. If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides including these angles are
in the same ratio (proportional), then the triangles are similar (SAS similarity criterion).
SOME ILLUSTRATIONS/EXAMPLES
MCQ
1 Two squares are similar, if their sides are
a) Equal b)Proportional c)Both a and b d)None of the above
2 All congruent figures are
a) Similar b)Not similar c)Both a and b d)None of the above
3 All similar figures are
a) congruent b) Not congruent c) Both a and b d)None of the above
4 All circles are
a) congruent b) Similar c) Both b d)None of the above
5 Which of the following is not a similarity criterion in triangles
a) AAA b) SAS c) SSS d) RHS
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTION
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
IF∆ABC and ∆DEF , 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹
= 𝐷𝐹 , then
a) If ∠A = 60° , and ∠B = 40° , then ∠F is
b) In IF AD =7cm , BC = 10 cm, DE= 3.5 cm ,find EF
c) If AB =8cm , perimeter ∆ABC =28cm and DE= 4cm ,then what is the perimeter of ∆DEF
SOLUTION a) ∠A + ∠B+ ∠C= 180° ∴ ∠C=80° ∴ ∠F = ∠C =80°
7 10
b)3.5 = 𝐸𝐹 ∴ 𝐸𝐹 = 5𝑐𝑚
c) Perimeter∆ABC: perimeter of ∆DEF = AB: DE =8: 4 =2:1. ∴perimeter of ∆DEF=14 cm
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 Given a ∆ABC and DE ∥ BC. If AD=2cm, DB=3cm then find AE: EC
𝐴𝐷 A𝐸 2 𝑐𝑚 𝐴𝐸
Solution: By BPT, 𝐷𝐵
= 𝐸𝐶 hence 3 𝑐𝑚 = 𝐸𝐶
or AE: EC = 2: 3
2 Given a ∆ABC and DE ∥ BC. If AD= 1.5cm, DB=4.5cm,
AE =2cm then find EC
𝐴𝐷 𝐴𝐸 1.5 𝑐𝑚 2𝑐𝑚
Solution: By BPT, 𝐷𝐵 = 𝐸𝐶 hence 4.5 𝑐𝑚 = 𝐸𝐶
∴ EC =6 cm
3 In ∆ABC 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆PQR, ∠A= 60° . ∠B = 30° , ∠Q =30° , ∠R = 90°.Are the triangles similar? Why?

31
By ASP, ∠A +∠B+∠C= 180° hence ∠C = 90° ∴ ∠B = ∠Q and ∠C = ∠R
∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (By AA Similarity criterion)
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS.
1. R and S are points on the sides DE and EF respectively of a ∆ DEF
Such that ER = 5 cm, RD = 2.5 cm, SE = 1.5 cm and FS = 3.5 cm.
Find whether RS || DF or not.
Solution: Construction: Join RS
RE = 5 cm , , RD = 2.5 cm , ES = 1.5 cm , SF= 3.5 cm
𝑅𝐸 5 2 𝑆𝐹 3.5 7
𝑅𝐷
= 2.5
=1 , 𝐸𝑆
= 1.5
= 3.
𝑅𝐸 𝑆𝐹
𝑅𝐷
≠ 𝐸𝑆
Hence RS is not parallel to DF.
2 In the figure, ABCD is a parallelogram and E divides BC in the ratio 1: 3. DB and AE intersect at F. Show
that DF = 4FB and AF = 4FE
Given; ABCD is a parallelogram and BE: EC : : 1 : 3
To prove: DF = 4 FB AND AF = 4FE
Proof: In ∆ ADF and ∆ EBF
∠ADF = ∠ EBF (alternate angles)
∠AFD = ∠ EFB (V O A)
∠ADF ~ ∠ EBF (A A Similarity)
𝐷𝐹 𝐴𝐹 𝐴𝐷
= = ……… ( 1)
𝐵𝐹 𝐸𝐹 𝐵𝐸
𝐵𝐸 1
∴ 𝐶𝐸 = 3
, hence EC = 3 BE
BC = BE + CE = BE+3BE = 4 BE
𝐷𝐹 𝐴𝐹 4
= = WE GET DF = 4 BF and AF = 4EF
𝐵𝐹 𝐸𝐹 1
QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE
MCQ
1 All equilateral triangles are
a) Similar b) Congruent c) Both a and b d)None of the above
2 Which of the following is not a congruence criterion in triangle.
a) AAA b) SAS c) SSS d) RHS
3 Given a ∆ABC, D and E lie on the sides AB & AC such that and DE ∥ BC, AD= 8cm ,
AB=12cmAE=12cm ,then the length of CE is
a) 6 cm b)18 cm c) 9cm d)15 cm
4 The perimeters of two similar triangles ADC and PQR are 60cm and 36 cm respectively. If PQ= 9cm, then
AB is
a) 6cm b)10cm c)15 cm d)24cm
5 ASSERTION REASON QUESTION
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of
reason(R).Mark the correct choice as:
(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion(A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
(c)Assertion (A) is true but reasons (R) is false. (d) Assertion (A) is false but reasons(R) is true.
Assertion (A): If two sides of a right angle are 7 cm and 8 cm, then its third side will be 9 cm.
Reason (R): In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides.
CASE STUDY 1:

32
Vijay is trying to find the average height of a tower near his house.
He is using the properties of similar triangles. The height of Vijay‟s
house if 20m when Vijay‟s house casts a shadow 10m long on the
ground. At the same time, the tower casts a shadow 50m long on the ground and the house of Ajay casts
20m shadow on the ground.
1. What is the height of the tower?
2. What will be the length of the shadow of the tower when Vijay‟s house casts a shadow of 12m?
3. What is the height of Ajay‟s house?
CASE STUDY 2- SCALE FACTOR
A scale drawing of an object is the same shape at the object but a different size.
The scale of a drawing is a comparison of the length used on a drawing to the
length it represents. The scale is written as a ratio. The ratio of two corresponding
sides in similar figures is called the scale factor
Scale factor= length in image / corresponding length in object
If one shape can become another using revising, then the shapes are similar.
Hence, two shapes are similar when one can become the other after a resize, flip,
slide or turn. In the photograph below showing the side view of a train engine.
Scale factor is 1:200.
This means that a length of 1 cm on the photograph above corresponds to a length of 200cm or
2 m, of the actual engine. The scale can also be written as the ratio of two lengths.
Q1. If the length of the model is 11cm, then the overall length of the engine in the photograph above,
including the couplings (mechanism used to connect) is:
Q2. What is the actual width of the door if the width of the door in photograph is
0.35cm?
Q3. The length of AB in the given figure:

CASE STUDY 3
𝐴𝐵 𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐶
Q1 IF∆ABC and ∆DEF, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐸𝐹 = 𝐷𝐹 , then
a) If ∠A = 50° , and ∠B = 30° , then ∠F is
b) In IF AD =7cm , BC = 10 cm, DE= 2.1 cm ,find EF
c) If AB =5cm , perimeter ∆ABC =20cm and DE= 4cm ,then what is the perimeter of ∆DEF
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1 In the given figure, ∠CAB = 90° and AD ⊥ BC. If AC = 25 cm,
AB = 1 m and BD = 96.08 cm, then find the value of AD.
2 ∆ABC is such that AB = 3 cm, BC = 2 cm and CA = 2.5 cm. If ∆DEF ~ ∆ABC and FE = 4 cm, then find
the perimeter of ∆ DEF
3 It is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆DFE, ∠A =30°, ∠C = 50°, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and DF= 7.5 cm. Then, find:
DE, ∠F
4 It is given that ∆DEF ~ ∆RPQ. Is it true to say that ∠D = ∠R and ∠F = ∠P? Why?
5 A and B are respectively the points on the sides PQ and PR of ∆ PQR such that PQ = 12.5 cm, PA = 5 cm,
BR = 6 cm and PB = 4 cm. Is AB||QR? Give reasons for your answer.
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
1. In Fig 6.13, OB is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment DE,
FA ⊥ OB and F E intersects OB at the point C.
1 1 2
Prove that 𝑂𝐴
+ 𝑂𝐵 =𝑂𝐶 .
2. In the given Fig., if ∆ ABC~∆ DEF and their sides are of Length(in cm)
AB=2x-1, BC=2x+2 AC=3x , DF=6x , DE=18,
FE =3x+9, then find the lengths of the sides of each triangle
3. In the given Fig. , if ∠A = ∠C, AB = 6 cm, BP = 15 cm,
33
AP = 12cm,CP = 4 cm, then find the lengths of PD and CD.
4. It is given that ∆ ABC ~ ∆ EDF such that AB = 5 cm,
AC = 7 cm, DF= 15 cm & DE = 12 cm. Find the lengths of the remaining sides of the triangles.
5. Prove that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides, then the two
sides are divided in the same ratio.
TEST:1 MM20
NOTE: Q1 to 4 are of 3 marks each, Q5 to 6 are of 4 marks each
1 Given,∆ABC and DE ∥ BC. If AD=5cm, DB=7cm then find AE: EC
2 Given a ∆ABC, D and E lie on the sides AB & AC such that and DE∥ BC ,
AD= 8cm , AB=10cm AE= 6cm ,then find the length of CE
3 ∆ABC is such that AB = 5 cm, BC = 2 cm and CA = 4 cm. If ∆DEF ~ ∆ABC and FE =4 cm, then find the
perimeter of ∆ DEF
4 It is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆DFE, ∠A =50°, ∠C = 60°, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and
DF= 10 cm. Then find: DE, ∠F
5 It is given that ∆DEF ~ ∆CBA. Is it true to say that ∠D = ∠C and ∠F = ∠B? Why?
6. In the given Fig. , if ∠A = ∠C, AB = 8 cm, BP = 16 cm,
AP = 14 cm and CP = 7 cm, then find the lengths of PD and CD

TEST-2 M.M. 30
NOTE: Q1--4 are of 2 marks each, Q5 &6 are of 3 marks each, Q7 &8 are of 4
marks each
1 Given a ∆ABC, D and E lie on the sides AB & AC such that
DE ∥ BC, AD=3cm, AB=10cm AE= 6cm, then find the length of AC.
2 If AC and BD intersect at P, AP=6cm, BP=3cm, PD=5cm DC=2.5cm,∠APB=50°,∠ D= 30 ° then find
∠PBA.
3 A and B are respectively the points on the sides PQ and PR of a triangle PQR such that PQ=12.5cm,
PA=5cm, BR=6cm, PB=4cm .Is AB ∥ QR. Give reasons for your answer.
4. D is a point on the side QR of a ∆PQR such that PD ⊥QR. Is ∆PQR~∆RPD?Why ?
5. It is given that ∆ ABC ~ ∆ EDF such that AB = 6 cm, AC = 9 cm, DF= 15 cm and DE = 12 cm. Find the
lengths of the remaining sides of the triangles.
6 Given a ∆ABC, D and E lie on the sides AC & BC such that DE ∥ AB and CE=x, DA=3x+19 , BE=3x+4 ,
CD=x+3.Find x ?
7. Prove that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides, then the two
sides are divided in the same ratio.
8 Legs (sides other than the hypotenuse) of a right triangle are of 16cm and 8cm length. Find the length of
the side of the largest square that can be inscribed in the triangle?
ANSWERS
MCQ 1) a 2) a 3) a 4) c 5) d
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1)24.02m 2) 15 cm 3) DE=12cm, ∠F=100° 4 ) False because, if two triangles are similar, then
their corresponding angles are equal. ∴ ∠D = ∠R, ∠E = ∠P and ∠F = Q
5) By converse of basic proportionality theorem, AB || QR
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIOS: 1(i) 100m. (ii) 60m. (iii) 40m. 2(i)22m. (ii) 0.7m. (iii)
4cm. 3(i) 100° (ii)3cm (iii) 16cm
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS: 2) AB=9, BC=12 , AC=15 , DE=18 , EF=24 , DF=30
3) MPD=5cm , CD= 2cm 4) BC=6.25cm , EF=16.8cm

34
 COORDINATE GEOMETRY
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
A pair of numbers locate points on a plane called the coordinates. The distance of a point from the y-axis is
known as abscissa or x-coordinate. The distance of a point from the x-axis is called ordinate or y-
coordinate.
Example: Consider a point P(3, 2), where 3 is the abscissa, and 2 is the
ordinate. 3 represent the distance of point P from the y-axis, and 2
represents the distance of point P from the x-axis.
Distance Formula
Distance between any two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by
d  ( x2  x1 ) 2  ( y 2  y1 ) 2
Where d i2s the distance between the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2).
Section Formula
If the point P(x, y) divides the line segment joining A(x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) internally in the ratio m:n, then,
the coordinates of P are given by the section formula as:
mx  nx1 my 2  ny1
P(x,y) = ( 2 , )
mn mn
●Midpoint formula:
The coordinates of the point P(x, y) which is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points A(𝑥1 , 𝑦1),
and B(𝑥2 ,𝑦2) are:

P(x , y) =

SOME EXAMPLES (With Solutions)

MCQs
1 .AOBC is a rectangle whose three vertices are A(0, 3), O(0, 0) and B(3, 0). The length of its
diagonal is:
(a) 5 (c) √34
(b) 3 (d) 4
Ans (c) √34
2. The perimeter of a triangle with vertices (0, 4), (0, 0) and (3, 0) is:
(a) 5 (c) 11
(b) 12 (d) 4
Ans b) 12
3. 2. The distance between the point P(1, 4) and Q(4, 0) is
(a) 4 (b) 5
(c) 6 (d) 3√3
Ans b) 5
35
 4. If the distance between the points (8,p) and (4,3) is 5 units, then value of p is
(a) 6 (c) both (a) and (b)
(b) 0 (d) none of these
Ans (c) both (a) and (b)
5. If the origin is the mid-point of the line segment joined by the points (2,3) and (x,y), then the
value of (x,y) is
(a) (2, 3) (c) (−2,−3)
(b) (−2,3) (d) (2,−3)
Ans (d) (2,−3)
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
Q6. In order to conduct Sports Day activities in your School, lines have been drawn with chalk powder at a
distance of 1 m each, in a rectangular shaped ground ABCD, 100 flower pots have been placed at a distance
of 1 m from each other along AD, as shown in given figure below. Niharika runs 1/4 th the distance AD on
the 2nd line and posts a green flag. Preet runs 1/5th distance AD on the eighth line and posts a red flag.
1. Find the position of green flag
a) (2,25) b) (2,0.25) c) (25,2) d) (0, -25)
Answer: a) (2,25)
2. Find the position of red flag
a) (8,0) b) (20,8) c) (8,20) d) (8,0.2)
Answer: c) (8,20)
3. What is the distance between both the flags?
a) √41 b) √11 c) √61 d) √51
Answer: c) √61
4. If Rashmi has to post a blue flag exactly halfway between the line segment joining the two flags, where
should she post her flag?
a) (5, 22.5) b) (10,22) c) (2,8.5) d) (2.5,20)
Answer: a) (5, 22.5)
5. If Joy has to post a flag at one-fourth distance from green flag , in the line segment joining the green and
red flags, then where should he post his flag?
a) (3.5,24) b) (0.5,12.5) c) (2.25,8.5) d) (25,20)
Answer: a) (3.5,24)
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q6. Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle whose centre is O(2,3) and
B (1,−4). Ans: . A = (3,10)
Q7. The line joining the points (2, −1) and (5, −6) is bisected at P. If P lies on the line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0,
find the value of 𝑘. Ans: . k = 7
Q8. The coordinates of A and B are (1,2) and (2,3) respectively. If P lies on AB, find the coordinates of
P such that . Ans : p = (11/7, 18/7)
PRACTICE QUESTION:
MCQs
Q1. If four vertices of a parallelogram taken in order are (−3, −1),(𝑎, 𝑏), (3,3) and (4, 3), then a:b =
(a) 1:4 (c) 1:2
(b) 4:1 (d) 2:1
Q2. The point on x-axis equidistant from the points P(7, 6) and Q(−3,4) is:
(a) (−2,0) (c) (0, 4)
(b) (3, 0) (d) (0, 3)
Q3. The x- axis divides the join of P(2, −3) and Q(5, 6) in the ratio:
(a) 2:3 (c) 1 : 2
(b) 2:1 (d) 3 : 5

