7 Triangles

BASIC CONCEPTS – A FLOW CHART

164 Xam idea Mathematics–X

MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER
MORE POINTS TO REMEMBER
Bisector Theorems
 The internal bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the
opposite side internally in the ratio of the sides containing
the angle.

For example, If ABC is a triangle and AD is the bisector of ∠A,

AB BD Fig. 7.1
then =
AC CD
BD AB
 In a triangle ABC, if D is a point on BC such that = , then AD is the bisector of ∠A.
DC AC
 The external bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the
opposite side externally in the ratio of the sides containing
the angle.

For example, If ABC be a triangle and AD is the external
Fig. 7.2
AB BD
bisector of ∠A, then =
AC CD
BD AB
 In a triangle ABC, if D is a point on BC produced such that = , then AD bisects ∠A
CD AC
externally, i.e., ∠XAD = ∠CAD.

Fig. 7.3

Multiple Choice Questions [1 mark]

Choose and write the correct option in the following questions.
1. In Fig. 7.4, ∠BAC = 90° and AD ⊥ BC. Then, [NCERT Exemplar]

Fig. 7.4
2
(a) BD . CD = BC (b) AB . AC = BC2
(c) BD . CD = AD2 (d) AB . AC = AD2
2. The length of each side of a rhombus whose diagonals are of lengths 10 cm and 24 cm is
(a) 25 cm (b) 13 cm (c) 26 cm (d) 34 cm

Triangles 165
 3. If DABC ~ DEDF and DABC is not similar to DDEF, then which of the following is not true?
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) BC . EF = AC . FD (b) AB . EF = AC . DE
(c) BC . DE = AB . EF (d) BC . DE = AB . FD
ar (DABC) 9
4. If DABC ~ DDEF, = , BC = 21 cm, then EF is equal to
ar (DDEF) 25
(a) 9 cm (b) 6 cm (c) 35 cm (d) 25 cm
5. D and E are respectively the points on the sides AB and AC of a triangle ABC such that
AD = 3 cm, BD = 5 cm, BC = 12.8 cm and DE || BC. Then length of DE (in cm) is
(a) 4.8 cm (b) 7.6 cm (c) 19.2 cm (d) 2.5 cm
AB BC CA
6. If in two triangles ABC and PQR, = = , then
QR PR PQ
(a) DPQR ~ DCAB (b) DPQR ~ DABC
(c) DCBA ~ DPQR (d) DBCA ~ DPQR
7. If DPRQ ~ DXYZ, then
PR RQ PQ PR
(a) = (b) =
XZ YZ XY XZ
PQ QR QR PR
(c) = (d) =
XZ YZ XZ XY
8. A square and a rhombus are always
(a) similar (b) congruent
(c) similar but not congruent (d) neither similar nor congruent
9. In triangles ABC and DEF, ∠B = ∠E, ∠F = ∠C and AB = 3DE. Then, the two triangles are
[NCERT Exemplar]
(a) congruent but not similar (b) similar but not congruent
(c) neither congruent nor similar (d) congruent as well as similar
10. It is given that DABC ~ DDFE, ∠A = 30°, ∠C = 50°, AB = 5 cm, AC = 8 cm and DF = 7.5 cm.
Then, the following is true: [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) DE = 12 cm, ∠F = 50° (b) DE = 12 cm, ∠F = 100°
(c) EF = 12 cm, ∠D = 100° (d) EF = 12 cm, ∠D = 30°
11. Two circles are always
(a) congruent (b) neither similar nor congruent
(c) similar but may not be congruent (d) none of these
12. In Fig. 7.5, two line segments AC and BD intersect each other at the point P such that
PA= 6 cm, PB = 3 cm, PC = 2.5 cm, PD = 5 cm, ∠APB = 50° and ∠CDP = 30°. Then, ∠PBA
is equal to [NCERT Exemplar]
A D
6 cm
m 30°
5c
P
50°
2.5 c
m m
3c C
B
Fig. 7.5

(a) 50° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 100°

166 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 ar (DABC) 9
13. If DABC ~ DQRP, = , AB = 18 cm and BC = 15 cm, then PR is equal to
ar (DPQR) 4
[NCERT Exemplar]
20
(a) 10 cm (b) 12 cm (c) cm (d) 8 cm
3
14. In DLMN and DPQR, ∠L = ∠P, ∠N = ∠R and MN = 2QR. Then the two triangles are
(a) Congruent but not similar (b) Similar but not congruent
(c) neither congruent nor similar (d) Congrunt as well as similar

15. In DABC and DRPQ, AB = 4.5 cm, BC = 5 cm, CA = 6 2 cm, PR = 12 2 cm, PQ = 10 cm,
QR = 9 cm. If ∠A = 75° and ∠B = 55°, then ∠P is equal to
(a) 75° (b) 55° (c) 50° (d) 130°
AB AC
16. If in triangles ABC and DEF, = , then they will be similar when
EF DE
(a) ∠A = ∠D (b) ∠A = ∠E (c) ∠B = ∠E (d) ∠C = ∠F
PQ 5 ar (DXYZ)
17. If DPQR ~ DXYZ and = , then is equal to
XY 2 ar (DPQR)
4 2 25 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 5 4 2
18. It is given that ar(DABC) = 81 square units and ar(DDEF) = 64 square units. If DABC ~ DDEF,
then
AB 81 AB2 9
(a) = (b) =
DE 64 DE 2 8
AB 9
(c) = (d) AB = 81 units, DE = 64 units
DE 8
19. DABC and DBDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Ratio of the
area of triangles ABC and BDE is
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 4 (d) 4 : 1
20. In triangle ABC, if AB = 6 3 cm, AC = 12 cm and BC = 6 cm, then ∠B is
(a) 120° (b) 60° (c) 90° (d) 45°

Answers
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (a)
7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (d) 20. (c)

Fill in the Blanks [1 mark]

Complete the following statements with appropriate word(s) in the blank space(s).

1. Two figures having the same shape and size are said to be _______________ .
2. Two figures are said to be _______________ if they have same shape but not necessarily the same
size.
3. All similar figures need not be _______________ .
4. If two polygons are similar then the same ratio of the corresponding sides is referred to as the
_______________ .
5. Two triangles are said to be _______________ if corresponding angles of two triangles are equal.

Triangles 167
 6. _______________ theorem states that if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect
the other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
7. _______________ theorem states that in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to
the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
8. If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is _______________ to
the third side.
9. The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of their
________________ .
10. All circles are _______________ .
11. If DDEF  DQRP then ∠D = _______________ and ∠E = _______________ .
12. In a DABC right angled at B, AC = 26 cm, AB = 24 cm then BC = _______________ cm
13. In DDEF  DPQR ar(DDEF) = 9 sq.units and ar(DPQR) : ar(DDEF) = 4 : 3, then ar(DPQR) is equal
to _______________ .
14. If DABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C then AB2 = _______________ times AC2.
15. The _______________ bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side externally in the
ratio of the sides containing the angle.

Answers
1. congruent 2. similar 3. congruent 4. scale factor 5. equiangular
6. Basic proportionality/Thales 7. Pythagoras 8. parallel 9. corresponding sides
10. similar 11. ∠Q; ∠R 12. 10 13. 16 sq. units 14. two 15. external

Very Short Answer Questions [1 mark]

1. Two sides and the perimeter of one triangle are respectively three times the corresponding
sides and the perimeter of the other triangle. Are the two triangles similar? Why?
Sol. Since the perimeters and two sides are proportional
\
The third side is proportional to the corresponding third side.

i.e., The two triangles will be similar by SSS criterion.
2. A and B are respectively the points on the sides PQ and PR of a ∆PQR such that PQ = 12.5 cm,
PA = 5 cm, BR = 6 cm, and PB = 4 cm. Is AB || QR ? Give reason.
PA 5 5 2
Sol. Yes, = = =
AQ 12.5 − 5 7.5 3

PB 4 2
= =
BR 6 3
PA PB 2
Since = =
AQ BR 3
\ AB || QR Fig. 7.6

ar (TABC) 8
3. If ∆ABC ~ ∆QRP, = , AB = 15 cm and BC = 12 cm, then find the length of PR.
ar (TPQR) 6
8 ]12g
2
Area of ∆ABC BC 2
Sol. = ⇒ =
Area of ∆QRP RP 2 6 RP2
144× 6 864
\
RP2 = = = 108 ⇒ RP = 3 12 cm
8 8

168 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 BC 1 ar ( ∆PQR )
4. If it is given that ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR with = , then find . [NCERT Exemplar]
QR 3 ar ( ∆ABC )
BC 1
Sol. = (Given)
QR 3
ar(∆PQR) (QR)2 [ Ratio of area of similar triangles
= is equal to the ratio of square of its
ar(∆ABC) ( BC)2
corresponding sides]
2 2
 QR   3 9
=   =  = =9:1
 BC  1 1
5. ∆DEF ~ ∆ABC, if DE : AB = 2:3 and ar(∆DEF) is equal to 44 square units. Find the area (∆ABC).
Sol. Since ∆DEF ~ ∆ABC [ Ratio of area of similar triangles
ar(∆DEF ) ( DE)2 is equal to the ratio of square of its
=
ar(∆ABC) ( AB)2 corresponding sides]
2
44  2 44 × 9
=  ⇒ ar(∆ABC) =
ar(∆ABC)  3  4
So, ar(∆ABC) = 99 cm2
6. The area of two similar triangles are 25 sq. cm and 121 sq. cm. Find the ratio of their
corresponding sides. [CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
Sol. Ratio of corresponding sides of two similar triangles.
25 5
= =
121 11
Required ratio is 5 : 11.