36
 Q4. A line intersects the y-axis and x-axis at the points P and Q, respectively. If (2,−5) is the mid-
point of PQ, then the coordinates of P and Q are, respectively
(a) (0, −5), (2, 0) (c) (0, 10), (−4,0)
(b) (0,4),(−10,0) (d) (0,−10),(4,0)
Q5. Assertion :The distance point P(2,3) from the x-axis is 3.
Reason: The distance from x-axis is equal to its ordinate.
a.) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
b.) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is not the correct explanation for Assertion.
c.) Assertion is true but the reason is false. d.) Both assertion and reason are false.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS
Q6 .State whether the following statement is true or false. Justify your answer: Point P(5, −3) is one of the
two points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(7,−2) and B(1, −5).
Q7.If the joining the points A(4, −5) and B(4,5) is divided by the point P such that , find the
coordinates of P.
Q8. If (1,p/3) is the midpoint of the line segment joining the points (2, 0) and (0, 2/9), then show that
the line 5x + 3y + 2 = 0 passes through the point (-1, 3p).
Q9. Three consecutive vertices of a parallelogram ABCD are A(1, 2), B(1, 0) and C(4, 0). Find the
fourth vertex D.
Q10.Find the value of x for which the distance between (x, 7) and (-1, -5) is 13 units
Q11.Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the point A(6, 5) and B(-4, 3).
Q12.If the distance of P(x, y) from the points A(3, 6) and B(-3, 4) are equal. Prove that 3x + y = 5. If (-
3,2), (1, -2) and (5, 6) are the mid-points of the sides of a triangle, find the coordinates of the vertices
of the triangle.
Q13.If coordinates of two adjacent vertices of a parallelogram are (3, 2), (1, 0) and diagonals bisect
each other at (2, -5), find the coordinates of other two vertices.
Q14.If A(-2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, find the values
of a and b. Hence find the lengths of its sides.
Q15. Determine the ratio in which the line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the line segment joining the points (1,
3) and (2, 7). Also, find the coordinates of the point of division.
CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS
Q16. Three friends are standing at point A, B and C. Look at the
figure below:
Questions:
a) Write down the coordinates of A,B and C shown in the
graph.
b) Find the distance between AB, BC and CA.
c) Are they standing at an equal distance from each other?
Justify your answer.
d) Point C lies on the line segment between
points A and B such that AC:CB = 4:3. Find the
coordinates of point C.
Q17. The top of a table is shown in the figure given below:
(i) The coordinates of the points H and G are respectively
(a) (1, 5), (5, 1) (b) (0, 5), (5, 0)
(c) (1, 5), (5, 0) (d) (5, 1), (1, 5)
(ii) The distance between the points A and B is
(a) 4 units (b) 4 2 units
(c) 16 units (d) 32 units

37
(iii) The coordinates of the mid-point of line segment joining points M and Q are
(a) (9, 3) (b) (5, 11)
(c) (14, 14) (d) (7, 7)
(iv) Which among the following have same ordinate?
(a) H and A (b) T and O (c) R and M (d) N and R
v) If G is taken as the origin, and x, y axis put along GF and GB, then the point denoted by coordinate
(4, 2) is
(a) H (b) F (c) Q (d) R
Q18. The class X students school in Rishikesh have been
allotted a rectangular plot of land for their gardening
activity. Saplings of Gulmohar are planted on the boundary
at a distance of 1 m from each other. There is triangular
grassy lawn in the plot as shown in the figure. The students
are to sow seeds of flowering plants on the remaining area
of the plot.
1. Taking A as origin, find the coordinates of P
a) (4,6) b) (6,4) c) (0,6) d) (4,0)
2. What will be the coordinates of R, if C is the origin?
a) (8,6) b) (3,10) c) (10,3) d) (0,6)
3. What will be the coordinates of Q, if C is the origin?
a) (6,13) b) (-6,13) c) (-13,6) d) (13,6)
4. Calculate the area of the triangles if A is the origin
a) 4.5 b) 6 c) 8 d) 6.25
5. Calculate the area of the triangles if C is the origin
a) 8 b) 5 c) 6.25 d) 4.5
ANSWERS : PRACTICE QUESTIONS
Ans 1. (d) 2:1, Ans 2 (b) (3,0), Ans 3 (b) 2 : 1, Ans 4 (d) (0,−10),(4,0)
Ans 5 a.) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion
Ans 6 True, Ans 7. P = (4,-15/7), Ans 8. Proof, Ans 9 D(4, 2) , Ans 10.x = 4 or -6
Ans 11. (0,9)Ans 12. Proof, Ans 13 (1, -12) and (3, -10),
Ans 14 a = 1, b = 1. Length of the sides AB = BC = CD = DA = √10 units
Ans 15 (3:4), Ans 16 a) (-2,2), (-1,-2), (3,0); b)17, 25 ,29
c) No, because distance between them is different in each case, d) (-10/7, -2/7)
Ans 17. 1. (a) 2. (b) 3.(d) 4. (b) 5. (c)
Ans 18. 1. a) (4,6) 2. c) (10,3) 3. d) (13,6) 4. a) 4.5 5. d) 4.5

TEST-1: M.M. 20
SECTION A ( 2 x 4=8)
Q1. Find the perimeter of a triangle with vertices (0, 4), (0, 0) and (3, 0)
Q2. Find the value of p if the distance between the points (8,p) and (4,3) is 5 units.
Q3. Find the radius of circle whose end points of diameter are (-4,1)and (2,-3).
Q4.What is the distance between the points A(c, 0) and B(0,-c) ?
SECTION B ( 3X 4=12)
Q5..If the distance between the points (4, p) and (1,0) is 5 , find the value of p.
Q6.For what value of p are the points (2,1) , (p,-1) and (-1,3) are collinear.
Q7.The line joining the points (2, −1) and (5, −6) is bisected at P. If P lies on the line 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 𝑘 = 0,
find the value of 𝑘.
Q8.Find a point on the y-axis which is equidistant from the point A(6, 5) and B(-4, 3).
SECTION C ( 5 x 2=10)
38
Q9. a)If coordinates of two adjacent vertices of a parallelogram are (3, 2), (1, 0) and diagonals bisect
each other at (2, -5), find the coordinates of other two vertices.
b) Find the value of x for which the distance between (x, 7) and (-1, -5) is 13 units.
Q10. If A(-2, 1), B(a, 0), C(4, b) and D(1, 2) are the vertices of a parallelogram ABCD, find the values
of a and b. Hence find the lengths of its sides.
ANSWERS : Ans1 12 units, Ans2 both (a) and (b), Ans3. 13 units, Ans4 C√2 units
Ans5. +4 and -4, Ans6 P=5, Ans7. K=7, Ans8 (0,9), Ans9 a) (1, -12) and (3, -10)
b) x = 4 or -6, Ans10. a = 1, b = 1. Length of the sides AB = BC = CD = DA = √10 units.

TEST-2: M.M. 30
SECTION A ( 2 x 5=10)
Q1. Find the distance of the point (-3, 4) from the x-axis. (2012OD)
Q2 .Find the radius of circle whose end points of diameter are (-4,1)and (2,-3)
Q3..State whether the following statement is true or false. Justify your answer: Point P(5, −3) is one of
the two points of trisection of the line segment joining the points A(7,−2) and B(1, −5)
Q4. Prove that the points (7, 10), (-2, 5) and (3, -4) are the vertices of an isosceles right triangle
Q5.Show that the points (-2, 3), (8, 3) and (6, 7) are the vertices of a right triangle.
SECTION B ( 3X5=15)
Q6 For what value of k will k + 9, 2k – 1 and 2k + 7 are the consecutive terms of an A.P.?
Q7.ABCD is a rectangle whose three vertices are B(4, 0), C(4, 3) and D(0, 3). Calculate the length of
one of its diagonals.
Q8 .Find a relation between x and y such that the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A (2, 5)
and B (-3, 7).
Q9. Prove that the points A(2, 3), B(-2, 2), C(-1, -2) and D(3, -1) are the vertices of a square ABCD.
Q10. If A(4, 3), B(-1, y) and C(3, 4) are the vertices of a right triangle ABC, right-angled at A, then
find the value of y.
SECTION C ( 5X3=15)
Q11. If A(5, 2), B(2, -2) and C(-2, t) are the vertices of a right angled triangle with ∠B = 90°, then find
the value of t.
Q12 Find the ratio in which y-axis divides the line segment joining the points A(5, -6), and B(-1, -4).
Also find the coordinates of the point of division
Q13 Determine the ratio in which the line 3x + y – 9 = 0 divides the segment joining the points (1, 3)
and (2, 7).
ANSWERS: Ans1. 4 units, Ans2. √13 units, Ans3 true, Ans4 proof, Ans5 proof
Ans6. K=18, Ans7. AC=5cm, Ans8. 10x+29 =4y is the required relation
Ans9 proof, Ans10. Y=-2, Ans11. t=1, Ans12 ( 0,-13/3),
Ans13 The required ratio is 3:4 internally

39
 INTRODUCTION TO TRIGONOMETRY
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS/RESULTS
1. Pythagoras Theorem: In right angled triangle ∆ABC, right angled at B: AC2 = AB2 + BC2
2. Trigonometric ratios:
opposite side adjacent side opposite side
sin   cos   tan  
hypotenuse hypotenuse adjecent side

hypotenuse hypotenuse adjecent side

cos ec  sec   cot  
Opposite side adjecent side opposite side

1 1 1 cos  sin 
cos ec   sec   cot    tan  
sin  cos  tan  sin  cos 
BC AB
sin A  sin C 
AC AC
AB BC
cos A  BC 
AC AC

Trigonometric Identities:
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 → 1- sin2θ = cos2θ → 1 - cos2θ = sin2θ
2 2
1 + tan θ = sec θ → sec2θ -1 = tan2θ → sec2θ - tan2θ = 1
1 + cot θ = cosec θ → cosec2θ – 1 = cot2θ
2 2
→ cosec2θ - cot2θ = 1
Values of T- ratios for some standard angles:
T- ratio ↓ / angle(θ)→ 00 300 450 600 900
sinθ 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1
cosθ 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0
tanθ 0 1/√3 1 √3 ∞
cotθ ∞ √3 1 1/√3 0
secθ 1 2/√3 √2 2 ∞
cosecθ ∞ 2 √2 2/√3 1
Some Illustraions:
MCQs
1. If sinθ = 3/5 then cotθ is:
a) 4/5 b) 4/3 c) 3/4 d) 1
Sol: sinθ = (opposite side) / hypotenuse = 3/5
Opposite side= 3x
Hypotenuse = 5x
By Pythagoras theorem : (hypotenuse)2 = (opposite side)2 +(adjacent side)2
(5x)2 = (3x)2 + (adjacent side)2
25x2 = 9x2 + (adjacent side)2
25x2 - 9x2 = (adjacent side)2
16x2 =(adjacent side)2
4x =(adjacent side)
cotθ = (adjacent side) / (opposite side)
40
 = 4x/3x = 4/3 ( option „b‟ is the correct answer)
2. If cosθ = 1/2 then cosec θ is :
a) 2 b) 1/√3 c) 2/√3 d) √3/2
sol: cosθ = 1/2 = cos 600 (as per table)
θ = 600
cosec θ = cosec 600 = 2/√3 (option „c‟ is the correct answer)
3) sec2450 – tan2450 = ?
a) 0 b) 1 c) - 1 d) √2
Sol: sec2450 – tan2450 =1 (according to identity 1+ tan2θ = sec2θ)
(option „b‟ is the correct answer)
4. cos10. cos20. cos30………cos990. cos1000 = ?
a) 1 b) -1 c) 0 d) can not be determined

sol:
cos10. cos20. cos30………cos990. cos1000
= cos10. cos20. cos30…… cos900…cos990. cos1000
=0 (cos900 =0 as per table)
(option „c‟ is the correct answer)
Short Answer type
1  sin  1  sin  
1. If cot θ = 7/8 then evaluate
1  cos  1  cos  
1  sin  1  sin   1  sin2 
 [( a + b) (a – b) = a2 –b2]
1  cos  1  cos   1  cos2 
2
cos 

2
sin 
2 ( sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 & cot θ = cosθ / sinθ)
 cot 
2
7
  
49

8 64
2. If secθ = 13 /12 find all other trigonometric ratios.
Sol:
secθ = (Hypotenuse) / (adjacent side) = 13 / 12
Hypotenuse = 13x
adjacent side = 12x
(hypotenuse)2 = (opposite side)2 +(adjacent side)2
(13x)2 = (opposite side)2 +(12x)2
169x2 = (opposite side)2 +144x2
169x2 - 144x2 = (opposite side)2
25x2 = (opposite side)2
5x = opposite side

41
 opposite side 5x 5 adjacent side 12 x 12
sin     cos    
hypotenuse 13 x 13 hypotenuse 13 x 13

opposite side 5x 5 hypotenuse 13 x 13

tan     cos ec   
adjecent side 12 x 12 Opposite side 5x 5

adjecent side 12 x 12
cot    
opposite side 5x 5

0 0 0
sin 30  tan 45  cos ec 60
3. Evaluate
0 0 0
sec 30 cos 60  cot 45
1 2
0 0 0 1
sin 30  tan 45  cos ec 60 2 3 32 34 3 34
Sol :   
0 0 0
sec 30  cos 60  cot 45 2 1 4 32 3 4 3
 1
3 2
Long Answer Type:
tan  cot 
1. Prove that   1  sec  cos ec
1  cot  1  tan 
sin  cos 
tan  cot  cos  sin 
Sol:   
1  cot  1  tan  cos  sin 
1 1
sin  cos 
sin  cos 

cos  sin 
= 
sin   cos  cos   sin 

sin  cos 
2 2
sin  cos 

   
=
cos  sin   cos  sin  cos   sin 
2 2
sin  cos 

   
=
cos  sin   cos  sin  sin   cos 

3 3
sin   cos 

 
=
sin  cos  sin   cos 
42
 sin   cos  sin2   cos2   sin  cos  
sin  cos  sin   cos  
=

1  sin  cos   1 sin  cos 

 
= sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 

 sec  cos ec  1

1  sin A
2. Prove that  sec A  tan A
1  sin A
1  sin A 1  sin A1  sin A
1  sin A

1  sin A1  sin A
1  sin A 
2
=
1  sin 2 A 
1  sin A 2
=
 
cos2 A

1  sin A
=
cos A
1 sin A
= 
 sec A  tan A
cos A cos A
PRACTICE QUESTIONS:-
MCQ:-
1. If sec θ – tan θ = 1/3, then find the value of (sec θ + tan θ).
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 2
1
2. If sin A = 2, then find the value of Cos A
5 3 3 3
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 5
3. If sin A + sin2A = 1, then find the value of cos2A + cos4A.
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 5 (d) 2
5 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 12
4. If sec θ = 4, then evaluate 1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 . (Ans.25 )
12 12 14 12
(a) 27
(b) 25
(c) 25
(d) 35
1
5. If tan (A+B) = 3 and tan (A-B) = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 00< A+B <900 , A>B, Find A and B.
3
(a) 450,150 (b) 350,150 (c) 450,250 (d) 550,350
6. Assertion: The value of cosec 30°+cot45°is 3.
Reason: cosec 30°=2, cot 45°=1
43
a) both Assertion and reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for Assertion
b) both Assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for Assertion
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false d) both Assertion and reason are false
Short answer type question:-
1. Prove that (tan A – tan B)2 + ( 1 + tan A tan B)2 = Sec2A Sec2B
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
2. Prove that 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 −1
+ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 +1 = 2𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃.
(4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 −𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
3. If 4 tan θ = 3, then evaluate
(4 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃+𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
4. Prove that 1+𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
+ 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= 2 Cosec𝜃
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑤𝜃 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.
Long answer type question:-
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 –𝐶𝑜𝑡 𝜃
1. Prove that = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 − 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝜃
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃 . 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃
2. Prove that: (𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝐴 )2 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝐴 + 𝑆𝑒𝑐 𝐴 2 = 7 +t𝑎𝑛2 𝐴 + 𝐶𝑜𝑡 2 𝐴
3. If x = b Cos A − a Sin A and y = a Cos A + b Sin A, then prove that 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 .
4. Show that 𝑡𝑎𝑛4 𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝜃 = 𝑆𝑒𝑐 4 𝜃 − 𝑆𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃.
𝑚 2 −1
5. If 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝐵 and 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 = 𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 show that 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝐴 = 𝑛 2 −1
6. 𝐼𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑡𝑕𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑕𝑜𝑤𝜃 𝑡𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃.
ANSWERS: MCQ:-
3 12
1) 3 2.) 2
3.) 1 4.) 25
5.) 450,150 6.) (a)
1
Short answer type question: Q 3. . 2

44
 APPLICATIONS OF TRIGONOMETRY
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
1. The line drawn from the eye of an observer to a point in the object where the person is viewing is called
the line of sight .
2. The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object is above the horizontal level is
called the angle of elevation.
3. The angle formed by the line of sight with the horizontal when the object is below the horizontal level is
called the angle of depression.
4. The height of an object or distance between distant objects can be determined with the help of
trigonometry ratios.
(I) MCQs
1.In the given figure point C is observed from point A .The angle of
depression is
A. 60 0 B. 300 C.450 D.750
Sol. (B) Let 𝜃 be the angle of depression of point C from A. In rt.∆ABC
𝐴𝐵
tan𝜃 =𝐵𝐶
2 1
tan𝜃 = 2 3
= 3
=tan300
2. The measure of the angle of elevation of the top of the tower 75 3 m high from a point at a distance of 75
m from the foot of the tower in a horizontal plane is
A. 60 0 B. 300 C.450 D.900
Soln. (A) Let PQ be a tower of height 75 3 m and let 𝜃 be the angle of elevation of its top Q from a point
R at a distance of 75 from the tower.
𝑃𝑄 75 3
In right ∆RPQ , we obtain tan𝜃 = 𝑃𝑅 =>tan𝜃 = 75
= 3
0
tan𝜃 = tan 60
3.If the length of the shadow of a vertical pole is equal to its height , the angle
of elevation of sun‟s altitude is
A.450 B.600 C. 300 D. 750
Soln. (A) Let AB be the vertical pole of height x m and let AC be the length of its shadow when the = of
elevation of sun is ⍬ . It is given that AC= x m. In  ACB,
AB x
Tan ⍬ = = =1=tan 450 .=>⍬=450
AC x
sun‟s altitude is 450
4. If the Angle of elevation of the top of the tower from a point on the ground , 100m away from the foot of
the tower is 300 , then the height of the tower is
100
A. 100m B.100 3 C. 3
D.100 3
Soln. (C) Let PQ be a tower of height h m such the angle of elevation of its top Q at a point R , 100 m away
from the foot P of the tower , is 300 ,
In right ∆ RPQ
𝑃𝑄 1 𝑕 100
Tan 300 = 𝑃𝑅 => 3
= 100 => = 3
m

1
5. Assertion: If shadow of pole is 3
of its height, then the altitude of the sun is 600
Reason: If the sun‟s altitude is 450, then the shadow of avertical pole is same as height.
A.Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
45
B. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
C. Assertions (A) is true but reason (R) is false. D. Assertions (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Soln. (B) Let PQ be height of the pole =h and RP=length of
𝑕
shadow = 3
. sun‟s altitude =⍬
𝑕
Then tan⍬=𝑕 3
= 3 =>tan⍬ = tan 600 => ⍬=600
Let PQ be height of the pole =h and RP be length of shadow when.
sun‟s altitude is 450
𝐴𝐵 𝑕
In rt.∆ 𝐵𝐴𝐶 tan 450 = => 1 = => AC =h
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
Both statements are true but statement 2 is not the correct reason of statement 1
CASE STUDY QUESTION
A group of students of class X visited India Gate on a educational trip.The
teacher as well as students had interest in history behind India Gate . The
teacher narrated that India Gate‟s , official name is Delhi Memorial
,originally called all India War memorial , a monumental sand stone arch
in new Delhi „ dedicated to the troops of British India who died in the
wars fought between 1914 and 1919 . The teacher also said that India Gate
„which is located at the eastern end of the Rajpath, is about 138 feet (42
m) in height.
1. What is the angle of elevation if they are standing at a distance of 42 m away from the monument?
2. What is the name of the angle formed by the line of sight with the line of horizontal when the object
is viewed is below the horizontal line
3. If the students want to see the top at an angle of 600,then find the distance from monument where
they should stand .
Soln. 1. Let ⍬ be the = of elevation of the top of India Gate. In ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅, we have PQ = 42m and QR =
𝑄𝑅 42
42m. Therefore, tan⍬ =𝑃𝑄 = 42 = 1 =>⍬ = 450
2. Angle of depression
3. When⍬ is 600 , QR = 42m,
𝑄𝑅
then in rt. ∆ 𝑃𝑄𝑅 tan⍬ =𝑃𝑄
42 42 42
tan 600 = 𝑃𝑄 => 3 =𝑃𝑄 => PQ= 3
= 14 3 =14X 1.732 = 24.24 m
Short answers type of questions
1.From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and
the top of a transmission tower fixed at the top of a 20 m high building
are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
Soln. Let the height of the tower AC = h m
In rt.∆ ABP
𝐴𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛450=𝐵𝑃
20
=> 1= 𝐵𝑃 => BP = 20m ……………(1)
In rt.∆CBP‟
𝐵𝐶 𝐴𝐵+𝐴𝐶
𝑡𝑎𝑛600 = 𝐵𝑃 = 𝐵𝑃
20+𝑕
=> 3 = 20
=> 20 + 𝑕 = 20 3
=> h = 20 3 – 20 = 20( 3 – 1)m
46
Height of the tower = 20( 3 – 1)m
2.The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of elevation
of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m high, find the height of the
building.
Soln. Let the height of the building AB be h m
Let PQ be the Tower.
∴ PQ =50m
In rt.∆ PQB ,
𝑃𝑄
𝑡𝑎𝑛600 =
𝐵𝑄
50
3 = 𝐵𝑄
3 BQ = 50 …………..(1)
In rt.∆ ABQ
𝐴𝐵
𝑡𝑎𝑛300 = 𝐵𝑄
1 𝑕
=> 3
= 𝐵𝑄
BQ = 3 h ……………..(2)
From 1 and 2
3 3 h= 50 => 3h = 50
50 2
𝑕= m = 16 m
3 3
2
Hence the height of the building is 16 m
3
A TV tower stands vertically on a bank of a canal. From a point on the other bank directly opposite the
tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 60°. From another point 20 m away from this point on
the line joining this point to the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation of the top of the tower is 30° . Find
the height of the tower and the width of the canal.
Soln. Let the TV of tower be AB = h m
Let BC = x m be the width of the canal
CD = 20m
In rt.∆ ABC,
𝐴𝐵 𝑕
tan 600 = 𝐵𝐶 => 3 = 𝑥
h = 3 x ……………(1)
In rt.∆ ABC,
𝐴𝐵
tan 300= 𝐵𝐷
1 𝐴𝐵 1 𝑕
3
= 𝐵𝐶+𝐶𝐷 => 3
= 𝑥+20
=> x + 20 = 3 h

Substituting h = 3x from (1)

x+20 = 3 . 3x => x+20= 3x

2x = 20 => x= 10

Substitute x= 10 in (1) h = 10 3 m

47
 Hence height of the tower is 10 3 m and the width of the canal is 10m.

PRACTICE QUESTIONS

(I) MCQs
1. The length of shadow of a tower on the plane ground is 3 is height of the tower. The angle of elevation
of sun is: A. 450 B.300 C. 600 D.900
2. The angle of depression of a car , standing on the ground , from the top of 75 m tower, is 30 0.The distance
of the car from the base of the tower (in metres)is
A. 25 3 B. 50 3 C. 75 3 D.150
3.A ladder 15m long just reaches the top of a vertical wall .If a ladder makes an angle of 600. With the wall ,
then height of the wall(in metres) is
5 3 15
A. 15 3 B. 21 C. 2 D.15
4.The angle of depression of car parked on the road from the top of 150 m high tower is 300. The distance of
the car from the tower (in metres )is
A. 50 3 B. 150 3 C. 150 2 D.75
5.If the height of a vertical pole is 3 times the length of its shadow on the ground , then the angle of
elevation of the sun at that time is
A. 300 B.600 C. 450 D.750
6. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a point on the ground 50 m away from the foot of the ladder
is 450.Then the height of the tower (in metres) is
50 50
A. 50 3 B. 50 C. 2
D. 3
7.A ladder makes an angle of 600 with the ground when placed against the wall . If the foot of the ladder is
2m away from the wall , then the length of the ladder (in metres) is
4
A. 3
B. 4 3 C. 2 2 D. 4
8.The ratio of the length of rod and its shadow is 1: 3.The angle angle of elevation of the sun is
A. 300 B.450 C. 600 D.900
9. Assertion: The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point of the object viewed
by the observer .
Reason: Trigonometric ratios are used to find height or length of an object or length of an object or distance
between 2 distant objects.
A.Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct explanation of assertion (A).
B. Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct explanation of assertion (A).
C. Assertions (A) is true but reason (R) is false. D. Assertions (A) is false but reason (R) is true.
Short answers type of questions
1.From the top of a vertical tower, the angles of depression of two cars, in the same straight line with the
base of the tower, at an instant are found to be 45° and 60°.If the cars are 100m apart and are on the same
side of the tower .Find the height of the tower.
2. Two ships are there in the sea on either side of a light house in such a way that the ships and the light
house are in the same straight line. The angles of depression of two ships as observed from the top of the
light house are 60º and 45º. If the height of the light house is200 m, find the distance between the two ships.
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a building from the foot of the tower is 30° and the angle of elevation
of the top of the tower from the foot of the building is 60°. If the tower is 50 m high, find the height of the
building.
48
4.. Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road, which is 80 m
wide. From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the poles are 60° and 30°,
respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances of the point from the poles.
5.A statue, 1.6 m tall, stands on the top of a pedestal. From a point on the ground, the angle of elevation of
the top of the statue is 60° and from the same point the angle of elevation of the top of the pedestal is 45°.
Find the height of the pedestal.
6. From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and the angle
of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
7. A man standing on the deck of a ship, which is 10 m above water level, observes the angle of elevation of
the top of a hill as 60º and the angle of depression of the base of the hill as 30º. Find the distance of the hill
from the ship and the height of the hill.
8. From a point P on the ground, the angle of elevation of the top of a 10 m tall building is 300. A flag is
hoisted at the top of the building and the angle of elevation of the length of the flagstaff from P is 450. Find
the length of the flagstaff and distance of building from point P.
9. An aeroplane, when flying at a height of 4000 m from the ground passes vertically above another
aeroplane at an instant when the angles of elevation of the two planes from the same point on the ground are
60º and 45º respectively. Find the vertical distance between the aeroplanes at that instant.
10.The angles of depression of the top and bottom of tower as seen from the top of 100m highcliff , are 300
and 600 respectively. Find the height of the tower.
CASE STUDY QUESTION
1. A plane is flying parallel to the ground at a constant speed.
When the plane is at Ait's angle of elevation is noted from the
point B. The plane continues to fly in the direction shown.
When the plane is at P, angle of elevation is noted from B.
(i) Find the angle of elevation of the plane from B when it is at P.
(ii) what is the distance AP if Jet is flying with the speed 720 km per
hour in 15 seconds?
(iii) if the jet is flying at a speed of 720 km per hour, then find the
constant height at which it is flying.
2. Two boats A and B are approaching a lighthouse CD in mid sea from
opposite directions. The angles of elevation of the top of the lighthouse
from the boats A and B are 45⁰ and 30⁰ respectively.
(i) if length of AD is 90 m, then find length of CD.
(ii) if length of CD is 60 m then find the length of DB.
(iii) if the distance between the two boats is 100 m, then find the height of the lighthouse.
3. A 1.2 metre tall girl spots a balloon moving with the wind in a
horizontal line at a height of 88.2 m from the ground. The angle of
elevation of the balloon from the eyes of the girl at any instant is 600.
After 30 seconds the angle of elevation reduces to 300.
(i)Find the distance travelled by the balloon during the interval
(ii) find the speed of the balloon.