Short Answer Questions-I [2 marks]

1. In triangles PQR and TSM, ∠P = 55°, ∠Q = 25°, ∠M = 100°, and ∠S = 25°. Is ∆QPR ~ ∆TSM?
Why?
Sol. Since, ∠R = 180° – (∠P + ∠Q)
= 180° – (55° + 25°) = 100° = ∠M
∠Q = ∠S = 25° (Given)
∆QPR ~ ∆STM (By AA similarity)
i.e., ∆QPR is not similar to ∆TSM.
2. If ABC and DEF are similar triangles such that ∠A = 47° and ∠E = 63°, then what is the
measures of ∠C.
Sol. Since ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF (Given)
\ ∠A = ∠D = 47° and ∠B = ∠E = 63°
\ ∠C = 180° – (∠A + ∠B) = 180° – (47° + 63°) = 70°
3. Let ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and their areas be respectively 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find
BC. [NCERT]
area of ∆ABC BC 2
Sol. We have, = (as ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF)
area of ∆DEF EF 2

64 BC 2 64 BC 2
⇒
=   ⇒ =
121 EF 2 121 (15.4)2
BC 8
⇒
=
15.4 11
8
\
BC = × 15.4 = 11.2 cm Fig. 7.7
11

Triangles 169
 4. ABC is an isosceles triangle right-angled at C. Prove that AB2 = 2AC2. [NCERT]
Sol. ∆ABC is right-angled at C.
\
AB2 = AC2 + BC2 (By Pythagoras theorem)
⇒
AB2 = AC2 + AC2 ( AC = BC)
⇒
AB2 = 2AC2
5. Sides of triangle are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles. In case of a right
triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.
(i) 7 cm, 24 cm, 25 cm (ii) 3 cm, 8 cm, 6 cm [NCERT]
Sol. (i) Let a = 7 cm, b = 24 cm and c = 25 cm.
Here, largest side, c = 25 cm
We have, a2 + b2 = (7)2 + (24)2 = 49 + 576 = 625 = c2 ( c = 25)
So, the triangle is a right triangle.
Hence, c is the hypotenuse of right triangle.
(ii) Let a = 3 cm, b = 8 cm and c = 6 cm

Here, largest side, b = 8 cm
We have, a2 + c2 = (3)2 + (6)2 = 9 + 36 = 45 ≠ b2
So, the triangle is not a right triangle.
6. If triangle ABC is similar to triangle DEF such that
2AB = DE and BC = 8 cm. Then find the length of EF.
Sol.  ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF (Given)
AB BC
\
=
DE EF
AB 8
= ( DE = 2AB) Fig. 7.8
2 AB EF
1 8
=
2 EF
\
EF = 16 cm
7. If the ratio of the perimeter of two similar triangles is 4:25, then find the ratio of the areas of
the similar triangles.
Sol.  Ratio of perimeter of 2 ∆’s = 4 : 25
\ Ratio of corresponding sides of the two ∆’s = 4 : 25
Now, the ratio of area of 2 ∆’s = Ratio of square of its corresponding sides.
(4)2 16
= 2 =
(25) 625
8. In an isosceles ∆ABC, if AC = BC and AB2 = 2AC2, then find ∠C.
Sol. AB2 = 2AC2 (Given)
AB2 = AC2 + AC2

AB2 = AC2 + BC2
( AC = BC)
Hence AB is the hypotenuse and ∆ABC is a right angle ∆.
So, ∠C = 90°
Fig. 7.9
9. The length of the diagonals of a rhombus are 16 cm and 12 cm. Find the
length of side of the rhombus.
Sol.  The diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at 90°.

170 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 \
In the right angle ∆BOC
BO = 8 cm and CO = 6 cm
\ By Pythagoras Theorem
BC2 = BO2 + CO2 = 64 + 36
BC2 = 100
BC = 10 cm
Fig. 7.10
10. A man goes 24 m towards West and then 10 m towards North. How far is he from the starting
point?
Sol. By Pythagoras Theorem in DABC
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 = (24)2 + (10)2
AC2 = 676
AC = 26 m
\ The man is 26 m away from the starting point.
Fig. 7.11

11. ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF such that AB = 9.1 cm and DE = 6.5 cm. If the perimeter of ∆DEF is 25 cm, what
is the perimeter of ∆ABC?
Sol. Since ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF
Perimeter of ∆DEF DE
=
Perimeter of ∆ABC AB

25 6.5
=
Perimeter of ∆ABC 9.1
25 × 91
Perimeter of ∆ABC = = 35 cm
65

Short Answer Questions-II [3 marks]

1. In Fig. 7.12, DE  BC. If AD = x, DB = x – 2, AE = x + 2 and EC = x – 1, find the value of x.

Sol. In ∆ABC, we have DE  BC

AD AE
\
= [By Basic Proportionality Theorem]
DB EC
x x+2
⇒
= ⇒ x(x – 1) = (x – 2) (x + 2)
x –2 x –1
⇒
x – x = x2 – 4
2
⇒ x=4 Fig. 7.12
2. E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ∆PQR. Show that EF ||QR
if PQ = 1.28 cm, PR= 2.56 cm, PE = 0.18 cm and PF = 0.36 cm. [NCERT]
Sol. We have, PQ = 1.28 cm, PR = 2.56 cm
PE = 0.18 cm, PF = 0.36 cm
Now, EQ = PQ – PE = 1.28 – 0.18 = 1.10 cm
and FR = PR – PF = 2.56 – 0.36 = 2.20 cm
PE 0.18 18 9

Now, = = =
EQ 1.10 110 55
PF 0.36 36 9 PE PF
= = = = Fig. 7.13
and, \ EQ FR
FR 2.20 220 55
Therefore, EF  QR [By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem]

Triangles 171
 3. A vertical pole of length 6 m casts a shadow 4 m long on the ground and at the same time a
tower casts a shadow 28 m long. Find the height of the tower. [NCERT]
Sol. Let AB be a vertical pole of length 6 m and BC be its shadow and DE be tower and EF be its
shadow. Join AC and DF.
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆DEF, we have
∠B = ∠E = 90°
∠C = ∠F (Angle of elevation of the Sun)
\ ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF (By AA criterion of similarity)
AB BC
Thus, =
DE EF
Fig. 7.14
6 4
⇒ = (Let DE = h)
h 28
6 1
⇒ =
h 7 ⇒ h = 42
Hence, height of tower, DE = 42 m
AM AN
4. In Fig. 7.15, if LM || CB and LN  CD , prove that = . [NCERT]
AB AD
Sol. Firstly, in ∆ABC, we have
LM ||CB
(Given)
Therefore, by Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
AM AL
= ...(i)
AB AC
Again, in ∆ACD, we have
LN || CD (Given)
\ By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
Fig. 7.15
AN AL
= ...(ii)
AD AC
AM AN
Now, from (i) and (ii), we have = .
AB AD
5. In Fig. 7.16, DE ||OQ and DF ||OR , Show that EF ||QR . [NCERT]
Sol. In ∆POQ, we have
DE ||OQ (Given)
\ By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
PE PD
= ...(i)
EQ DO
Similarly, in ∆POR, we have
DF || OR (Given)
Fig. 7.16
PD = PF ...(ii)
DO FR
Now, from (i) and (ii), we have
PE PF
= ⇒ EF || QR
EQ FR
[Applying the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem in ∆PQR]
6. Using converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that the line joining the mid-points of
any two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side. [NCERT]
Sol. Given: ∆ABC in which D and E are the mid-points of sides AB and AC respectively.

172 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 To prove: DE || BC

Proof: Since, D and E are the mid-points of AB and AC respectively
\
AD = DB and AE = EC
AD AE
⇒
=1 and =1
DB EC

AD AE
⇒
= Fig. 7.17
DB EC
Therefore, DE || BC (By the converse of Basic Proportionality Theorem)
7. In ∆ABC, ∠B = 90° and D is the mid point of BC. Prove that AC2 = AD2 + 3CD2.
[CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
Sol. We have ∆ABC is a right triangle right angled at B.
Also, D is the mid point of BC. A
BC
\ BD = CD =
2
In right ∆ABC, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
⇒
AC2 = AB2 + (2CD)2
B D C
⇒
AC2 = AB2 + 4CD2 … (i)
Fig. 7.18
In ∆ABD, we have
AD2 = AB2 + BD2
⇒ AB2 = AD2 – BD2 = AD2 – CD2
Putting the value in (i), we have
AC2 = AD2 – CD2 + 4CD2 = AD2 + 3CD2

⇒ AC2 = AD2 + 3CD2 Hence proved.
AO BO 1
8. In Fig. 7.19, = = and AB = 5cm. Find the value of DC.
OC OD 2
Sol. In ∆AOB and ∆COD, we have
∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)
AO BO
and = (Given)
OC OD
Fig. 7.19
So, by SAS criterion of similarity, we have
∆AOB ~ ∆COD
AO BO AB 1 5
⇒ = = ⇒ = [ AB = 5 cm]
OC OD DC 2 DC
⇒ DC = 10 cm.
9. E is a point on the side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at F. Show
that ∆ABE ~ ∆CFB. [NCERT]

Fig. 7.20

Sol. In ∆ABE and ∆CFB, we have

Triangles 173
 ∠AEB = ∠CBF (Alternate angles)
∠A = ∠C (Opposite angles of a parallelogram)
\
∆ABE ~ ∆CFB (By AA criterion of similarity)
10. S and T are points on sides PR and QR of ∆PQR such that ∠P = ∠RTS.
Show that ∆RPQ ~ ∆RTS. [NCERT]
Sol. In ∆RPQ and ∆RTS, we have
∠RPQ = ∠RTS (Given)
∠PRQ = ∠TRS = ∠R (Common)
\
∆RPQ ~ ∆RTS (By AA criterion of similarity) Fig. 7.21
11. In Fig. 7.22, ABC and AMP are two right triangles right-angled at B and M respectively. Prove
that:
CA BC
(i) ∆ABC ~ ∆AMP (ii) = [NCERT]
PA MP
Sol. (i) In ∆ABC and ∆AMP, we have
∠ABC = ∠AMP = 90° (Given)
And, ∠BAC = ∠MAP (Common angle)
\ ∆ABC ~ ∆AMP (By AA criterion of similarity)
Fig. 7.22
(ii) As
∆ABC ~ ∆AMP (Proved above)
CA BC
\ = (Sides of similar triangles are proportional)
PA MP
12. D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that ∠ADC = ∠BAC. Show that
CA2 = CB.CD. [NCERT]
Sol. In ∆ABC and ∆DAC, we have
∠BAC = ∠ADC (Given)
and ∠C = ∠C (Common)
\
∆ABC ~ ∆DAC (By AA criterion of similarity)
⇒
AB BC AC
= =
DA AC DC
CB CA Fig. 7.23
⇒
= ⇒ CA2 = CB × CD
CA CD
13. ABC is an equilateral triangle of side 2a. Find each of its altitudes. [NCERT]
Sol. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle of side 2a units.
We draw AD ⊥ BC. Then D is the mid-point of BC.
BC 2a
⇒ BD = = =a
2 2
Now, ABD is a right triangle right-angled at D.
\
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 [By Pythagoras Theorem]
⇒
(2a)2 = AD2 + a2
⇒
AD2 = 4a2 – a2 = 3a2 ⇒ AD = 3a Fig. 7.24
Hence, each altitude = 3a unit.
14. An aeroplane leaves an airport and flies due north at a speed of 1000 km per hour. At the same
time, another aeroplane leaves the same airport and flies due west at a speed of 1200 km per
1
hour. How far apart will be the two planes after 1 hours? [NCERT]
2

174 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 Sol. Let the first aeroplane starts from O and goes upto A towards north where
 3
OA = 1000 ×  km = 1500 km (Distance = Speed × Time)
 2
Again let second aeroplane starts from O at the same time
and goes upto B towards west where
3
OB = 1200 × = 1800 km
2
Now, we have to find AB.
In right angled ∆ABO, we have
AB2 = OA2 + OB2 [By using Pythagoras Theorem]
Fig. 7.25
⇒
AB2 = (1500)2 + (1800)2
⇒
AB2 = 2250000 + 3240000 ⇒ AB2 = 5490000
\
AB = 100 549 = 100 × 23.4307 = 2343.07 km.
15. In the given Fig. 7.26, ∆ABC and ∆DBC are on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at O. Prove
ar( ∆ABC ) AO
that = .
ar( ∆DBC ) DO
Sol. Given: ∆ABC and ∆DBC are on the same base BC and AD intersects BC at O.
ar(∆ABC) AO
To Prove: =
ar(∆DBC) DO
Construction: Draw AL ⊥ BC and DM ⊥ BC
Proof: In ∆ALO and ∆DMO, we have
∠ALO = ∠DMO = 90° and
∠AOL = ∠DOM (Vertically opposite angles)
\ ∆ALO ~ ∆DMO (By AA similarity)
AL AO
⇒ = ....(i)
DM DO Fig. 7.26
1
BC × AL
ar(∆ABC) AL AO
\ = 2 = = (Using (i))
ar(∆DBC) 1 BC × DM DM DO
2
ar(∆ABC) AO
Hence, =
ar(∆DBC) DO
1 1 1
16. In Fig. 7.27, AB|| PQ || CD , AB = x units, CD = y units and PQ = z units. Prove that + = .
x y z
Sol. In ∆ADB and ∆PDQ,
Since AB || PQ
∠ABQ = ∠PQD (Corresponding angles)
∠ADB = ∠PDQ (Common)
∆ADB ~ ∆PDQ (By AA similarity)
DQ PQ DQ z
\ = ⇒ = ...(i)
DB AB DB x
Similarly, ∆PBQ ~ ∆CBD
Fig. 7.27
BQ z
and = ...(ii)
DB y
Adding (i) and (ii), we get

Triangles 175
 z z DQ + BQ BD
+ = =
x y DB BD
z z 1 1 1
+ = 1 ⇒ + =
x y x y z
17. In Fig. 7.28, if ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and their sides are of lengths (in cm) as marked along them, then
find the lengths of the sides of each triangle.
Sol. ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF (Given)
AB BC CA
therefore, = =
DE EF FD
2x − 1 2x + 2 3x
So, = =
18 3x + 9 6 x
Fig. 7.28
2x − 1 3x
Now, taking = , we have
18 6x
2x − 1 1
=
18 2
⇒
4x – 2 = 18 ⇒ x=5
\
AB = 2 × 5 – 1 = 9, BC = 2 × 5 + 2 = 12
CA = 3 × 5 = 15, DE = 18, EF = 3 × 5 + 9 = 24 and FD = 6 × 5 = 30
Hence, AB = 9 cm, BC = 12 cm, CA = 15 cm
DE = 18 cm, EF = 24 cm, FD = 30 cm

AB BD
18. In ∆ABC, it is given that = . If ∠B = 70° and ∠C = 50° then find ∠BAD.
AC DC
Sol. In ∆ABC

 ∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180° (Angle sum property)
∠A + 70° + 50° = 180°
⇒ ∠A = 180° – 120° ⇒ ∠A = 60°
AB BD

 = (Given)
AC DC
Fig. 7.29
\
∠1 = ∠2 ...(i)
[Because if a line through one vertex of a triangle divides the opposite sides in the ratio of other
two sides, then the line bisects the angle at the vertex.]
But ∠1 + ∠2 = 60° ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii) we get,
60°
2∠1 = 60° ⇒ ∠1 = = 30°
2
Hence, ∠BAD = 30°
19. If the diagonals of a quadrilateral divide each other proportionally, prove that it is a trapezium.
AO CO
Sol. = (Given)
BO DO
AO BO
⇒
= ...(i)
CO DO
In ∆ABD, EO||AB (Construction)
AE BO Fig. 7.30
\
= (By BPT) ...(ii)
ED DO
176 Xam idea Mathematics–X
 From equations (i) and (ii)

AE = AO ⇒ EO||DC (Converse of BPT)

ED CO
But EO||AB (Construction)
\
AB||DC
⇒
In quad ABCD since AB||DC  ⇒  ABCD is a trapezium.

PS PT
20. In the given Fig. 7.31, = and ∠PST = ∠PRQ. Prove that PQR is an isosceles triangle.
SQ TR
PS PT
Sol. Given: = and ∠PST = ∠PRQ
SQ TR

To Prove: PQR is isosceles triangle.

PS PT
Proof: =
SQ TR Fig. 7.31
By converse of BPT, we get
ST||QR
\
∠PST = ∠PQR (Corresponding angles) ...(i)
But, ∠PST = ∠PRQ (Given) ...(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
∠PQR = ∠PRQ ⇒ PR = PQ
So, ∆PQR is an isosceles triangle.
21. The diagonals of a trapezium ABCD in which AB || DC, intersect at O. If AB = 2CD, then find
the ratio of areas of triangles AOB and COD.