TEST-1 MM-30
1.A man standing on the deck of a ship which is 10 m above water level , observes angle of elevation of the
top of the hill as 600 and angle of depression of the base of the hill as 300. Calculate the distance of the hill
from the ship and the height of the hill.

49
2. Two pillars of equal heights stand on either side of the roadway 150 m wide . From a point on the
roadway between the pillars, the angles of elevation of the top of the pillars are 600 and300 . find the height
of the pillars and the position of the points.
3. The angle of elevation of a fighter plane from a point on the ground is 600. After a flight of 15 seconds
,the angle of elevation changes to 300 . if the plane is flying at speed of 720 km / hr , find the constant height
at which the fighter plane is flying.
4.As observed from the top of the light house ,100m above sea level, the angle of depression of ship sailing
towards it, changes from 300 to 600. Determine the distance travelled by the ship during the period of
observation.
5. From a window 60 m above the ground of a house in a street , the angles of elevation and depression of
the top and the foot of another house on the opposite side of the street are 600 and 450 respectively . Find the
height of the opposite house.
6.From the foot of tower, the angle of elevation of the top of a pillar is 60⁰ and from the top of the tower the
angle of elevation of this top is 30⁰. Find the height of the pillar.

TEST-2 MM-20
1.The angles of elevation and depression of the top and bottom of a light house from the top of abuilding
60m high, are 300 and 600respectively. Find
i. Find the height of light house .
ii. Distance between the light house and building.
2.Two poles of equal heights are standing opposite each other on either side of the road, which is 80 m wide.
From a point between them on the road, the angles of elevation of the top of the poles are 60° and 30°,
respectively. Find the height of the poles and the distances of the point from the poles
3.From the top of a 7 m high building, the angle of elevation of the top of a cable tower is 60° and the angle
of depression of its foot is 45°. Determine the height of the tower.
4.Find the height of a mountain if the elevation of its top at an unknown distance from the base is 600 and at
a distance of 10 km further off from the mountain along the same line the angle of elevation is 300.
5. From balloon vertically above a straight road the angle of depression of two cars at an instant are found to
be 300 and 450 if the cars are 80 m apart. Find the height of the balloon.

ANSWERS OF PRACTICE QUESTIONS

MCQ: 1.b 2.c 3.c 4.b 5.b 6.b 7.d 8.a9.a

100 3 1+ 3
Short answers type of questions: 1). 3−1
= 236.6 m, 2) 200 3
= 315.6 (approx.)
3) 16.67 m, 4) Height of pole =20 3 m ,distances are 20m and 40m
5) 0.8 ( 3 + 1)m, 6) 7( 3 + 1)m, 7) distance =10 3 ,height= 40m
8) distance =10 3 m ,height =( 3 − 1)m=7.32m, 9) 693.33m, 10) 66.67m
CASE STUDY QUESTION: 1.(i) 300 (ii)3000m (iii)1500 3 m

2.(i) 90m (ii)60 3 m (iii)60 3 m

3.(i) 58 3m (ii) 3.35 m/ s (approx)

50
 CIRCLES
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS / RESULTS:
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects/touches the circle at only one point.
There is only one tangent at a point on a circle
There are exactly two tangents to a circle through a point lying outside the circle.

The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius

through the point of contact.

The length of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is equal.

SOME ILLUSTRATIONS AND EXAMPLES:

MCQ:
1. In the below figure, AB is a chord of the circle and AOC is its diameter such that ∟ACB = 50°.
If AT is the tangent to the circle at the point A, then ∟BAT is equal to
(a) 65° (b) 60° (c) 50°
(d) 40°
Solution: (C)
∠BAC =1800 − (∠ACB+∠CBA) Angle sum property of
triangle
=1800 − (500 + 900)
= 400
Now, ∠BAC+∠BAT =900 Tangent is perpendicular to radius
⇒∠BAT =500
2. A circle has a number of tangents equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Infinite
Solution: (d)
A circle has infinitely many tangents, touching the circle at infinite points on its circumference.
3. If the angle between two radii of a circle is 110º, then the angle between the tangents at the ends of
the radii is:
(a) 90º (b) 50º (c) 70º (c) 40º
Solution: (c)
If the angle between two radii of a circle is 110º, then the angle between tangents is
180º − 110º = 70º. (By circles and tangents properties)
4. From a point P which is at a distance of 13 cm from the centre O of a circle of radius 5 cm, the pair
of tangents PQ and PR to the circle are drawn. Then the area of the quadrilateral PQOR is
(a) 60cm2 (b) 65cm2 (c) 32cm2 (c) 32.5cm2
Solution: (a)
Step - 1: Find the length of PQ and PR (Using Pythagoras Property)
PQ = PR = 12cm
Step - 2: Find Area of quadrilateral
= 2 ( Area of Triangle POR or POQ)
= 2 × (1/2) × 12 × 5
= 60cm2
5. The length of the tangent from an external point A on a circle with centre
O is
(a) always greater than OA (b) equal to OA
(c) always less than OA (d) cannot be estimated
Solution: (c)
i. The tangent is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, then the angle between them is 90º.
51
 ii. So, OA is the hypotenuse for the right triangle OAB, which is right-angled at B.
iii. As we know, for any right triangle, the hypotenuse is the longest side.
iv. Therefore the length of the tangent from an external point is always less than the OA.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
6. In Figure given, PQL and PRM are tangents to the circle withcentre O at the points Q and R,
respectively and S is a point on the circle such that∠SQL = 50° and ∠SRM = 60°. Find ∠QSR?
Solution:
Here ∠OSQ = ∠OQS = 90°–50° = 40° and
∠RSO = ∠SRO = 90° – 60° = 30°.
Therefore, ∠QSR = 40° + 30° = 70°
7. BOA is a diameter of a circle and the tangent at a point P meets
BA extended at T. If ∠PBO = 30°, then find ∠PTA ?
Solution:

∠BPA = 90°,
∠PAB = ∠OPA = 60°.
Also, OP⊥PT.
Therefore, ∠APT = 30° and ∠PTA = 60° – 30° =30°.

8. In the figure quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle.

Prove that AD + BC = AB + CD

Solution:

As we know that, length of tangents drawn

from the external point are equal.
Therefore,

AP = AS.....(1)

BP = BQ.....(2)

CR = CQ.....(3)

DR = DS.....(4)

Adding equation (1),(2),(3) and (4), we get

AP+BP+CR+DR=AS+BQ+CQ+DS

(AP+BP)+(CR+DR)=(AS+DS)+(BQ+CQ)

⇒AB+CD=AD+BC

9. The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle

are equal.
Solution:
Given : A circle with centre O,
A point P lying outside the circle and two
tangents PQ, PR on the circle from P
52
 To Prove :
PQ = PR.
Join OP, OQ and OR.
Then ∠ OQP and ∠ ORP are right angles,

OQ = OR (Radii of the same circle)

OP = OP (Common)
Therefore, ∆ OQP ≅ ∆ ORP (RHS)
This gives PQ = PR (CPCT)
10. In Figure givern, from an external point P, a tangent PT and a line segment PAB is drawn to a circle
with centre O. ON is perpendicular on the chord AB.
Prove that : (i) PA . PB = PN2 – AN2
(ii) PN2 – AN2 = OP2 – OT2
(iii) PA.PB = PT
Solution:
(i) PA . PB = (PN – AN) (PN + BN)
= (PN – AN) (PN + AN) (As AN = BN)
= PN2 – AN2
(ii) PN2 – AN2 = (OP2 – ON2 ) – AN2 (As ON⊥PN)
= OP2 – (ON2 + AN2 )
= OP2 – OA2 (As ON⊥AN)
= OP2 – OT2 (As OA = OT)
(iii) From (i) and (ii)
PA.PB = OP2 – OT2
= PT2 (As ∠OTP = 90°)
PRACTICE QUESTIIONS
MCQS:
1. If the circumference of a circle increases from 4π to 8π, then its area will become
A. half B. 2 times C. 4 times D. does not change
2. The distance between two parallel tangents to a circle of radius 5cm is:
A. 10cm B. 11cm C. 12cm D. 14cm
3. At one end A of a diameter AB of a circle of radius 5 cm, tangent XAY is drawn to the circle.
The length of the chord CD parallel to XY and at adistance 8 cm from A is
(A) 4 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 6 cm (D) 8 cm
4. If angle between two radii of a circle is 130º, the angle betweenthe tangents at the ends of the
radii is :
(A) 90º (B) 50º (C) 70º (D) 40º
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
5. Prove that the tangents drawn at the end- points of the diameter of a circle are parallel.
6. If all the sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, then prove that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
7. If from an external point B of a circle with centre O, two tangents BC andBD are drawn such that
∟DBC = 120°, prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e.,BO = 2BC.
8. Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and the other, a
secant to the circle.
9. Two concentric circles are of radii 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger
circle which touches the smaller circle.
10. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle . Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
11. If a, b, c are the sides of a right triangle where c is the hypotenuse, prove that the radius r of the
circle which touches the sides of the triangle is given by

53
 𝑎+𝑏−𝑐
r=
2
12. In Fig given, common tangents AB and CD to two circles
intersect at E. Prove that AB = CD.

13. Prove that a diameter AB of a circle bisects all those

chords which are parallel to the tangent at the point A.
14. Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O such that ∟𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 1200. Prove that
OP=2AP
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
15. If a hexagon ABCDEF circumscribe a circle, prove that AB + CD + EF = BC + DE + FA.
16. Two circles with centres O and O' of radii 3 cm and 4 cm,
respectively intersect at two points P and Q such that OP
and O'P are tangents to the two circles. Find the
length of the common chord PQ.
17. Prove that opposite sides of a quadrilateral
circumscribing a circle subtend supplementary angles at
the centre of the circle.
18. In fig. circle is inscribed in a quadrilateral ABCD in
which ∟𝐵= 900. If AD = 23cm, AB = 29cm, and DS =
5cm, find the radius „r‟ of the circle

19. Prove that opposites sides of a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle

subtend supplementary angles at the centre of the circle.

20. Case Study I:

In a school in Chandigarh, organized a Cluster Level Football Tournament for boys. The Football
team was very excited. The team captain Amar directed the team to assemble in the ground for
practices. Only three boys Pavan, Salman and Arjun showed up. Amar drew a circle of radius 5
m on the ground. The center A was the position of Pavan. Amar marked a point N, 13 m away
from center A as her own position. From the point N, she drew two tangential lines NS and NR
and gave positions S and R to Salman and
Arjun. Amar passes the ball to Pavan,
Pavan passes it to Salman, Salman passes it
to Amar, Amar passes it to Arjun, Arjun
passes it to Pavan, Pavan passes it to
Salman and so on.
i. What is the measure of ∠NSA?
ii. Find the distance between Salman
and Amar.
iii. How far does Amar have to passe the ball towards Arjun?
21. Case Study II:
A student draws two circles that touch each other externally at point K with centres A and B and
radii 6 cm and 4cm, respectively as shown in the figure
i. Find the value of PA?
ii. Find the value of PQ?
54
 iii. If two circles touch externally, then the number of common
tangents can be drawn is____
22. Case Study II:
A Ferris wheel (or a big wheel in the United Kingdom) is an
amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple
passengers carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger
cars, cabins, tubs, capsules, gondolas, or pods) attached to the rim in
such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity. After taking a ride in
Ferris wheel, Aarti came out from the crowd and was observing her friends who were enjoying
the ride. She was curious about the different angles and measures that the wheel will form. She
forms the figure as given below.
i. Find ∠RQP.
ii. Find ∠RSQ.
iii. If
PQ=40
m and
OQ=30
m then
find
PO?

TEST PAPER – I

MARKS : 20 TIME : 35MIN

I. Answer the following questions

(5 × 2M = 10M)

1. O is the centre of the circle and BCD is a tangent to it at C.

Prove that ∟𝐵𝐴𝐶+ ∟𝐴𝐶𝐷=900

2. Two concentric circles have centre O, OP= 4cm, OB = 5cm. AB is a chord of the outer circle and
tangent to the inner circle at P. Find the length of AB.

3. In the isosceles triangle ABC in fig. AB = AC, show that BF = FC

4. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre O. Prove that
QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
5. In fig. two circles touch each other externally at C. Prove that the common tangent at C bisects the
other two tangents

55
 6. Prove that the centre of a circle touching two intersecting lines lies on the angle bisector of the lines.

7. In fig. circle touches the side BC of a triangle ABC at the point P and AB and AC produced at Q and
1
R. Show that AQ = 2(𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑓 Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶)
8. PQ is a chord of length 8 cm of acircle of radius 5 cm. The tangents at P and Q intersect at a point T
Find the length TP.

TEST PAPER – II

I. Answer the following questions (5 × 2M = 10M)

1. If from an external point B of a circle with centre O, two tangents BC and BD are drawn such that
∟DBC = 120°, prove that BC + BD = BO, i.e., BO = 2BC.

2. Two tangents PQ and PR are drawn from an external point to a circle with centre O. Prove that
QORP is a cyclic quadrilateral.
3. BOA is a diameter of a circle and the tangent at a point P meets BA extended at T. If ∠PBO = 30°,
then find ∠PTA ?
4. In Figure given, XY and XY are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O and another tangent
AB with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and XY at B. Prove that ∟ AOB = 90°.

5. Prove that the line segments joining the points of contact of two parallel tangents is a diameter of the
circle.
II. Answer the following questions (4 × 3M = 12M)
6. Two tangents PA and PB are drawn to a circle with centre O such that ∟𝐴𝑃𝐵 = 1200. Prove that
OP=2AP
7. If all the sides of a parallelogram touch a circle, then prove that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
8. Two tangents TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove that
∟PTQ=2∟OPQ.
9. A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle . Prove that AB + CD = AD + BC
III. Answer the following questions (2 × 4M = 8M)
10. Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle is
supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points of contact at the centre.
11. The radius of the in-circle of a triangle is 4 cm and the segments into which one side is divided by
the point of contact are 6 cm and 8 cm. Determine the other two sides of the triangle.

56
 SURFACE AREA AND VOLUME
In our earlier classes, we have already learnt about plane figures and some solid figures also.
Plane Figures: A plane figure has only two dimensions namely, length and breadth.
For example:
Triangles, rectangles, circles, etc
Solid Figures: A solid figure has three dimensions namely, length, breadth and height (thickness)
For examples:
Cuboids, cubes, cylinders, spheres, cones, etc.
(i) Examples of cuboids are a book, a tile, a room, etc
(ii) a cube is a cuboid whose length, breadth and height are equal.
Examples of cubes are dice, ice-cream, etc
(iii) Examples of cylinders are jars, circular pipes, circular pencils, road rollers, etc.
(iv)Examples of cones are conical tents, ice-cream cones (when it has not been filled), funnel, etc
(v) Examples of spheres are cricket balls, fully blown footballs etc.
Some useful formulae
Cuboid: Let l be the length, b be the breadth and h be the height of a cuboid
Total surface area (TSA) of the cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏𝑕 + 𝑕𝑙) unit2
Area of four walls = 2(𝑙 + 𝑏)𝑕 unit2
Volume of cuboid = 𝑙 × 𝑏 × 𝑕 unit3
Cube: Let a be the length of each edge (side) of a cube.
Total surface area (TSA) of the cube = 6a2 unit2
Area of four walls = 4a2 unit2
Volume of cube = a3 unit3
Right circular cylinder: Let r be the radius of the circular base and h be the height of a right circular
cylinder, Then
Curved surface area = 2 π r h
Total surface area of closed right circular cylinder = 2 𝜋𝑟 𝑕 + 𝑟
Total surface area of right circular cylinder open at the top = (2𝜋𝑟𝑕 + π 𝑟 2 )
Volume = π r2h
Right circular cone: Let r be the radius of the circular base, h be the height and l be the slant height of a
right circular cone.l2 = h2 + r2
Circumference of the base = 2𝜋 𝑟
Area of the circular base = π r2
Curved surface area (CSA) = 𝜋 𝑟 𝑙
Total surface area = 𝜋𝑟 (𝑙 + 𝑟)
1
Volume = 3
π r2h
Sphere: Let r be the radius of a sphere, then
4
Curve surface area = 4π r2 , Volume = πr3
3
EXAMPLES
[i] M.C.Q. (5 questions)
Q1.The surface area of a cube is 216 cm2,its volume is
(a) 144 cm3(b) 196 cm3 (c) 212 cm3 (d) 216 cm3
Q2. A solid is hemispherical at the bottom and conical above. If the surface area of the two parts equal, then
the ratio of its radius and the height of its conical part is
(a) 1: 3 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 3 : 1Q3. A cylinder and a cone are of same
base radius and of same height. The ratio of the volume of the cylinder to that of the cone is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 3 : 2

57
Q4. The radius (in cm) of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of cube of edge 4.2 cm is
(a) 4.2 cm (b) 2.1 cm (c) 8.1 cm (d) 1.05 cm
Q5. A rectangular sheet of paper 40 cm x 22 cm , is rolled to form a hollow cylinder of height 40 cm. The
radius of the cylinder (in cm ) is
(a) 3.5 (b) 7 (c) 80/7 (d ) 5
Answers: Q1(d),Q2(b), Q3 (b), Q4 (a),Q5 (b)
Case Study Based Question(1 question)
Q1. A flower pot is kept In one corner of the drawing room, a flower basket is kept inside the glass lies on
the table. The shape of flower basket is hemisphere with radius 60 cm and upper shape is conical with
height 120 cm from the bottom surface.

(a) Find the capacity of the glass.

(b) Find the volume of two combined figures.
(c) Find the volume of cone.
OR
If the cost of painting the glass outside is Rs 1.20 per m2, find the total cost of painting the CSA of the
glass.
Solution: (a) Capacity of glass = volume of cylinder of ( r=60cm ,h=180cm )
= π r2 h= 22/7 × 60 ×60×180 = 2036571.43 cm3
(b) r=60cm ,h of cone =120cm
volume of combine figure = volume of cone +volume hemisphere
= 1/3 π r2 h + 2/3 πr3
=452571.429+ 452571.429
=905142.858 cm3
(c) r=60cm ,h of cone =120 cm
volume of cone = 1/3 π r2 h= =452571.429 cm3
OR
r=60cm ,h=180cm ,
Curved surface area of glass = 2 π rh+ π r2
= 2 × 22/7 × 0.6m ×1.2m + 22/7 × 0.6m 0.6m
= 31.68 +1.3 =32.98 m2
Cost of painting @Rs 1.20 per m2
Total cost = 32.98× 1.20 = Rs 39.58
Short Answer Type Questions (3 questions)
Q1. Two spheres have their volumes in the ratio 1:27. Find the ratio of their surface areas.
Q2. Find the volume of the largest right circular cone that can be cut out of a cube whose edge is 21 cm.
Q3. A solid is in the shape of a cone standing on a hemisphere with both their radii being equal to 1 cm and
the height of the cone is equal to its radius. Find the volume of the solid in terms of 𝜋.
Answers Q1. Let the radius of two spheres are R and r respectively

58
 4
𝜋 𝑅 ×𝑅 × 𝑅 1
3
Then, Ratio of volumes of two spheres = 4 = 27
𝜋𝑟 ×𝑟×𝑟
3
𝑅 1
=
𝑟 3
4𝜋 𝑅 ×𝑅 𝑅 𝑅 1 1 1
Ratio of surface area oftwo spheres= 4𝜋 𝑟 × 𝑟 = 𝑟 × 𝑟 = 3 × 3=9
1 1 22 21 21
Q2.Volume of cone = 3𝜋r2h = 3 x 7
x 2
x 2
x 21 = 2425 cm3,
1 2
Q3. Volume of solid= volume of cone + volume of hemisphere = 3𝜋r2h + 3𝜋r3 =
1 2
=3𝜋 x 1 x 1 x 1 + 3𝜋 x 1 x 1 x 1 = cm3
Long Answer Type Question(2 questions)
Example 1. Two cubes, each of volume 64 cm3 are joined end to end. Find the surface area of the resulting
cuboid.
Solution: Let the length of the edge of each of the two cubes be a cm.
Then, volume of each cube = a3 cm3
Now, 𝑎3 = 64
a = 4 cm.
On joining both the cubes, the dimensions of the resulting cuboid
Length (l) = 4 + 4 = 8cm, breadth = 4 cm, height = 4 cm.

So that, surface area of the resulting cuboid = 2(𝑙𝑏 + 𝑏𝑕 + 𝑕𝑙)

= 2(8 𝑥 4 + 4 𝑥 4 + 4 𝑥 8) = 2(32 + 16 + 32)
= 2(80) = 160 𝑐𝑚2
Example 2. A solid toy is in the form of a hemisphere surmounted by a right
circular cone. The height of the cone is 2 cm and the diameter of the base is 4 cm.
Determine the volume of the toy. If a right circular cylinder circumscribes the toy,
find the difference of the volumes of the cylinder and the toy. (Take π = 3.14)

Solution: Let BPC be the hemisphere and ABC be the cone standing on the base of
the hemisphere. The radius BO of the hemisphere (as well as of the cone) = 1/2 × 4 cm = 2 cm.
2 1
Volume of the toy = 3 πr3 + 3 π r2h
2 1
= 3 x 3.14 x (2)3 + 3 x 3.14 (2)2 x 2 = 25.12 cm3
Now, let the right circular cylinder EFGH circumscribe the given solid. The radius of the base of the right
circular cylinder = HP = BO = 2 cm, and its height is
EH = AO + OP = (2 + 2) cm = 4 cm
So, the volume required = volume of the right circular cylinder – volume of the toy
= 3.14 (2)2 x 4 – 25.12 = 25.12 cm3
Hence, the required difference of the two volumes = 25.12 cm3
Questions for Practice
M.C.Q. (5 questions)
Q1.If two solid hemispheres of same base radius are joined together along their bases, then curved surface
area of this new solid is
(a) 3𝜋𝑟2 (b) 4𝜋𝑟2 (c) 5𝜋𝑟2 (d) 6𝜋𝑟2
Q2.The ratio of surface areas of two spheres is 9:4. The ratio of their volumes
(a)27:8 (b)8:27 (c) 3:2 (d) 2:3
Q3. The base radii of two right circular cones of the same height is 3:5. The ratio of their volumes is
(a)25:9 (b)9:25 (c) 3:5 (d) 5:3
59
Q4. A cone, a hemisphere and a cylinder stand on equal bases and have equal height. The ratio of their
volumes is
(a) 1:2:3 (b)2:3:4 (c)1:3:4 (d)2:3:5
Q5. What is the volume in cu cm of a cube whose surface area is 1944 sq cm?
(a) 1728 cm3(b)4096 cm3 (c) 2744 cm3(d)5832 cm3
2
Answers: Q1. (b) 4𝜋𝑟 Q2. (a) 27:8 Q3. (b) 9:25 Q4. (a) 1:2:3
Q5. (d) 5832 cm3
Assertion Reason type questions (1 question)
Question 1: STATEMENT - 1(Assertion) and STATEMENT -2 (Reason) and has following four choices
(a), (b) ,(c) and (d) , only one of which is the correct answer. Mark the correct answer.
(a) Statement -1 and Statement -2 are true ; Statement -2 is a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(b) Statement -1 and Statement -2 are true ; Statement -2 is not a correct explanation for Statement -1.
(c) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False.
(d) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True. .
Q1. Statement -1 (Assertion) : Two cubes each of volume 125 cm3 are rejoined end to end to form a cuboid ,
the surface area of the resulting cuboid is 250 cm2 .
Statement -2 (Reason) : If n cubes each of volume a3 cubic units are joined end to end to form a cuboid ,
then the surface area of the resulting cuboid is 2(2n+1) a2 square units.
Answer 1. (a)
Case Study Based Questions
Q1. In the month of July in a particular year, it rained heavily throughout the day over the city of Goa. Amit
observed that the rain drops as they reached him. Each rain drop was in the shape of a hemisphere
surmounted by a cone of the same radius of 1 mm. Volume of one of such drops is 3.14 mm³. Anil collected
the rain water in a pot having a capacity of 1099cm³.[Use√2 =1.4]

Based on the above situation, answers the following questions.

a) Find the total height of the drop.
b) What is the total surface area of a hemisphere of radius r cm.
c) What is the curved surface area of the drop?
OR
Find the no of drops in the vessel.
Q2. For a school Trophy :
A school decide to give a trophy of the best student in the class, which is
the form of cylinder mounted on a solid hemisphere with the same radius
and is made from some metal. This trophy is mounted on a wooden cuboid
as shown in the figure.
Suppose the diameter of the hemisphere is 24 cm and total height of trophy
is 28cm.
(a) Find the curve surface area of cylinder.
(b) Find the volume of cylinder.
60
(c) Find the curved surface area of trophy.
OR
Find the weight of the metal used in making the trophy, if the weight of
1cm3 of metal is 1.5gm.
Q3. Ashish wants to make a bird bath for his garden in the shape of
cylinder of height 1.5m and radius 0.5 m with a hemispherical depression at
one end, stands on three cylindrical pillars of radius 7 cm and height 2 m
using POP as shown in figure.
a) Find the curved surface area of the cylindrical part.
b) Find the curved surface area of hemispherical depression.
c) Find the volume of the three pillars.
OR
What is the curved surface area of 3 pillars?
Answer 1. (a) 2mm (b) 3πr2 (c) 10.67 cm2 OR 350000
Answer 2.
(a) R=7cm h= 16 cm CSA of cylinder = 2 π rh = 1206.88 cm2
(b) R=12 cm h=16cm volume of cylinder= π r2 h=7241.14 cm3
(c) R=7cm h= 16 cm ,CSA of trophy= CSA cylinder + CSA of hemisphere
=1206.88 + 3620.57= 4827.45cm2

OR
R=7cm h= 16 cm
Volume of cylinder =7241.14
Volume of hemisphere = 2/3 πr3 = 3620.57
Total volume of trophy = 10861.71 cm3
Weight of 1 cm3 =16292.565 gm
Answer 3. (a) 4.71cm2 (b) 1.57 cm2 (c) 924 cm2 OR 264 cm2
Short Answer Type Question (10 questions)
Q1. Two cubes each of 10 cm edge are joined end to end . Find the surface area of the resulting cuboid.
Q2. The cost of painting the total outside surface of a closed cylindrical oil tank at 60 paise sq. m is Rs
237.60 and the height of the tank is 6 times the radius of the base of the tank.
(i) Find the height of the tank.[Take π= 3.14]
(ii) Also find the radius of the tank.
Q3.The radius and height of a solid right circular cone are in the ratio 5:12. If its volume is 314 cm3, find its
total surface area. [Take π= 3.14]
Q4.The sum of radius of base and height of a right circular cylinder is 37cm. If the total surface area is 1628
cm2, find the volume of cylinder. [Take π= 22/7]
Q5. The volume of a sphere is 2425 ½ cm3. Find its curved surface area.
Q6. Determine the ratio of the volume of a cube to that of a sphere which will exactly fit inside the cube.
Q7. If the height and base radius of a cone, each is increased by 50%, then what will be the ratio between the
volume of the given cone and the new cone?
Q8. The radius and slant height of a right circular cone are in the ratio of 7 : 13 and its curved surface area is
286 cm2.Find its radius.
Q9. A toy is in the form of a cone of radius 7 cm mounted on a hemisphere of same radius. The total height
of the toy is 31 cm. Find the total surface area of the toy.
Q 10. A decorative block is made of two solids-a cube and a hemisphere. The base of the block is the cube
with edge of 7 cm and the hemisphere attached on the top has a diameter of 4.9 cm. If the block is to be
painted, find the total area to be painted.
Answers : Q1. 1000 cm2 Q2. (i) h = 18 m (ii) r = 3 m , Q3. 282.6cm2

61
Q4. Volume of cylinder = 4620 cm3, Q5.693 cm2, Q6. 6 :π, Q7.8 : 27
Q8. 7 cm. Q9. 858 cm2, Q10. 312.86 cm2

Long Answer Type Question (5 questions)

Q1. A solid consisting of a right circular cone of height 120 cm and radius 60 cm standing on a hemisphere
of radius 60 cm is placed upright in a right circular cylinder full of water such that it touches the bottom.
Find the volume of water left in the cylinder, if the radius of the cylinder is 60 cm and its height is 180 cm.
Q2. A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm, which is surmounted
by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3of iron has
approximately 8g mass. (Use 𝜋 = 3.14)
Q3. A solid is in the form of a cylinder with hemispherical ends. The total height of the solid is 19 cm and
the diameter of the cylinder is 7 cm. Find the volume and the total surface area of the solid. [Take 𝜋 =22/7]
Q4. A tent is of the shape of a right circular cylinder up to a height of 3 meters and then becomes a right
circular cone with a maximum height of 13.5 meters above the ground. Calculate the cost of painting the
inner side of the tent at the rate of Rs 2 per square meter, if the radius of the base is 14 meters.
Q5. A tent is in the shape of a cylinder surmounted by a conical top. If the height and diameter of the
cylindrical part are 2.1 m and 4 m respectively, and the slant height of the top is 2.8 m, find the area of the
canvas used for making the tent. Also, find the cost of the canvas of the tent at the rate of Rs 500 per m2.