Sol. In ∆AOB and ∆COD

∠COD = ∠AOB (Vertically opposite angles)
∠CAB = ∠DCA (Alternate angles)
\ ∆AOB ~ ∆COD (By AA similarity)
Fig. 7.32
By area theorem
ar ( ∆AOB) AB ar ( ∆AOB) ( 2CD )
2 2
4
= ⇒ = =
ar ( ∆COD ) DC 2 ar ( ∆COD ) CD 2
1
Hence, ar(∆AOB) : ar(∆COD) = 4 : 1.
22. In the given Fig. 7.33, find the value of x in terms of a, b and c.
Sol. In ∆LMK and ∆PNK
We have, ∠M = ∠N = 50° and ∠K = ∠K (Common)
∴
∆LMK ~ ∆PNK (By AA similarity)
LM KM
⇒
=
PN KN
a b+c ac Fig. 7.33
⇒
= ⇒ x =
x c b+c
23. In the given Fig. 7.34, CD || LA and DE || AC. Find the length of CL, if BE = 4 cm and EC = 2 cm.
Sol. In ∆ABC, DE||AC, (Given)
BD BE
⇒
= (By BPT) …(i)
DA EC

Triangles 177
 In ∆ABL DC||AL
BD BC
⇒
= (By BPT) ...(ii)
DA CL
From (i) and (ii) we get

BE BC 4 6
= ⇒ =    ⇒ CL = 3 cm Fig. 7.34
EC CL 2 CL
24. In the given Fig. 7.35, AB = AC. E is a point on CB produced. If AD is perpendicular to BC and
EF perpendicular to AC, prove that ∆ ABD is similar to ∆ECF. [CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
Sol. AB = AC (Given)
⇒ ∠ABC = ∠ACB (Equal sides have equal opposite angles)
Now, in ∆ABD and ∆ECF

∠ABD = ∠ECF (Proved above)

∠ADB = ∠EFC
(Each 90°)
So, ∆ABD ~ ∆ECF (By AA similarity) Fig. 7.35

Long Answer Questions [5 marks]

1. Using Basic Proportionality Theorem, prove that a line drawn through the mid-point of one
side of a triangle parallel to another side bisects the third side. [NCERT]
Sol. Given: A ∆ABC in which D is the mid-point of AB and DE is drawn parallel to BC, which meets
AC at E.
To prove:
AE = EC
Proof: In ∆ABC, DE||BC

\ By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
AD AE
= ...(i)
DB EC
Now, since D is the mid-point of AB
⇒
AD = BD ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have Fig. 7.36
BD AE AE
= ⇒ 1 =
BD EC EC
⇒ AE = EC
Hence, E is the mid-point of AC.
2. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB|| DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
AO CO
Show that = . [NCERT]
BO DO
Sol. Given: ABCD is a trapezium, in which AB||DC and its diagonals intersect each other at the point O.
AO CO
To prove: =
BO DO
Construction: Through O, draw OE|| AB i.e., OE|| DC.
Proof: In ∆ADC, we have OE||DC
(Construction)
\
By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
AE AO
= ...(i)
ED CO Fig. 7.37

178 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 Now, in ∆ABD, we have OE||AB (Construction)
\
By Basic Proportionality Theorem, we have
ED DO AE BO
= ⇒ = ...(ii)
AE BO ED DO
From (i) and (ii), we have

AO BO AO CO
= ⇒ =
CO DO BO DO
3. If AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR respectively, where ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, prove
AB AD
that = . [NCERT]
PQ PM
Sol. In ∆ABD and ∆PQM we have
∠B = ∠Q ( ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR) …(i)
AB BC
= ( ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR)
PQ QR
1 Fig. 7.38
BC
AB 2
⇒ =
PQ 1 QR
2
(Since AD and PM are the medians of ∆ABC and ∆PQR respectively)
AB BD
⇒ = …(ii)
PQ QM
From (i) and (ii), it is proved that ∆ABD ~ ∆PQM (By SAS criterion of similarity)
AB BD AD AB AD
⇒
= = ⇒ =
PQ QM PM PQ PM

4. In Fig. 7.39, ABCD is a trapezium with AB|| DC. If ∆AED is similar to ∆BEC, prove that AD = BC.
Sol. In ∆EDC and ∆EBA we have
∠1 = ∠2 (Alternate angles)
∠3 = ∠4 (Alternate angles)
and ∠CED = ∠AEB (Vertically opposite angles)
\
∆EDC ~ ∆EBA (By AA criterion of similarity)
ED EC ED EB
⇒ = ⇒ = …(i)
EB EA EC EA
It is given that ∆AED ~ ∆BEC
Fig. 7.39
ED EA AD
\
= = ...(ii)
EC EB BC
From (i) and (ii), we get
EB EA
= ⇒ (EB)2 = (EA)2 ⇒ EB = EA
EA EB
Substituting EB = EA in (ii), we get
EA AD AD
= ⇒ = 1 ⇒ AD = BC
EA BC BC
5. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on a side of a right-angled isosceles
triangle is half the area of the equilateral triangle described on its hypotenuse.
Sol. Given: A ∆ABC in which ∠ABC = 90° and AB = BC.
∆ABD and ∆CAE are equilateral triangles.

Triangles 179
 1
To Prove: ar(∆ABD) =
× ar(∆CAE)
2
Proof: Let AB = BC = x units.

\ hyp. CA = x2 + x2 = x 2 units.
Each of the ∆ABD and ∆CAE being equilateral, has each
angle equal to 60°.
\ ∆ABD ~ ∆CAE (By AA similarity)
But, the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal Fig. 7.40
to the ratio of the squares of their corresponding sides.
ar ^ DABD h AB2 x2 x2 1
\ = = = =
ar ^ DCAE h CA 2
^x 2h
2
2x 2 2

1
Hence, ar(∆ABD) = × ar(∆CAE)
2
6. If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent. [NCERT]
Sol. Given: Two triangles ABC and DEF, such that
∆ABC ~ ∆DEF and area (∆ABC) = area (∆DEF)

To prove:
∆ABC  ∆DEF
Proof:
∆ABC ~ ∆DEF
⇒ ∠A = ∠D, ∠B = ∠E, ∠C = ∠F
AB BC AC
and = =
DE EF DF
Now, ar(∆ABC) = ar(∆DEF) (Given) Fig. 7.41
ar ( ∆ABC )
\
= 1 …(i)
ar ( ∆DEF )

AB2 BC 2 AC 2 ar ( ∆ABC )
and = = = ( ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF ) …(ii)
DE2 EF 2 DF 2 ar ( ∆DEF )
From (i) and (ii), we have
AB2 BC 2 AC 2
AB BC AC
= = =1 ⇒ = = =1
DE2 EF 2 DF 2 DE EF DF
⇒ AB = DE, BC = EF, AC = DF

Hence, ∆ABC  ∆DEF (By SSS criterion of congruency)
7. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio of
their corresponding medians. [NCERT]
Sol. Let ∆ABC and ∆PQR be two similar triangles. AD and PM are the medians of ∆ABC and ∆PQR
respectively.
ar ( ∆ABC ) AD2
To prove: =
ar ( ∆PQR ) PM 2
ar ( ∆ABC ) AB2
Proof: Since ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR = …(i)
ar ( ∆PQR ) PQ 2
In ∆ABD and ∆PQM
 1 
 BC 
AB BD AB BC 2
=  = = 
PQ QM  PQ QR 1 QR 

 2 
and ∠B = ∠Q ( ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR)
Fig. 7.42
180 Xam idea Mathematics–X
 Hence, ∆ABD ~ ∆PQM (By SAS similarity criterion)
AB AD
= …(ii)
PQ PM
From (i) and (ii), we have
ar ( ∆ABC ) AD2
=
ar ( ∆PQR ) PM 2

8. In Fig. 7.43, O is a point in the interior of a triangle ABC, OD ⊥ BC, OE ⊥ AC and OF ⊥ AB. Show that
(i) OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 [NCERT]
(ii) AF2 + BD2 + CE2 = AE2 + CD2 + BF2.
Sol. Join OA, OB and OC.
(i) In right ∆’s OFA, ODB and OEC, we have
OA2 = AF2 + OF2 ...(i)
2 2 2
OB = BD + OD ...(ii)
and OC2 = CE2 + OE2 ...(iii)
Adding (i), (ii) and (iii), we have
OA2 + OB2 + OC2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 + OF2 + OD2 + OE2
⇒ OA2 + OB2 + OC2 – OD2 – OE2 – OF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2 Fig. 7.43
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(ii) We have, OA + OB + OC – OD – OE – OF = AF + BD + CE
⇒ (OA2 – OE2) + (OB2 – OF2) + (OC2 – OD2 ) = AF2 + BD2 + CE2
⇒ AE2 + CD2 + BF2 = AF2 + BD2 + CE2
  (Using Pythagoras Theorem in ∆AOE, ∆BOF and ∆COD)
9. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a ∆ABC intersects BC at D such that DB = 3CD (see
Fig. 7.44). Prove that 2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2. [NCERT]
Sol. We have, DB = 3CD
Now, BC = BD + CD
⇒ BC = 3 CD + CD = 4CD (Given DB = 3CD)
1
\ CD = BC
4
3
and DB = 3CD = BC
4
Now, in right-angled triangle ABD using Pythagoras Theorem we have Fig. 7.44
2 2 2
AB = AD + DB …(i)
Again, in right-angled triangle ∆ADC, we have
AC2 = AD2 + CD2 …(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we have
AB2 – AC2 = DB2 – CD2
2 2
2 2 3  1   9 1  8
⇒
AB – AC =  BC  −  BC  =  −  BC =
2
BC 2
4  4   16 16  16
1
⇒ AB2 – AC2 = BC2
2
\
2AB2 – 2AC2 = BC2 ⇒  2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2
10. In an equilateral triangle, prove that three times the square of one side is equal to four times
the square of one of its altitudes. [NCERT]
Sol. Let ABC be an equilateral triangle and let AD ⊥ BC.

Triangles 181
 \ BD = DC
Now, in right-angled triangle ADB, we have
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 (Using Pythagoras Theorem)
2
1  1
⇒ AB2 = AD2 +  BC  ⇒ AB2 = AD2 + BC2
 2  4

AB2
⇒
AB2 = AD2 + (AB = BC)
4 Fig. 7.45
AB2 3 AB2
⇒ AB2 – = AD2 ⇒ = AD2
4 4
⇒ 3AB2 = 4AD2
11. Prove that, if a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides in
distinct points, the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
Using the above result, do the following:
In Fig. 7.46 DE|| BC and BD = CE. Prove that ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Sol. Given: A triangle ABC in which a line parallel to side BC intersects other two
sides AB and AC at D and E respectively.
AD AE
To Prove: =
DB EC Fig. 7.46
Construction: Join BE and CD and then draw DM ⊥ AC and EN ⊥ AB.
1 
Proof: Area of ∆ADE =  base × height 
 2 
1
So, ar(∆ADE) = (AD × EN)
2

1
and ar(∆BDE) = (DB × EN)
2
1
Similarly, ar(∆ADE) = (AE × DM)
2
Fig. 7.47
1
and ar(∆DEC) = (EC × DM)
2
1
AD × EN
ar ^DADEh 2 AD
Therefore, = = …(i)
ar ^DBDEh 1
DB × EN DB
2
1
ar ^DADEh 2
AE × DM
AE
and = = …(ii)
ar ^DDECh 1 EC
EC × DM
2
Now, ∆BDE and ∆DEC are on the same base DE and between the same parallel lines BC and DE.
So, ar(∆BDE) = ar(∆DEC) ...(iii)
AD AE
Therefore, from (i), (ii) and (iii) we have, =
DB EC
Second part :
As DE||BC
AD AE AD AE
\ = ⇒ +1= +1
DB EC DB EC
182 Xam idea Mathematics–X
 AD + DB AE + EC AB AC
⇒
= ⇒ =
DB EC DB EC
⇒
AB = AC (As DB = EC)
\ ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle.
12. In Fig. 7.48, ABD is a triangle right-angled at A and AC⊥BD Show that
(i) AB2 = BC . BD (ii) AD2 = BD . CD    (iii) AC2 = BC . DC [NCERT]
Sol. Given: ABD is a triangle right-angled at A and AC⊥BD.
To prove: (i) AB2 = BC . BD
(ii) AD2 = BD . CD
(iii) AC2 = BC . DC
Proof: (i) In ∆ACB and ∆DAB, we have
∠ACB = ∠DAB = 90°
∠ABC = ∠DBA = ∠B (Common) Fig. 7.48

\
∆ACB ~ ∆DAB (By AA criterion of similarity)
BC AB
\ = ⇒ AB2 = BC . BD
AB DB
(ii) In ∆ACD and ∆BAD, we have
∠ACD = ∠BAD = 90°
∠CDA = ∠BDA = ∠D (Common)
\
∆ACD ~ ∆BAD (By AA criterion of similarity)
AD CD
\ = ⇒ AD2 = BD . CD
BD AD
(iii) We have ∆ACB ~ ∆DAB
⇒ ∆BCA ~ ∆BAD …(i)
and ∆ACD ~ ∆BAD …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we have
∆BCA ~ ∆ACD
BC AC
⇒ = ⇒ AC2 = BC . DC
AC DC
13. Prove that ratio of areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their
corresponding sides.
Using the above result do the following:
Diagonals of a trapezium ABCD with AB|| DC intersect each other at the point O. If AB = 2CD,
find the ratio of the areas of triangles AOB and COD.
Sol. Given: Two triangles ABC and PQR such that ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR
ar ( ∆ABC )
2 2 2
 AB   BC   CA 
To Prove:
=   =  = 
ar ( ∆PQR )  PQ   QR   RP 
Construction: Draw AM ⊥ BC and PN ⊥ QR.
1
Proof: ar(∆ABC) = × BC × AM
2
1
and ar(∆PQR) = × QR × PN Fig. 7.49
2
1
ar ( ∆ABC ) × BC × AM
2 BC × AM
So, = 1 = ...(i)
ar ( ∆PQR )
× QR × PN QR × PN
2
Triangles 183
 Now, in ∆ABM and ∆PQN,
∠B = ∠Q (As ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR)
and ∠M = ∠N (Each 90°)
So, ∆ABM ~ ∆PQN (By AA similarity criterion)
AM AB
Therefore, = …(ii)
PN PQ
Also, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (Given)
AB BC CA
So, = = …(iii)
PQ QR RP
ar ( ∆ABC ) AB AM
Therefore, = × (From (i) and (iii))
ar ( ∆PQR ) PQ PN
2

= AB × AB =  AB  (From (ii))
PQ PQ  PQ 

ar ( ∆ABC )
2 2 2
 AB   BC   CA 
Now using (iii), we get =   =  = 
ar ( ∆PQR )  PQ   QR   RP 
Second part:

In ∆AOB and ∆COD we have
∠AOB = ∠COD (Vertically opposite angles)
and ∠OAB = ∠OCD (Alternate angles)
\ ∆AOB ~ ∆COD (By AA criterion of similarity]

area of ∆AOB AB2

⇒
=
area of ∆COD DC 2 Fig. 7.50

area of ∆AOB (2DC)2 4

⇒
= =
area of ∆COD DC 2 1
Hence, the ratio of areas of ∆AOB and ∆COD = 4 : 1.
14. Prove that, in a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of squares of the
other two sides.
Using the above, do the following:
Prove that, in a ∆ABC if AD is perpendicular to BC, then AB2 + CD2 = AC2 + BD2.
Sol. Given: A right triangle ABC right-angled at B.
To Prove: AC2 = AB2 + BC2

Construction: Draw BD ⊥ AC

Proof: In ∆ADB and ∆ABC

∠A = ∠A (Common)
∠ADB = ∠ABC (Both 90°) Fig. 7.51
\
∆ADB ~ ∆ABC (By AA similarity criterion)
AD AB
So, = (Sides are proportional)
AB AC
or AD . AC = AB2 …(i)

184 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 In ∆BDC and ∆ABC
∠C = ∠C (Common)
∠BDC = ∠ABC (Each 90°)
∆BDC ~ ∆ABC (By AA similarity)
CD BC
So, = or, CD . AC = BC2 …(ii)
BC AC
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
AD . AC + CD . AC = AB2 + BC2
or, AC (AD + CD) = AB2 + BC2
Fig. 7.52
or, AC . AC = AB2 + BC2
or, AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (From fig. 7.51)
Second part :

In Fig. 7.52, As AD ⊥ BC
Therefore, ∠ADB = ∠ADC = 90°
By Pythagoras Theorem, we have
AB2 = AD2 + BD2 …(i)
AC2 = AD2 + DC2 …(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
AB2 – AC2 = AD2 + BD2 – (AD2 + DC2)
AB2 – AC2 = BD2 – DC2
⇒ AB2 + DC2 = BD2 + AC2
15. In a triangle, if the square on one side is equal to the sum of the
squares on the other two sides, prove that the angle opposite to
the first side is a right angle.  [CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
Use the above theorem to find the measure of ∠PKR in Fig. 7.53.
Sol. Given: A triangle ABC in which AC2 = AB2 + BC2.
To Prove: ∠B = 90°.

Fig. 7.53
Construction: We construct a ∆PQR right-angled at Q such that

PQ = AB and QR = BC
Proof: In ∆PQR, we have,

PR2 = PQ2 + QR2 (Pythagoras Theorem)
2 2 2
or, PR = AB + BC (By construction) ...(i)
But AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (Given) …(ii)
So, AC2 = PR2 (From (i) and (ii))
Fig. 7.54
\ AC = PR ...(iii)
Now, in ∆ABC and ∆PQR,
AB = PQ (By construction)
BC = QR (By construction)
AC = PR (Proved in (iii))
So, ∆ABC  ∆PQR (By SSS congruency)
Therefore,
∠B = ∠Q (CPCT)
But ∠Q = 90° (By construction)
So, ∠B = 90°
Fig. 7.55

Triangles 185
 Second part:

In ∆PQR, (Fig. 7.55)
By Pythagoras Theorem, we have
PR2 = (26)2 – (24)2 ⇒ PR2 = 676 – 576
PR =
100 = 10 cm
Now, in ∆PKR we have
PK2 + KR2 = (8)2 + (6)2 = 64 + 36 = 100 = PR2
Hence, ∠PKR = 90° (By Converse of Pythagoras Theorem)
16. ABC is a triangle in which AB = AC and D is a point on AC such that BC2 = AC × CD. Prove that
BD = BC.
Sol. Given: ∆ABC in which AB = AC and D is a point on the side AC such that BC2 = AC × CD
To prove: BD = BC

Construction: Join BD

Proof: We have,

BC AC
BC2 = AC × CD ⇒ = …(i)
CD BC
Thus, in ∆ABC and ∆BDC, we have
AC BC
= (From (i)) Fig. 7.56
BC CD
and ∠C = ∠C (Common)
\ ∆ABC ~ ∆BDC (By SAS similarity criterion)
AB BC
⇒ = …(ii)
BD CD
From (i) and (ii), we get
AC AB
= \ BD = BC ( AB = AC)
BC BD
17. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of a square is equal to half
the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonals. [NCERT]
Sol. Let ABCD be a square and ∆BCE and ∆ACF have been drawn on side BC and the diagonal AC
respectively.
1
To prove: area (∆BCE) = area (∆ACF)
2
Proof: Since ∆BCE and ∆ACF are equilateral triangles

\
∆BCE ~ ∆ACF (By AA similarity criterion)

area ( ∆BCE ) BC 2
⇒
=
area ( ∆ACF ) AC 2 Fig. 7.57
area ( ∆BCE ) BC 2
=
area ( ∆ACF )
( )
2
⇒ 2BC ( Diagonal = 2 side, AC = 2 BC)

area ( ∆BCE ) 1 1
⇒
= ⇒
area ( ∆ACF ) 2 area (∆BCE) =
2
area (∆ACF)