Answers : Q1. Volume of water left in the cylinder = 1.131 m3

Q2. Total weight = 892.2624 kg
Q3. Volume of solid = 641.66 cm3
TSA of solid = 418 cm2
Q4. Twhich is to be painted = 1034 m2
Cost of painting = Rs 2068
Q5. Total area of canvas = 44 m2
Total cost of the canvas at the rate of Rs 500 per m2
= Rs 22000

Test Paper 1 MAX. MARKS: 20

Section A
Q1. Find the edge of a cube whose volume is equal to that of a cuboid of dimensions 8 cm x 4 cm x 2 cm.
Q2. If the perimeters of the base of two right circular cones are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their volumes are in the
ratio 9 : 32. Find the ratio of their heights.
Q3. If the volume of a solid sphere of radius r cm is equal to the volume of a solid cone of height r cm.
What will be the radius of the base of the cone.
Section B
Q4. Water flows at the rate of 10 metre per minute from a cylindrical pipe 5 mm in diameter. How long will
it take to fill up a conical vessel whose diameter at the base is 40 cm and depth 247 cm?
Q5. If four times the sum of the areas of two circular faces of a cylinder of height 8 cm is equal to twice the
curve surface area. Find the diameter of the cylinder.
Section C
Q6. A cylindrical vessel 32 cm high and 18 cm as the radius of the base, is filled with sand. This vessel is
emptied on the ground and a conical heap of sand is formed. If the height of the conical heap is 24 cm. Find
the radius of its base.
Q7. A circus tent is cylindrical to a height of 4 m and conical above it. If its diameter is 105 m and its slant
height is 40 m. Find the total area of the canvas required in m2.
.

62
 Test Paper 2 MAX. MARKS: 30
Section A
Q1. If the radii of the bases of a cylinder and a cone are in the ratio 3 : 4 and their heights are in the ratio 2 :
3. Find the ratio between the volume of cylinder to that of the cone.
Q2. If a solid sphere with total surface area 48 cm2 is bisected into two hemispheres Find the total surface
area of any one of the hemisphere.
Q3. Find the curved surface area of a right circular cone of height 15 cm and base diameter is 16 cm.
Q4. A right triangle with sides 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm is rotated about the side of 3 cm to form a cone. Find
the volume of the cone so formed.
Q5. The surface area of a sphere is same as the curved surface area of a right circular cylinder whose height
and diameter are 12 cm. Find the radius of the sphere.
Section B
Q6. A solid consists of a circular cylinder surmounted by a right circular cone. The height of the cone is h. If
the total volume of the solid is 3 times the volume of the cone. Find the height of the cylinder.
Q7. Find the mass of a solid cone of silver metal having base diameter 14 cm and vertical height 51 cm. The
density of silver is 10 g/cm3.
Q8. From a solid cylinder of height 30 cm and radius 7 cm, a conical cavity of height 24 cm and same radius
is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of the remaining solid.
Q9. A vessel is in the form of a hemispherical bowl surmounted by a hollow cylinder. The diameter of the
hemisphere is 14 cm and the total height of the vessel is 13 cm. Find the capacity of the vessel.
Section C
Q10. An ice-cream cone is the union of a right circular cone and a hemisphere that has the same ( circular)
base as the cone. Find the volume of the ice-cream cone if the height of the cone is 9 cm and the radius of its
base is 2.5 cm.
Q11. The internal and external diameters of a hollow hemispherical vessel are 12 cm and 16 cm
respectively. If the cost of painting 1 cm2 of the surface area is Rs 5.00, find the total cost of painting the
vessel all over.(π = 3.14)

Answers
Test Paper 1
Q1. 2 cm Q2 1:2 Q3 2r cm. Q4 51 min 12 sec
Q5 8 cm Q6 36 cm Q7 7920 m 2
Test Paper 2
Q1.9 8Q2. 36 cm2Q3. 136 𝜋 cm2Q4.12πcm3
Q5. 6 cm Q6. 2h/3 Q7. 26.180 kg Q8. 2024 cm2
Q9. 1642.67 cm Q10. 275/3 cm3Q11. Rs 3579.60
3

63
 STATICTICS
Important Concepts & Results
(i) Assumed Mean method or Shortcut method
𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑖
Mean = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑓𝑖
𝑖=1

Where a = assumed mean And di= Xi - a

𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑓𝑖𝑢𝑖
(ii) Step deviation method. Mean = = 𝑎 + 𝑛 𝑓𝑖 ×𝑕
𝑖=1

Where a = assumed mean

h = class size And ui= (Xi – a)/h

(iii) Median of a grouped frequency distribution can be calculated by

𝑛
− 𝑐𝑓
2
Median= 𝑙 + ×𝑕
𝑓
Where,
l = lower limit of median class n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class f = frequency of median class
h = class size of the median class.

(iv)Mode of grouped data can be calculated by the following formula.

𝑓1−𝑓0
Mode = 𝑙 + 2𝑓1−𝑓0−𝑓2 × 𝑕
Where
l = lower limit of modal class
h = size of class interval
f1 = Frequency of the modal class
fo = frequency of class preceding the modal class
f2= frequency of class succeeding the modal class

(v) Empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency.

3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Or, Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean.

Multiple Choice Questions (5x1)

1. The relationship between mean, median and mode for a moderately skewed distribution is
A. mode = median – 2 mean C. mode = 2 median – 3 mean
B. mode = 3 median – 2 mean D. mode = median – mean
2. Mean of 100 items is 49. It was discovered that three items which should have been 60, 70,
80 were wrongly read as 40, 20, 50 respectively. The correct mean is
A. 48 C. 50
B. 49 D. 60
3. Which of the following can not be determined graphically?
A. Mean C. Mode
B. Median D. None of these

64
4. Mode is the
A. middle most frequent value C. maximum frequent value
B. least frequent value D. none of these
Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement
of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

5. Assertion (A): If the value of mode and mean is 60 and 66 respectively, then the value of
median is 64.
Reason (R): Median = (mode + 2 mean)

(a) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true and reason (R) is the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(b) Both assertion (A) and reason (R) are true but reason (R) is not the correct
explanation of assertion (A).
(c) Assertion (A) is true but reason (R) is false.
(d) Assertion (A) is false but reason (R) is true.

1. Answer: B
2. Answer: C
3. Answer: A
4. Answer: C
5. Correct Answer is Option (c)

MCQ (for practise)

1. If the arithmetic mean of x, x + 3, x + 6, x + 9 and x + 12 is 10, then x = ?
A. 1 C. 6
B. 2 D. 4
2. If the mean of first n natural numbers is 5n/9, then n =?
A. 6 C. 9
B. 7 D. 10
3. If 35 is removed from the data, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 then the median increases
by:
A. 2 C. 1
B. 1.5 D. 0.5
4. The Median when it is given that mode and mean are 8 and 9 respectively, is:
A. 8.57 C. 8.97
B. 8.67 D. 9.24
5. Directions: In the following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a
statement of reason (R). Mark the correct choice as:

65
 Assertion: the mode of the call received on 7 consecutive day 11,13,13,17,19,23,25 is
13.

Reason: Mode is the value that appears most frequent;

a)Both Assertion and Reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for the.
b)Both Assertion and Reason are false but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c)Assertion is correct but reason is false.
d)Both Assertion and reason are false.

1. Answer: D
2. Answer: C
3. Answer: D
4. Answer: B
5. a) both assertion and reason are correct but reason is not correct explanation for
assertion.

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS

Case Study 1: PARK

A decision has been made by an agency XYZ to install specially tailored playground
equipment in multiple parks within different colonies. In order to determine the age group of
children who frequent a specific park in a particular colony, a study was conducted. The table
below illustrates the categorization of children based on their ages and their corresponding
park activities.
Based on the above information, answer the following questions.
(i) The maximum number of children are of the age-group
a) 12-14 c) 14-16
b) 10-12 d) 8-10
(ii) The lower limit of the modal class is
a) 10 c) 14
b) 12 d) 8
(iii) Frequency of the class succeeding the modal class is
a) 58 c) 42
b) 70 d) 27
(iv) The mode of the ages of children playing in the park is
(a) 9years (c) 11.5years
(b) 8years (d) 10.6 years
(v) If mean and mode of the ages of children playing in the park are same, then median
will be equal to
(a) Mean (c) Both (a) and (b)
(b) Mode (d) Neither (a) nor (b)

Answer: Case study 1

1. (i) (b)Since, the highest frequency is 70,

66
 therefore, the maximum number of children are of the
age-group 10-12.
(ii) (a) Since, the modal class is 10-12
Lower limit of modal class = 10
(iii) (c) Here, f0 = 58, f1 = 70 and f2 = 42
Thus, the frequency of the class succeeding the modal
class is 42.
𝒇𝟏−𝒇𝟎
(iv) (d) Mode = 𝒍 + 𝟐𝒇𝟏−𝒇𝟎−𝒇𝟐
×𝒉
𝟕𝟎−𝟓𝟖
= 𝟏𝟎 + 𝟏𝟒𝟎−𝟓𝟖−𝟒𝟐
×𝒉
=10.6
|(v) (c) Given that, Mean = Mode
By Empirical relation, we have
Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
Mode=3Median-2Mode
3 Mode =3 Median
Median=Mode= Mean
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS (for practice)

CASE STUDY 1:COVID-19

COVID-19 Pandemic The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as coronavirus pandemic, is an

ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease caused by the transmission of severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) among humans.
The following tables show the age distribution of case admitted during a day in two different
hospitals.
Table 1
Age (in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65

No. of cases 6 11 21 23 14 5
Table 2
Age (in years) 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65
No. of cases 8 16 10 42 24 12
Refer to table 1
1. The average age for which maximum cases occurred is
a) 32.24 c) 36.82
b) 34.36 d) 42.24

2. The upper limit of modal class is

a) 15 c) 35
b) 25 d) 45
3. The mean of the given data is
a) 26.2 b) 32.4

67
 c) 33.5 d) 35.4
Refer to table 2
4. The mode of the given data is
a) 41.4 c) 55.3
b) 48.2 d) 64.6
5. The median of the given data is

68
 a) 32.7
b) 40.2
c) 42.3
d) 48.6

CASE STUDY 2:
Electricity consumption pertains to the utilization of electric energy. The worldwide
consumption of electricity rises t a faster pace compared to the population growth, which
results in an augmented average consumption of electricity per person, otherwise known as
per capita electricity consumption.

A survey is conducted for 56 families of a Colony A. The following tables gives the weekly
consumption of electricity of these families.
Weekly consumption (in units) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of families 16 12 18 6 4 0

The similar survey is conducted for 80 families of Colony B and the data is recorded
as below:
Weekly consumption (in units) 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
No. of families 0 5 10 20 40 5

Refer to data received from Colony A

1. The median weekly consumption is
a) 12 units
b) 16 units
c) 20 units
d) None of these

2. The mean weekly consumption is

a) 19.64 units
b) 22.5 units
c) 26 units
d) None of these

3. The modal class of the above data is I

a) 0-10
b) 10-20
c) 20-30
d) 30-40

69
Refer to data received from Colony B
4. The modal weekly consumption is
a) 38.2 units
b) 43.6 units
c) 26 units
d) 32 units

5. The mean weekly consumption is

a) 15.65 units
b) 32.8 units
c) 38.75 units
d) 48 units

Case Study 3 -Toll Tax Collection

On a particular day, National Highway Authority of India (NHAI) checked the toll tax
collection of a particular toll plaza in Rajasthan. The following table shows the toll tax paid
by drivers and the number of vehicles on that particular day.
Toll tax (in Rs) 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

No. of vehicles 80 110 120 70 40

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) If A is taken as assumed mean, then the possible value of A is

a) 32 c) 85
b) 42 d) 55
(ii) The mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method is
(a) 52 (c) 52.50
(b) 52.14 (d) 53.50
(iii) „The mean of toll tax received by NHAI by direct method is
(a) equal to the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(b) greater than the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(c) less than the mean of toll tax received by NHAI by assumed mean method
(d) none of these

(iv) The average toll tax received by NHAI in a day, from that particular toll plaza, is
(a) 21000
(b) 21900
(c) 30000
(d) none of these
Solutions:
Case study 1
Answer: c) 36.82
Answer: d) 45

70
 Answer: d) 35.4
Answer: a) 41.4
Answer: b) 40.2
Case Study 2
Answer: c) 20 units
Answer: a) 19.64 units
Answer: c) 20-30
Answer: b) 43.6 units
Answer: c) 38.75 units

Case Study 3 :
Answer:

(i) (d): Clearly, the possible values of assumed mean (A) are 35,45, 55, 65, 75.
𝒏
𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒅𝒊
(ii) (b): Required Mean = 𝒂 + 𝒏 𝒇𝒊
𝒊=𝟏
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 𝟓𝟓 − 𝟒𝟐𝟎
=52.14
(iii) (a): Mean by direct and assumed mean method are always equal.
(iv) (d): Average toll tax received by a vehicle =Rs 52.14
Total number of vehicles = 420
Average toll tax received in a day = 52.14 x 420
Rs 21898.80

71
 Long answer type question (solved)

1 Find the mode of the following distribution:

Class 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

Interval
Frequency 30 45 75 35 25 15
Answer:
f1  75 f 0  45 f 2  35
Model class= 20-25 h=5 l=20
f1  f 0
Mode= l  h
2 f1  f 0  f 2
75  45
= 20  5
2  75  45  35
30
= 20   5 = 22.14
70
2 Find the median marks for the following distribution:

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50

Number of 2 12 22 8 6
students
Answer:
Class Frequency c.f.
0-10 2 2
10-20 12 14
20-30 22 36
30-40 8 44
40-50 6 50

N
N=50  25 median class=20-30
2
l= 20 f=22 cf=14 h=10
N
 cf 25  14
Median  l  2  h = 20   10 =20+5=25
f 22

72
 Long answer type question (Practise)
1 The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsman of the
world in one day international cricket matches.

RUNS SCORED NUMBER OF

BATSMAN
3000-4000 4
4000-5000 18
5000-6000 9
6000-7000 7
7000-8000 6
8000-9000 3
9000-10000 1
10000-11000 1

Find the mode of the data.