18. D and E are points on the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC right angled at C.
Prove that AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2. [NCERT]

186 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 OR
If P and Q are the points on side CA and CB respectively of ∆ ABC, right angled at C, prove that
(AQ2 + BP2 ) = (AB2 + PQ2). [CBSE 2019]
Sol. In right angled ∆ACE and ∆DCB, we have
AE2 = AC2 + CE2 (Pythagoras Theorem) …(i)
2 2 2
and BD = DC + BC …(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we have
⇒ AE2 + BD2 = AC2 + CE2 + DC2 + BC2

⇒ AE2 + BD2 = (AC2 + BC2) + (DC2 + CE2)

⇒ AE2 + BD2 = AB2 + DE2
Fig. 7.58
2 2 2 2 2 2
( AC + BC = AB and DC + EC = DE in right-angled triangle ABC and CDE respectively.)
OR
[D replace by P and E replace by Q only and solution is similar]

HOTS [Higher Order Thinking Skills]

1. In Fig. 7.59, ∆FEC  ∆GDB and ∠1 = ∠ 2. Prove that ∆ADE ~ ∆ABC.
Sol. Since, ∆FEC  ∆GDB
⇒
EC = BD ...(i)
It is given that
∠1 = ∠2  Sides opposite to equal 
⇒
AE = AD  angles are equal  ...(ii)
 
Dividing (ii) by (i), we have
AE AD
= Fig. 7.59
EC BD
⇒ DE || BC (By the converse of basic proportionality theorem)
⇒ ∠1 = ∠3 and ∠2 = ∠4 (Corresponding angles]
Thus, in ∆’ s ADE and ABC, we have
∠A = ∠A (Common)
∠2 = ∠4 (Proved above)
⇒
∆ADE ~ ∆ABC (By AA similarity)
2. Sides AB and AC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively proportional to sides PQ
and PR and median PM of another triangle PQR. Show that ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR.
Sol. Given: In ∆ABC and ∆PQR, AD and PM are their medians respectively
AB AD AC
such that = = ... (i)
PQ PM PR
To prove: ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR
Construction: P roduce AD to E such that AD = DE and produce PM to N such that PM = MN.
Join BE, CE, QN, RN.
gm
Proof: Quadrilateral ABEC and PQNR are || because their diagonals bisect each other at D and
M respectively.
⇒ BE = AC and QN = PR
BE AC BE AB
⇒ = ⇒ = (From (i))
QN PR QN PQ

Triangles 187
 AB BE

i.e., = …(ii)
PQ QN
AB AD 2 AD AE
From (i) = = =
PQ PM 2PM PN
AB AE
⇒
= …(iii)
PQ PN
From (ii) and (iii)
Fig. 7.60
AB BE AE
= =
PQ QN PN
⇒ ∆ABE ~ ∆PQN (By SSS similarity criterion)
⇒ ∠1 = ∠2 …(iv)
Similarly, we can prove
∆ACE ~ ∆PRN ⇒ ∠3 = ∠4 …(v)
Adding (iv) and (v), we get
∠1 + ∠3 = ∠2 + ∠4 ⇒ ∠A = ∠P
AB AC
and = (Given)
PQ PR
\
∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (By SAS criterion of similarity)
3. In Fig. 7.61, P is the mid-point of BC and Q is the mid-point of AP. If BQ when produced meets
1
AC at R, prove that RA = CA.
3
Sol. Given: In ∆ABC, P is the mid-point of BC, Q is the mid-point of AP such that BQ produced meets
AC at R.
1
To prove: RA = CA
3
Construction: Draw PS || BR , meeting AC at S.
Proof: In ∆BCR, P is the mid-point of BC and PS || BR

\ S is the mid-point of CR.
⇒ CS = SR …(i)
Fig. 7.61
In ∆APS, Q is the mid-point of AP and QR  PS
\ R is the mid-point of AS.
⇒ AR = RS …(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
AR = RS = SC
1 1
⇒
AC = AR + RS + SC = 3 AR ⇒ AR = AC = CA
3 3
4. In Fig. 7.62, ABC and DBC are two triangles on the same base BC. If AD intersects BC at O, show
ar ( ∆ABC ) AO
that = .
ar ( ∆DBC ) DO
Sol. Given: Two triangles ∆ABC and ∆DBC which stand on the same base
but on opposite sides of BC.
ar ( ∆ABC ) AO
To prove:
=
ar ( ∆DBC ) DO Fig. 7.62

Construction: We draw AE ⊥ BC and DF ⊥ BC.

Proof: In ∆AOE and ∆DOF, we have

188 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 ∠AEO = ∠DFO = 90°
∠AOE = ∠DOF (Vertically opposite angles)
\ ∆AOE ~ ∆DOF (By AA criterion of similarity)
AE AO
= …(i)
DF DO
1
ar ( ∆ABC ) 2 × BC × AE
Now, =
ar ( ∆DBC ) 1 × BC × DF
2
ar ( ∆ABC ) AE
⇒
= …(ii)
ar ( ∆DBC ) DF
Fig. 7.63
From (i) and (ii), we have
ar ( ∆ABC ) AO
=
ar ( ∆DBC ) DO
5. Two poles of height a metres and b metres are p metres apart. Prove that the height of the point
of intersection of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot of the opposite pole is given
ab
by metres.
a+b
Sol. Let AB and CD be two poles of height a and b metres respectively such that the poles are p metres
apart i.e., AC = p metres. Suppose the lines AD and BC meet at O such that OL = h metres.
Let CL = x and LA = y. Then, x + y = p.
In ∆ABC and ∆LOC, we have
∠CAB = ∠CLO (Each equal to 90°)
∠C = ∠C (Common)
\
∆ABC ~ ∆LOC (By AA criterion of similarity)
CA AB p a
⇒
= ⇒ =
CL LO x h
ph
⇒ x= …(i)
a
In ∆ALO and ∆ACD, we have
∠ALO = ∠ACD (Each equal to 90°)
∠A = ∠A (Common)
\ ∆ALO ~ ∆ACD (By AA criterion of similarity) Fig. 7.64

AL OL y h
⇒ = ⇒ =
AC DC p b
ph
⇒ y= …(ii)
b
From (i) and (ii), we have
ph ph 1 1
x+y= + ⇒ p = ph  +  [ x + y = p]
a b  a b
 a+ b ab
⇒
1=h   ⇒ h= metres.
 ab  a+b
Hence, the height of the intersection of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot of the
ab
opposite pole is metres.
a+b

Triangles 189
 1
6. In an equilateral triangle ABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = BC. Prove that
3
9AD2 = 7AB2. [NCERT, CBSE 2018]
1
Sol. Given: An equilateral triangle ABC and D be a point on BC such that BD = BC.
2 2 3
To Prove: 9AD = 7AB
Construction: Draw AE ⊥ BC. Join AD.
Proof: ∆ABC is an equilateral triangle and AE ⊥ BC so BE = EC .
Thus, we have
1 2 1
BD = BC and DC = BC and BE = EC = BC
3 3 2
In ∆ AEB Fig. 7.65
2 2 2
AE + BE = AB (Using Pythagoras Theorem)
AE2 = AB2 – BE2
AD2 – DE2 = AB2 – BE2 ( In ∆AED, AD2 = AE2 + DE2)
AD2 = AB2 – BE2 + DE2
2
1 
AD2 = AB2 –  BC  + (BE – BD)2
2 
2
2 2 1 2 1 1 
AD = AB – BC +  BC − BC 
4 2 3 
2
1  BC  1 1 
2
AD = AB – 2
BC2 +   ⇒ AD2 = AB2 – BC2  − 
4  6   4 36 
 8 
AD2 = AB2 – BC2   ⇒ 9AD2 = 9AB2 – 2BC2
 36 
9AD2 = 9AB2 – 2AB2 ( AB = BC)
9AD2 = 7AB2
7. Through the mid-point M of the side CD of a parallelogram ABCD, the line BM is drawn
intersecting AC at L and AD produced to E. Prove that EL = 2BL.
Sol. In ∆BMC and ∆EMD, we have
MC = MD ( M is the mid-point of CD)
∠CMB = ∠DME (Vertically opposite angles)
and ∠MBC = ∠MED (Alternate angles)
So, by AAS criterion of congruence, we have
∆BMC  ∆EMD
⇒ BC = DE (CPCT)
Also, BC = AD ( ABCD is a parallelogram)
Now, in ∆AEL and ∆CBL, we have
∠ALE = ∠CLB (Vertically opposite angles)
∠EAL = ∠BCL (Alternate angles)
Fig. 7.66
∴
∆AEL ~ ∆CBL (By AA similarity)
EL AE EL 2BC
⇒
= ⇒ = ( AE = AD + DE = BC + BC = 2BC)
BL CB BL BC

EL
⇒
= 2 ⇒ EL = 2BL
BL

190 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 PROFICIENCY EXERCISE
QQ Objective Type Questions: [1 mark each]
1. Choose and write the correct option in each of the following questions.

(i) In DABC, DE  BC Fig. 7.67, then BD is equal to

4 cm 6 cm

D E
3 cm

B C
Fig. 7.67

(a) 2 cm (b) 8 cm (c) 3 cm (d) 9 cm

(ii) If Manish goes 3 km towards east and then 4 km towards North. His distance from starting
point is
(a) 3 km (b) 4 km (c) 5 km (d) 2 km
(iii) In a triangle ABC if AB = 13 cm, BC = 12 cm and AC = 5 cm, then the triangle is right
angled at
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) can't say
ar (DABC) 9
(iv) If DABC ~ DPQR and = , also AB = 4 cm, then PQ is equal to
ar (DPQR) 4
8 8 3
(a) units units (b) (c) units (d) 8 units
3 2 2
AB DE
(v) If in DABC and DDEF, = , then they will be similar when
BC FD
(a) ∠B = ∠E (b) ∠A = ∠D (c) ∠B = ∠D (d) ∠A = ∠F
2. Fill in the blanks.
(i) The areas of two similar triangles are in the ratio 16 : 25, then the sides of these triangles
are in the ratio _____________ .
(ii) If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio then the line is _____________
to the third side.
(iii) In DABC if AB = 6 3 cm, AC = 12 cm, BC = 6 cm, then ∠B is _____________ .
(iv) All equilateral triangles are _____________ .
(v) In a right angled triangle _____________ is the longest side
QQ Very Short Answer Questions : [1 mark each]
AB 1 arDABC
3. Given DABC ~ DPQR, if = , then find . [CBSE 2018 (30/1)]
PQ 3 arDPQR
ar (DABC) 9
4. If DABC ~ DQRP, = and BC = 15 cm, then find PR [CBSE 2018 (C) (30/1)]
ar (DQRP) 4
5. In Fig. 7.68, DE  BC, AD = 1 cm and BD = 2 cm. What is the ratio of the ar(ABC) to the
ar(DADE)? [CBSE 2019 (30/1/1)]

Triangles 191
 Fig. 7.68

6. In Fig. 7.69, ABC is an isosceles triangle right angled at C with AC = 4 cm. Find the length of AB.
 [CBSE 2019 (30/2/1)]

Fig. 7.69

7. In Fig. 7.70, DEBC. Find the length of side AD, given that AE = 1.8 cm, BD = 7.2 cm and
CE = 5.4 cm. [CBSE 2019 (30/2/1)]

1.8
cm

5.4
cm
m
7.2 c

Fig. 7.70

8. Let DABC ~ DDEF and their areas be respectively, 64 cm2 and 121 cm2. If EF = 15.4 cm, find BC
 [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)]
AE
9. In Fig. 7.71, GCBD and GEBF. If AC = 3 cm and CD = 7 cm, then find the value of .
AF
 D [CBSE 2019(C) (30/1/1)]
m
7c
C
m
3c
A B
G

F
Fig. 7.71
AB BC CA 3
10. If ∆ABC and ∆DEF are two triangles such that = = = , then find ar(∆DEF) : ar(∆ABC).
EF FD DE 4
ar(∆ABC) 16
11. If ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR, = , AB = 2 cm and AC = 12 cm, then find the value of PR.
ar(∆PQR) 9
12. In ∆ABC, AB = 24 cm, BC = 10 cm and AC = 26 cm. Is this triangle right triangle?
 [NCERT Exemplar]

192 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 13. It is given that ∆DEF ~ ∆RPQ. Is it true to say that ∠D = ∠R and ∠F = ∠P? [NCERT Exemplar]
14. A and B are respectively the points on the sides PQ and PR of a triangle PQR such that PQ = 10.5
cm PA = 4.5 cm, BR = 8 cm and PB = 6 cm. Is AB || QR ?
15. If in two right triangles, one of the acute angle of one triangle is equal to an acute angle of the
other triangle, can you say that the two triangles will be similar?
16. L and M are respectively the points on the sides DE and DF of a triangle DEF, such that DL = 4,
4
LE = , DM = 6 and DF = 8. Is LM || EF ? Give reason.
3
L and M are points on the sides DE and DF respectively of a D DEF. For the following cases
(Q. 17 and Q. 18), state whether LM || EF
17. DL = 3.9 cm, LE = 3 cm, DM = 3.6 cm and MF = 2.4 cm.
18. DE = 8 cm, DF = 15 cm, LE = 3.2 cm and MF = 6 cm.
2
19. The ratio of the corresponding altitudes of two similar triangles is . Is it correct to say that ratio
5
2
of their areas is also ? Why?
5
20. If the areas of two similar triangles ABC and PQR are in the ratio 9 : 16 and BC = 4.5 cm, what
is the length of QR?
QQ Short Answer Questions-I: [2 marks each]
21. X is a point on the side BC of DABC. XM and XN are drawn parallel to AB and AC respectively
meeting AB in N and AC in M. MN produced meets CB produced at T. Prove that TX2 = TB × TC.
 [CBSE 2018 (C) (30/1)]
22. The lengths of the diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm. Find the side of the rhombus.
OA OD
23. In Fig. 7.72, = . Prove that ∠A = ∠C and ∠B = ∠D.
OC OB

Fig. 7.72

24. Sides of triangles are given below. Determine which of them are right triangles. In case of a right
triangle, write the length of its hypotenuse.
(i) 13 cm, 12 cm, 5 cm (ii) 20 cm, 25 cm, 30 cm.
25. ∆ABC and ∆BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC. Find the ratio
of the areas of triangles ABC and BDE.
26. AD is the bisector of ∠BAC in ∆ABC. If AB = 10 cm, AC = 6 cm and BC = 12 cm, then find BD.
27. The perimeters of two similar triangles ABC and PQR are 60 cm and 36 cm respectively.
If PQ = 9 cm, then find the length of AB.
28. Two poles of height 9 m and 15 m stand vertically upright on a plane ground. If the distance
between their tops is 10m, then find the distance between their feet.
29. The area of two similar triangles PQR and XYZ are 144 cm2 and 49 cm2 respectively. If the
shortest side of larger ∆PQR be 24 cm, then find the shortest side of the smaller triangle XYZ.
30. ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF. If AB = 4 cm, BC = 3.5 cm, CA = 2.5 cm and DF = 7.5 cm, then find perimeter
of ∆DEF.

Triangles 193
QQ Short Answer Questions-II: [3 marks each]
31. Prove that the area of an equilateral triangle described on one side of the square is equal to half
the area of the equilateral triangle described on one of its diagonal. [CBSE 2018 (C) (30/1)]
32. If the area of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
[CBSE 2018 (C) (30/1)]
33. In Fig. 7.73, ∠ACB = 90° and CD ⊥ AB, prove that CD2 = BD × AD. [CBSE 2019 (30/1/1)]

A B
D
Fig. 7.73
34. If P and Q are the points on side CA and CB respectively of DABC, right angled at C, prove that
(AQ2 + BP2) = (AB2 + PQ2) [CBSE 2019 (30/1/1)]
35. Diagonals of a trapezium PQRS intersect each other at the point O, PQ  RS and PQ = 3RS. Find
the ratio of the areas of triangles POQ and ROS. [CBSE 2019 (30/2/1)]
36. The perpendicular from A on side BC of a DABC meets BC at D such that DB= 3CD. Prove that
2AB2 = 2AC2 + BC2. [CBSE 2019 (30/3/1)]
37. AD and PM are medians of triangles ABC and PQR respectively where DABC ~DPQR. Prove that
AB AD
= . [CBSE 2019 (30/3/1)]
PQ PM
38. ABC is a right triangle in which ∠B = 90°. If AB = 8 cm and BC = 6 cm, find the diameter of the
circle inscribed in the triangle. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)]
39. In Fig. 7.74, BL and CM are medians of a DABC right-angled at A.
Prove that 4(BL2 + CM2) = 5 BC2. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)]
C

B A
M
Fig. 7.74
40. Prove that the sum of the squares of the sides of a rhombus is equal to the sum of the squares of
its diagonals. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)]
41. In DABC, ∠B = 90° and D is the mid-point of BC. Prove that AC2 = AD2 + 3CD2.
 [CBSE 2019 (30/5/1)]
42. ABCD is a trapezium with AB  DC. E and F are points on non-parallel sides AD and BC
AE BF
respectively, such that EF  AB. Show that = . [CBSE 2019 (C)(30/1/1)]
ED FC
43. Prove that in a right-triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of
the other two sides. [CBSE 2019 (C)(30/1/1)]
44. In ∆ABC, DE || BC . If AD = 4x – 3, AE = 8x – 7, BD = 3x – 1 and CE = 5x – 3, find the value of x.
45. If a line intersects sides AB and AC of a ∆ABC at D and E respectively and is parallel to BC, prove
AD AE
that = .
AB AC
194 Xam idea Mathematics–X
46. ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and P and Q are points on AD and BC respectively such
that PQ || DC . If PD = 12 cm, BQ = 42 cm and QC = 18 cm, find AD.
47. For going to a city B from city A, there is a route via city C such that AC ⊥ CB, AC = 2x km and
CB = 2(x + 7) km. It is proposed to construct a 26 km highway which directly connects the two
cities, A and B. Find how much distance will be saved in reaching city B from city A after the
construction of the highway.
AO CO
48. The diagonals of a quadrilateral ABCD intersect each other at the point O such that = .
BO DO
Show that ABCD is a trapezium.  [NCERT]
49. A street light bulb is fixed on a pole 6 m above the level of the street. If a woman of height 1.5m
casts a shadow of 3 m, find how far she is away from the base of the pole.
50. In Fig. 7.75, find ∠E.
51. In Fig. 7.76, ABC is a right triangle, right-angled
at C and D is the mid-point of BC. Prove that
AB2 = 4AD2 – 3AC2.