2 If the median of the distribution given below is 28.5. Find the value of „x‟ and „y‟.

C.I FREQUENCY
0-10 5
10-20 x
20-30 20
30-40 15
40-50 y
50-60 5

3 Find the median of the following frequency distribution

MARKS 0- 100- 200- 300- 400- 500- 600- 700- 800- 900-
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
FREQUENCY 2 5 9 12 17 20 15 9 7 4

4 The median of the following data is 20.75. Find the missing frequencies „x‟ and „y‟ .
If the total frequency is 100.

CI 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40

FREQUENCY 7 10 x 13 y 10 14 9

5 If the mean of the following distribution is 6, find the value of‟p‟.

X 2 4 6 10 P+6
Y 3 2 3 1 2

73
 6 The following distribution gives the weight of 60 students of a class. Find the mean
and mode weights of the students.

Weight 40-44 44-48 48-52 52-56 56-60 60-64 64-68 68-72

(in kg)
No. of 4 6 10 14 10 8 6 2
Students

7 The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing frequencies f 1 and f2:

Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 Total

Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8 50

Answers :
(1) 4608.7 runs
 x8
(2)  
 y 8
(3) 525
(4) y = 20 , x = 17
(5) P = 7
(6) By using formula for mean and mode.Correct mean=55.2 mode=54
(7)By using direct method to find mean. We get f1+f2=20 and 3f1+7f2=108
After solve f1=8 and f2=12

TEST-1 (20 Marks)

1 The mean of the first 10 multiples of 6 is (1)

A. 3.3

B. 33

C. 34

D. none of these
2 While computing mean of the grouped data, we assume that the frequencies are: (2)
A. evenly distributed over all the classes
B. centered at the class marks of the classes
C. centered at the upper limits of the classes
D. centered at the lower limits of the classes

3 CASE STUDY (5)

Analysis of Electricity Consumption in a Locality

74
 x 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
f 6 10 16 X 10 5 2
An inspector in an enforcement squad of electricity department visit to a locality of 100
families and record their |monthly consumption of electricity, on the basis of family
members, electronic items in the house and wastage of electricity, which is summaries in the
following table.

Based on the above information, answer the following questions.

(i) The value of x +y is
a) 100 (b) 42 (c) 24 (d) 200

(i) If the median of the above data is 525, then x is equal to

(a) 10 b)8 c)9 (d) none of these
(iii) What will be the upper limit of the modal class?
(a) 400 (b) 600
(c) 650 (d) 700

(iv) The average monthly consumption of a family of this locality is approximately

(a) 520kwh (b) 522kwh (c) 540 kwh (d) none of these

(v) If A be the assumed mean, then A is always

(a) > (Actual mean) (b) < (Actual Mean)

(c) = (Actual Mean) (d) can't say

4 If the mode of the following distribution is 57.5. Find the value of x. (4)

5 A life insurance agent found the following data for distribution of ages of 100
policyholders. Calculate the median age, if policies are given only to persons having age 18
yrs onwards but less than 60 years. (4 mark)
Age (in Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below
yrs) 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
No. of 2 6 24 45 78 89 92 98 100
policy
holders

Age (in yrs) Frequency (f) cf

Below 20 2 2
20-25 6-2=4 6
25-30 24-6=18 24
30-35 45-24=21 45( cf)

75
35-40 (Median class) 33( f) 78
40-45 11 89
45-50 3 92
50-55 6 98
55-60 2 100(N)
6 Following distribution gives the marks scored by a class of 20 students. If median of
given data is 14.4, find x and y. (4)
Marks 0-6 6-12 12-18 18-24 24-30
No. of 4 X 5 Y 1
students

Answer Key TEST (20):

1 Answer: B
2 Answer: B
3 Answer:(i) (c) : Here, itis given that total frequency = 100
76+x+y=100 = x+y=24
ii) c) x=9
(iii) (b) upper limit of modal class is 600.
(iv) (b): 522
(v) d

4 Mode=57.5 model class=50-60

l=50 f0=10 f1=16 f2=x h=10
f1  f 0 16  10
Mode  l   h = 50   10
2 f1  f 0  f 2 32  10  x
60 60
57.5  50  Or 7.5 
22  x 22  x
X=14
𝑁
5 Median number = =50
2
𝑁
−𝑐𝑓
2
Median = 𝑙 + 𝑓
×h

l=35 , h=5 put value in the formula and solve

6 Median=14.4 median class=12-18

l=12 f=5 cf=4+x h=6
Put above values in median formula get x=4
x+y=10 4+y=10 or y=6
TEST-2 (30)
1 Find mode, using an empirical relation, where it is given that
mean and median are 10.5 and 9.6 respectively.

76
 𝒏
2 In a frequency distribution, if a = assumed mean=55, 𝒊=𝟏 𝐟𝒊=l00, h=10
𝒏
and 𝒊=𝟏 𝒇𝒊𝒙𝒊=-30, then find mean of the distribution. (2)
3 Write the median class of the following distribution. (2)

Classes Frequency
0-10 4
10-20 4
20-30 8
30-40 10
40-50 12
50-60 8
60-70 4

4 Findpifthemeanofthegivendatais15.45 (3)

Class Frequency

0-6 6

6-12 8

12-18 p
18-24 9

24-30 7
5 The median of the distribution given below is
14.4.Findthevaluesofxandy,ifthe sum of frequency is 20. (3)

C.I Frequency

0-6 4

6-12
X
12-18 5

18-24 Y

24-30 1

6 Findthemedianofthefollowingdata (3)

77
 C.I 5-15 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75
Freq. 6 10 16 15 24 8 7

7 Determine the missing frequency x, from the following data when Mode is 67 (3)

Class 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90

Frequency 5 15 12 7
X

8 Find the mean, median and mode of the following data (4)

C.I 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140

Freq. 6 8 10 12 6 5 3

9 Find the missing frequency (f,.f2andf3) in the following

frequency distribution when it is given that f/f3=4:3 and mean =50. (4)

C.I 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 Total

Frequency 17 f1 f2 f3 19 120

10 If the mean of the following frequency distribution is 65.6, find the missing
frequencies. (5)

Class -
Frequency
10-30 5
30-50 8
50-70 f1
70-90 20
90-110 f2
110-130 2
Total 50

78
 PROBABILITY
IMPORTANT NOTES:
Experimental or empirical probability P (E) of an event E is

Number of trials in which the event happened

P (E)=
Total number of trials

The theoretical probability (also called classical probability) of an event A,

written as P(A), is defined as
𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴
P(A) =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
Two or more events of an experiment, where occurrence of an event prevents
occurrences of all other events, are called Mutually Exclusive Events.
COMPLIMENTARYEVENTSANDPROBABILITY
___
We denote the event 'notE' by E . This is called the complement event of event E.
So,P(E)+P(notE)=1
i.e., P(E) + P(not E ) = 1, which gives us P(not E ) =1 −P(E).In general, it is true that

for an event E,P (E) =1–P(not E)

 The probability of an event which is impossible tooccuris0.Such an event is called an

Impossible event.
 The probability of an event which is sure (or certain) to occur is 1. Such an event
is called a sure event or a certain event.
 The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0≤ P(E)≤1
 An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the
probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1.
DECKOF CARDSANDPROBABILITY
A deck of playing cards consists of 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13
cards each. They are black spades(♠) red hearts (♥),red diamonds (♦) and black
clubs (♣).
The cards in each suit are Ace, King, Queen, Jack, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3 and 2.
Kings, Queens and Jacks are called face cards.

Equally likely events: Two or more events are said to be equally likely if each one

79
 of them has an equal chance of occurrence.

Mutually Exclusive events: Two or more events are mutually exclusive if the
occurrence of each event prevents the every other event.

Complementary events: Consider an event has few outcomes. Event of all other
outcomes in the sample survey which are not in the favorable event is called
Complementary event.

Exhaustive events: All the events are exhaustive events if their union is the sample space.

Sure events: The sample space of a random experiment is called sure or certain
event as any one of its elements will surely occur in any trail of the experiment.

Impossible event: An event which will occur on any account is called an impossible event.

ILLUSTRATIONS:
(A) MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. Cards are marked with numbers between 1to50 are placed in the box and mixed
thoroughly. One card is drawn at random. What is the probability of getting a multiple
of 5?
1 9 4 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 48 5 48
Ans. (b)
2. A coin is tossed 1000 times and 560 times the Head occurs. The empirical probability
of occurrence of Head in this case is

(a) 0.5 (b)0.56 (c) 0.44 (d) 0.056

Ans. (b)
3. What is the probability of getting an ace from a well shuffled deck of cards?

1 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 13 13 13
Ans. (d)
4. A die is thrown once what is the probability of getting a number less than or equal to
4?
1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 6 6
Ans. (a)
5. Assertion: The probability of an event that cannot happen or which is impossible is
equal to zero.
Reason: The probability lies between 0 and 1. Hence, it cannot be negative.
a)Both Assertion and Reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for the.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are false but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and reason are false.
Ans. (a)

80
(B)CASE BASED STUDY QUESTIONS:
Building Block kit
Prateek goes to a toy shop to purchase a building block kit for his son. He found that the kit
contains 120 blocks, of which 40 are red, 25 are blue, 30 are green and the rest are yellow.
His son picks up a block at random.
1. Find the probability that the block is
i) of red color (ii) not blue color
40 1
Ans. i) Probability of getting red colour is = 120 = 3
95 19
ii) Probability of not blue colour = =
120 24
2. A blue colour block taken out is not placed back in the kit. What is the probability of
getting a blue or green block taken out at random?
24+30 54
Ans. Probability of getting blue or green block = 119 = 119
(C) SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. 1. A missing helicopter is reported to have crashed somewhere in the rectangular
region shown inFigure.Whatis the probabilitythatitcrashedinsidethe
lakeshowninthefigure?

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑘𝑒 7 .5
3 𝑋 2.5 5
Ans. Probability = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 9 𝑋 4.5 = =
40.5 81
2. A box contains 12 balls out of which x are black. If one ball is drawn atrandom
from the box, what is the probability that it will be a black ball? If 6 more black
balls are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black ball is now double of
what it was before. Find x.
x
Ans. Probability of getting black ball=
12
x6
Probability of after adding 6 more black balls is =
18
x6 x
Given that =2x  
18 12 
6( x  6)
=x
18
x6
=x
3
x + 6 = 3x
3x – x = 6

81
 2x = 6
x=3
3. A lot consists of 48 mobile phones of which 42 are good, 3 have only minor
defects and 3 have major defects. Varnika will buy a phone if it is good but the
trader will only buy a mobile if it has no major defect. One phone is selected at
random from the lot. What is the probability that it is
(i) A good phone (ii)a bad phone
42 7
Ans. Probability of getting a good phone = =
48 8
6 1
Probability of getting a bad phone = =
48 8

QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE:

MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS:

1. Two dice were thrown simultaneously. What is the probability of getting

numbers on both the dice such that their sum is a primenumber?
13 12
(a) (b) (c) 0 (d) 1
36 36
2. A box contains marbles numbered from 12 to 78. What is the probability of
getting a multiple of 12?
7 6 5 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
66 67 66 67
3. What is probability of getting 53 Sundays in 2024?
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 7 7
4. From a well shuffled deck of cards what is the probability of getting a red non-
face card?
2 3 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
5. Assertion: If P (E) = 0.07 then P (not E) = 0.93.
Reason: P (E) + P (not E) = 1
a)Both Assertion and Reason are correct and reason is correct explanation for the.
b) Both Assertion and Reason are false but reason is not correct explanation for assertion.
c) Assertion is correct but reason is false.
d) Both Assertion and reason are false.
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:
1. Two dice are thrown together. Find the probability that the product of the
numbers on the top of the dice is (i) 6 (ii)12
2. One card is drawn from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. Find the probability of
getting neither a face card nor an ace?
3. A coin is tossed two times. Find the probability of getting (i) at most one head (ii)
no head.
4. A box contains 90 discs numbered 1 to 90. What is the probability of getting
(i) A perfect cube
(ii) A multiple of 3 and 5.
5. A number is selected from the numbers1,2,3 and then a second number is
randomly selected from the number 1, 4, 9. What is the probability that the

82
 product xy of the two numbers will belessthan9?

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

1. DART AND ARROW GAME:
Nishant and Kapil are playing a game of darts. They use this dart board.
If your dart strikes outside the circles, you get zero points. Here are the
rules of the game: When your dart is placed in any circular region, you
get the points mentioned in that region. During the game all the darts of
both Nishant and Kapil fall in the circular region. The radius of the
innermost circle is 7 cm and the width of all other circular regions is 7
cm.
Answer the following questions.

(a) Nishant throws the first dart. What is the probability of Nishant getting a score of 100
in first throw?
(b) Kapil threw a dart which hits the board. What is the probability of dart hitting the
outermost circular region on the board?

2. TOSSING A PAPER CUP:

This is a paper cup.

83
Jaya tossed the cup. When the cup lands on the table, it can land in three possible positions
as shown in the figure below.

To calculate the
probability of
falling in each
position, Jaya
tosses the cup 60 times. She records
her observations in the table below.

(a) Jaya tosses the cup one more time. What would be the probability of the cup falling in
the upright position.
(b)

Based on the graph and Vani‟s observations what should be the probability of the cup falling
in the upright position if Jaya were to toss the cup again?
3. FREE TICKETS FOR WORLD CUP:
Geeta wanted to watch football world cup final match. She saw an advertisement that a radio
station has 25 free tickets to football world cup final match to give away. Radio announced
that one participant can send only one SMS for free ticket. SMS`s are received from 20000
listeners out of which 12000 are female. SMS`s are then selected at random one at a time
until all free tickets are given away.

(a) The first 24 tickets have been given away to the participants and Gita‟s
SMS`s has yet not been selected. What is Geeta‟s chance of winning the
last ticket, based on above said information.

84
 (b) Out of first 24 tickets 14 males have already won the ticket and remaining
are won by females.
Chances that last ticket is won by Geeta.

ANSWERS:
MCQ TYPE QUESTIONS:CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:
1 7
1. A 2. B3.B 4.D 5.A1.(a) 16 (b) 16
1
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS:2.(a)12 (b) 0.2
5 1 5 1 11990
1. 36
, 36 5. 9 3. (a) 19976 (b) 19976
9
2. 13
3 1
3. 4 4
,
4 2
4. 90
, 30

CLASS TEST-1
(CHAPTER:PROBABILITY)
CLASS: X MARKS: 20
SN QUESTION MAR
O KS
SECTION A 1X7= 7
1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. The probability of getting a 1
sum of 9 is:
1 3 1 4
(A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 9 (D) 9

2. What is the probability of getting 53 Mondays in a leap year? 1

1 53 2 7
(A7(B) 366 (C)7(D)366
3. A jar contains 24 marbles. Some are red and others are white. If a 1
marble is drawn at random from the jar, the probability that it is
2
red is3, then the number of white marbles in the jar is:
(A) 10 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D)7
4. If P(E) = 0.07, then what is the probability of „not E‟? 1
(A) 0.93 (B) 0.95 (C) 0.89 (D) 0.90
5. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 cards. The event E is that card 1
is not an ace of hearts. The number of outcomes favourable to E
is:
(A) 4 (B) 13 (C) 48 (D) 51
6. A number x is chosen at random from the numbers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. 1
Then the probability that x²< 2 is?
1 2 3 4
(A) 5(B5(C) 5(D) 5

7. . A bag contains 5 red balls and some blue balls. If the probability 1
of drawing a blue ball is double that of a red ball, then the number
of blue balls in a bag is:
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20

85
 SECTION-B 2X4 =8
8. A carton of 24 bulbs contains 6 defective bulbs. One bulb is 2
drawn at random. What is the probability that the bulb is not
defective? If the bulb selected is defective and it is not
replaced and a second bulb is selected at random from the
rest, what is the probability that these cond bulb is defective?
9. A letter of English alphabets is chosen at random. 2
Determine the probability that the letter is a consonant.
10. Savita and Hamida are friends. What is the probability that both 2
will have
(i)different birthdays?
(ii)the same birthday?(Ignoring a leap year)
11. A number x is selected from the numbers 1, 2, 3 and then a 2
second number y is randomly selected from the number 1, 4,
9. What is the probability that the product xy of the two
numbers will be less than 9?
SECTION-C
CASE BASED QUESTION 5
12. During the admission procedure in a school, the number of
students seeking admission is more than that of the seats available
in the class so that school administration decides to organize a
draw so that each student has equal possibility of getting
admission in the school. The following category of students
applied for admission.

2
2

86
 (A) If all the admission forms are shuffled and one form is
drawn randomly, what is the probability that an OBC
student belonging to either of the categories 1,2,3 or 4 will
get admission?
(B) If SC and ST category‟s admission forms are shuffled and
one form is drawn randomly, what is the probability that
student from service category 1either SC or ST will get
admission?
(C) What is the probability of a general student of any category
will get admission?

ANSWERS:
5
1. C5. D7. B 11. 9
3 5 65 52 43
2. C6. C 8. 4, 23 12. (a) 570 (b) 205 (c) 114
21
3. C9. 26
364 1
4. A 10. (a) (b)
365 365

CLASS TEST-1
(CHAPTER: PROBABILITY)
CLASS:X
MARKS: 30
SN QUESTION MA
O RK
S
SECTION-A 1X
10=
10
1. If R is the event that it will rain tomorrow , such that P (R)=0.03, then P (R̅) = 1
A)0.07 B) 0.09 C) 0.79 D) 0.97
2. Cards numbered 7 to 40 were put in a box. Anish selects a card at random. What is 1
the probability that the selected card is a multiple of 7?
7 5 6 7
A) 34 B)34 C)35 D) 35
3. Which of the following cannot be the probability of an event? 1
−5
A) 7 B) 19% C) 0 D) 1

87
4. If all cards of diamond are removed from the deck, find the probability that a card 1
drawn at random from the deck is a red jack?
1 3 1 2
A) 52 B) 52 C) 39 D) 39
5. A card is drawn at random from a pack of well-shuffled 52 cards. What is the 1
probability that the card drawn is not an ace?
1 4 9 12
A)13 B) 13 C) 13 D) 13

6. What is the probability of choosing a black card or a ten from a deck of playing 1
cards?
1 7 1 2
A)2B)13 C)13 D) 13

7. T-shirts marked with numbers 2 to 101 are placed in a box. Sarita is fond of 1
numbers which are perfect squares. When her turn comes, she randomly takes out
a T-shirt from this box; what is the probability of getting her favourite T-shirt?
9 3 1 19
A) 100 B) 10 C) 10 D) 100

8. A number x is chosen at random from the numbers -2, -1, 0, 1, 2. Then the 1
probability that x² < 2 is?
1 2 3 4
(A) 5(B5 (C) 5(D) 5
9. A box contains marbles numbered from 12 to 78. What is the probability of 1
getting a multiple of 12?
6 5 9
A) 7 B) C) D)
66 67 66 67
10. What is the probability of getting 53 Mondays in a non-leap year? 1
1 53 2 7
(A)7 (B) 366 (C)7 (D) 366
SECTION -B 2×6
=12
11. (i) A lot of 20 bulbs contain 4 defective ones. One bulb is drawn at random 2
from the lot. What isthe probabilitythatthisbulbisdefective?
(ii)Supposethebulbdrawnin(i)isnotdefectiveandisnotreplaced.Nowonebulbisdrawn
atrandomfromtherest.Whatistheprobabilitythatthisbulbisnotdefective?

12. A die has its six faces marked 0, 1, 1, 1, 6, 6. Two such dice are thrown 2
together and the total score is recorded. (i) How many different scores
are possible? (ii) What is the probability ofgettingatotalof7?
13. Thereare1000sealedenvelopesinabox, 2
10ofthemcontainacashprizeofRs100each, 100ofthem contain a cash prize of
Rs 50 each and 200 of them contain a cash prize of Rs 10 each and rest do
not contain any cash prize. If they are well shuffled and an envelope is
picked up out, what is the probability that it contains no cash prize?

88
14. Agameconsistsoftossingaone- 2
rupeecoin3timesandnotingitsoutcomeeachtime.Hanifwins if all the
tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails, and loses other
wise. Calculate the probability that Hanif will lose the game.
15. Box A contains 25 slips of which 19 are marked Re 1 and other are 2
marked Rs 5 each. Box B contains 50 slips of which 45 are marked Re1
each and others are marked Rs13each. Slips of both boxes are poured into
a third box and reshuffled. A slip is drawn at random. What is the
probability that it is marked other than Re 1?
16. 1. A child has a die whose six faces show the letters as given below: 2
A B C D E A
The die is thrown once. What is the probability of getting (i)A? (ii)D?
SECTION-C
CASE STUDY QUESTIONS 4 X
2 =
8
17. Diwali Fest is an annual South Asian arts & culture festival produced by the
Diwali Celebration Society. In the Diwali fest, a game is played with a fair
spinner, shown above. The numbers on the spinner are 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, 16.
Sometimes the owner will invite a player who does not win with the spinner to
throw the dice as a free bonus.

2
2

(a) What is the probability that a player will get a special prize because the
spinner stops on a perfect square?
(b) If the player gets a chance to throw a dice, what is the probability of
getting a multiple of 2 on the dice?

89
1 In a classroom a rectangular board is fitted on a wall. The length of the board is
8 2m and width is 1m. Anuj draws this triangle on the board.
.

(a) Anuj throws a bunch of chalk 2

randomly at the board with 2
all the chalks striking the board.
What proportion of chalks is
expected to fall in the triangular region?
(b) What is the probability of chunk of chalks no hitting the board?

ANSWERS:
1. D 2. B 3. A 4. C. 5. D 6. B 7. C. 8. C 9. B 10. C
1 15 1 3 64 1 1
11.5 , 1912. 18, 2 13. 0.69 14.415.75 16.3 , 6
1 1 1
17.3 , 218.16 , 0

90
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Class 12 Mathematics (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Biology (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Chemistry (CBSE) Click here for Playlist

CLASSROOM TEACHING VIDEOS PLAYLISTS (CLASS 12)

Class 12 CHEMISTRY (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Business Studies (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Hindi (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
NEET Biology in 1 min Click here for Playlist
Class 12 History (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Political Science (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Physics (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 Biology (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
Class 12 : Accounts (CBSE) Click here for Playlist
 JOIN SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS
WHATSAPP & TELEGRAM
GROUPS FOR FREE
We are thrilled to introduce the School of Educators WhatsApp Group, a platform designed exclusively
for educators & Students to enhance your teaching & Learning experience and elevate student learning
outcomes. Here are some of the key benefits you can expect from joining our group:

BENEFITS OF SOE WHATSAPP GROUPS

• Abundance of Content: Members gain access to an extensive repository of educational materials
tailored to their class level. This includes various formats such as PDFs, Word files, PowerPoint
presentations, lesson plans, worksheets, practical tips, viva questions, reference books, smart
content, curriculum details, syllabus, marking schemes, exam patterns, and blueprints. This rich
assortment of resources enhances teaching and learning experiences.
• Immediate Doubt Resolution: The group facilitates quick clarification of doubts. Members can seek
assistance by sending messages, and experts promptly respond to queries. This real-time
interaction fosters a supportive learning environment where educators and students can exchange
knowledge and address concerns effectively.
• Access to Previous Years' Question Papers and Topper Answers: The group provides access to
previous years' question papers (PYQ) and exemplary answer scripts of toppers. This resource is
invaluable for exam preparation, allowing individuals to familiarize themselves with the exam
format, gain insights into scoring techniques, and enhance their performance in assessments.
• Free and Unlimited Resources: Members enjoy the benefit of accessing an array of educational
resources without any cost restrictions. Whether its study materials, teaching aids, or assessment
tools, the group offers an abundance of resources tailored to individual needs. This accessibility
ensures that educators and students have ample support in their academic endeavors without
financial constraints.
• Instant Access to Educational Content: SOE WhatsApp groups are a platform where students&
teachers can access a wide range of educational content instantly. This includes study materials,
notes, sample papers, reference materials, and relevant links shared by group members and
moderators.
• Timely Updates and Reminders: SOE WhatsApp groups serve as a source of timely updates and
reminders about important dates, exam schedules, syllabus changes, and academic events.
Teachers &Students can stay informed and well-prepared for upcoming assessments and activities.
• Interactive Learning Environment: Teachers &Students can engage in discussions, ask questions,
and seek clarifications within the group, creating an interactive learning environment. This fosters
collaboration, peer learning, and knowledge sharing among group members, enhancing
understanding and retention of concepts.
• Access to Expert Guidance: SOE WhatsApp groups are moderated by subject matter experts,
teachers, or experienced educators. Students can benefit from their guidance, expertise, and
 insights on various academic topics, exam strategies, and study techniques.
• Sharing of Study Tips and Strategies: Group members often share valuable study tips, exam
strategies, and time management techniques that have proven effective for them. Students can
learn from each other's experiences and adopt helpful strategies to optimize their study routines
and improve their academic performance.
• Availability of Practice Materials: SOE WhatsApp groups frequently share practice questions,
quizzes, and mock tests to help students assess their understanding and practice exam-oriented
questions. This allows students to gauge their progress, identify areas of improvement, and refine
their exam preparation accordingly.
• Peer Support and Motivation: Being part of an SOE WhatsApp group provides students with a
supportive community of peers who share similar academic goals and challenges. Group members
can offer encouragement, motivation, and moral support to each other, especially during stressful
periods such as exams.
• Convenience and Accessibility:SOE WhatsApp is a widely used messaging platform accessible on
smartphones, making educational content and discussions easily accessible anytime, anywhere.
Students can review study materials, participate in discussions, and seek help conveniently from
their mobile devices.

Join the School of Educators WhatsApp Group today and unlock a world of resources, support, and
collaboration to take your teaching to new heights. To join, simply click on the group links provided
below or send a message to +91-95208-77777 expressing your interest.

Together, let's empower ourselves & Our Students and inspire the next generation of learners.

Best Regards,

Team
School of Educators
 SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS WHATSAPP GROUPS
(For Teachers Only)
You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical tips and Viva
questions , reference books , smart content , curriculum , syllabus , marking scheme , toppers answer
scripts , revised exam pattern , revised syllabus , Blue Print etc. here .Join Your Subject / Class WhatsApp
Group.

Kindergarten to Class XII (For Teachers Only)

Kindergarten Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7

Class 8 Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 (Science )

Class 11 (Commerce) Class 11 (Humanities) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Commerce)

Class 12 (Humanities) Artificial Intelligence

(VI TO VIII)
Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups (IX & X)
Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science English

Hindi Information Technology Artificial Intelligence

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII)

Physics Chemistry English Mathematics

Biology Accountancy Economics BST

History Geography sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit psychology

Political science Painting vocal Music Comp. Science

IP physical Education APP. Mathematics IIT/NEET

Legal studies Entrepreneurship French Teachers Jobs

Artificial Intelligence
 SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS WHATSAPP GROUPS
(For Students Only)

Class 1 class 2 class 3 class 4 class 5

class 6 class 7 class 8 class 9 class 10

Class 11(Science) Class 11(Com) Class 11(Hum) Class 12 (Sci) Class12 (Com)

Class 12 (Hum) Artificial Intelligence

(VI TO VIII)

Subject Wise Secondary and Senior Secondary Groups (IX & X)

Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics English

Science

Hindi IT Artificial Intelligence

 Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII)

Physics Chemistry Biology English

Accountancy Business Studies Economics Mathematics

History Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit Psychology

Political Science Painting Music Computer Science

IP Physical Education App. Mathematics IIT/NEET

Legal Studies Entrepreneurship French CUET

Artificial Intelligence

Rules & Regulations of the Group

• No introduction
• No Good Morning/Any wish type message
• No personal Chats & Messages
• No Spam
• You can also ask your difficulties here.

Just get learning resources & post learning resources. Helpline number only WhatsApp: +91-95208-77777
 SOE CBSE Telegram Groups (Kindergarten to Class XII)

Kindergarten

All classes Class 1 Class 2 Class 3

Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7

Class 8 Class 9 Class 10 Class 11(Sci)

Class 11 (Com) Class 11 (Hum) Class 12 (Sci) Class 12 (Com)

Class 12 (Hum) JEE/NEET CUET NDA,OLYMPIAD,NTSE

Principal Professional Teachers Professional Project File Group

Group Group

SOE CBSE Telegram Channels (Kindergarten to Class XII)

Kindergarten Class I Class II Class III

Class IV Class V Class VI Class VII

Class VIII Class IX Class X Class XI (Sci)

Class XI (Hum) Class XI (Com) Class XII (Sci) Class XII (Hum)

Class XII (Com) JEE/NEET CUET NDA/OLYMPIAD/NTSE

Rules & Regulations of the Groups & Channel

• No introduction
• No Good Morning/Any wish type message
 • No personal Chats & Messages
• No Spam
• You can also ask your difficulties here.

Just get learning resources & post learning resources. Helpline number only WhatsApp: +91-95208-77777
 Available Resources on YouTube

 Enjoy animated videos covering all subjects from Kindergarten to Class 12, making learning fun for
students of all ages.
 Explore classroom teaching videos for grades 6 to 12, covering various subjects to enhance
understanding and knowledge.
 Access the most important questions and previous year's question papers (PYQ) to excel in exams and
assessments.
 Stay up-to-date with the latest CBSE Curriculum for 2023-24 with our videos aligned to the current
syllabus.
 Get informed about CBSE updates and circulars through our dedicated videos.
 Improve pronunciation skills and expand vocabulary with our "Word of the Day" series and other
language-related content and many more……….

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