Fig. 7.75

Fig. 7.76
52. In Fig. 7.77, P is the mid-point of EF and Q is the mid-point of DP. If EQ when produced meets
1
DF at R, prove that RD = DF.
3

Fig. 7.77

53. In Fig. 7.78, E is a point on side AD produced of a parallelogram ABCD and BE intersects CD at
F. Prove that ∆ABE ~ ∆CFB. [NCERT Exemplar]

Fig. 7.78

Triangles 195
 AD 2 BC
54. In ∆ABC (Fig. 7.79), DE is parallel to base BC, with D on AB and E on AC. If = , find
DB 3 DE

Fig. 7.79

55. O is any point inside a rectangle ABCD. Prove that OB2 + OD2 = OA2 + OC2.
56. In Fig. 7.80, AB  CD. If OA = 3x – 19, OB = x – 4, OC = x – 3, and OD = 4, find x.

Fig. 7.80

57. ABC is a triangle and PQ is a straight line meeting AB in P and AC in Q. If AP = 1 cm,

PB = 3 cm, AQ = 1.5 cm, QC = 4.5 cm, prove that area of ∆APQ is one-sixteenth of the area of
∆ABC.
QQ Long Answer Questions: [5 marks each]
1
58. In an equilateral DABC, D is a point on side BC such that BD = BC . Prove that
3
9(AD)2 = 7(AB)2. [CBSE 2018 (30/1)]
59. Prove that, in a right triangle, the square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares
on the other two sides. [CBSE 2018 (30/1)]
60. Prove that the ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the ratio of the squares of their
corresponding sides. [CBSE 2018 (C) (30/1)]
61. In a triangle, if square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, then
prove that the angle opposite the first side is a right angle. [CBSE 2019 (30/2/3)]
62. In Fig. 7.81, DACB, AD ⊥ BC. Prove that AC2 = AB2 + BC2 – 2BC × BD. [CBSE 2019 (30/4/2)]

B C
D
Fig. 7.81

63. CD and GH are respectively the bisectors of ∠ACB and ∠EGF such that D and H lie on sides AB
and FE of ∆ABC and ∆EFG. If ∆ABC ~ ∆FEG, show that
CD AC
(i) = (ii) ∆DCB ~ ∆HGE (iii) ∆DCA ~ ∆HGF
GH FG

196 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 64. In Fig. 7.82, OB is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment DE, FA ⊥ OB and FE intersects
1 1 2
OB at the point C. Prove that: + = .
OA OB OC
65. If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex containing the right angle
of a right triangle to the hypotenuse, then prove that the triangle on
each side of the perpendicular are similar to each other and to the
original triangle. Also, prove that the square of the perpendicular is
equal to the product of the lengths of the two parts of the hypotenuse.
66. In Fig. 7.83, PQR is a right triangle right-angled at Q and QS ⊥ PR.
If PQ = 6 cm and PS = 4 cm, find the QS, RS and QR.
Fig. 7.82

Fig. 7.83

67. In Fig. 7.84, DEFG is a square and ∠BAC = 90°. Prove that:
(i) ∆AGF ~ ∆DBG (ii) ∆AGF ~ ∆EFC
(iii) ∆DBG ~ ∆EFC (iv) DE2 = BD × EC Fig. 7.84
68. In a ∆PQR, PD ⊥ QR such that D lies on QR. If PQ = a, PR = b, QD = c and DR = d, prove that:
(a + b) (a – b) = (c + d) (c – d).
69. In a triangle ABC, AC > AB, D is the mid-point of BC and AE ⊥ BC. Prove that:
1 1
(i) AC2 = AD2 + BC.DE + BC2 (ii) AB2 = AD2 – BC.DE + BC2
4 4
1
(iii) AB2 + AC2 = 2AD2 + BC2.
2
70. In an equilateral triangle with side a, prove that:
a 3 3 2
(i) Altitude = (ii) Area = a.
2 4

Answers
1. (i) (a) (ii) (c) (iii) (c) (iv) (a) (v) (c)
2. (i) 4 : 5 (ii) parallel (iii) 90° (iv) similar (v) hypotenuse
1
3. 4. PR = 10 cm 5. 9 : 1 6. 4 2 cm 7. AD = 2.4 cm
9
8. BC = 11.2 cm 9. 3 : 10 10. 16 : 9 11. 9 cm 12. Yes
DL DM
13. No 14. Yes 15. Yes, by AA similarity 16. Yes, because = =3
LE MF
4
17. No 18. Yes 19. No, it will be 20. 6 cm
25
22. 25 cm 24. (i) 13 cm (ii) It is not a right triangle 25. 4 : 1 26. BD = 7.5 cm
27. 15 cm 28. 8 m 29. 14 cm 30. 30 cm 35. 9 : 1 38. 4 cm
44. x = 1 46. AD = 40 cm 47. 8 km 49. 9 m 50. ∠E = 60°
5
54. 56. 11 or 8 66. 2 5 cm, 5 cm, 3 5 cm
2

Triangles 197
 SELF-ASSESSMENT TEST
Time allowed: 1 hour Max. marks: 40

Section A
1. Choose and write the correct option in the following questions. (4 × 1 = 4)
(i) In DABC, AB = 6 7 cm, BC = 24 cm and CA = 18 cm. Then angle A is
(a) an acute angle (b) an obtuse angle
(c) a right angle (d) can't say
BC 1 ar (PRQ)
(ii) It is given that DABC ~ DPQR, with = . Then, is equal to [NCERT Exemplar]
QR 3 ar (BCA)
1 1
(a) 9 (b) 3 (c) (d)
3 9
(iii) If S is a point on side PQ of a DPQR such that PS = QS = RS, then [NCERT Exemplar]
(a) PR . QR = RS2 (b) QS2 + RS2 = QR2
(c) PR2 + QR2 = PQ2 (d) PS2 + RS2 = PR2
(iv) If in two triangles DEF and PQR, ∠D = ∠Q and ∠R = ∠E, then which of the following is
not true?
EF DF DE EF DE DF EF DE
(a) = (b) = (c) = (d) =
PR PQ PQ RP QR PQ RP QR
2. Fill in the blanks. (3 × 1 = 3)
(i) All squares with edges of equal length are _______________ .
(ii) Two polygons of the same number of sides are similar, if their corresponding angles are
_______________ and their corresponding sides are _______________ .
(iii) Triangles whose corresponding angles are equal are called ______________ .

3. Solve the following questions. (3 × 1 = 3)

(i) If ABC and DEF are two similar triangles such that BC = 4 cm and EF = 5 cm and area of
triangle ABC is 64 cm2, then what is the area of ∆DEF?
(ii) The diagonals of a rhombus are 30 cm and 40 cm. What is the length of its each side?
(iii) A vertical stick 20 m long casts a shadow 10 m long on the ground. At the same time, a tower
casts a shadow of 50 m long on the ground. Find the height of the tower.

Section B
QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 2 = 6)

area ( ∆APQ )
4. In Fig. 7.85, PQ || BC and AP : PB = 1 : 2 find .
area ( ∆ABC )

Fig. 7.85

198 Xam idea Mathematics–X

 5. In Fig. 7.86, ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB = AC. E is a point on the side CB produced such
that FE ⊥ AC. If AD ⊥ CB, prove that AB × EF = AD × EC.

Fig. 7.86

6. If E is a point on side CA of an equilateral triangle ABC such that BE ⊥ CA, then prove that
AB2 + BC2 + CA2 = 4 BE2.
QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 3 = 9)
7. AD is an altitude of an equilateral triangle ABC. On AD as base, another equilateral triangle ADE
is constructed. Prove that: area (∆ADE) : area (∆ABC) = 3 : 4.
8. In Fig. 7.87, PQR is a right triangle, right angled at Q. X and Y are the
points on PQ and QR such that PX : XQ = 1 : 2 and QY : YR = 2 : 1. Prove
that 9 (PY2 + XR2) = 13PR2.
9. In Fig. 7.88, D and E trisects BC. Prove that 8AE2 = 3AC2 + 5AD2.

Fig. 7.87

Fig. 7.88
QQ Solve the following questions. (3 × 5 = 15)
10. P and Q are the mid-points of the sides CA and CB respectively of a ∆ABC, right-angled at C.
Prove that:
(i) 4AQ2 = 4AC2 + BC2 (ii) 4BP2 = 4BC2 + AC2 (iii) 4(AQ2 + BP2) = 5AB2.
11. ABC is a right triangle right-angled at C. Let BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and let p be the length of
perpendicular from C on AB. Prove that:
1 1 1
(i) cp = ab (ii) 2
= 2+ 2.
p a b
12. State and prove Basic Proportionality Theorem.

Answers
1. (i) (c) (ii) (a) (iii) (c) (iv) (b)
2. (i) congruent (ii) equal, proportional (iii) similar
2
3. (i) 100 cm (ii) 25 cm (iii) 100 m
4. 1:9
zzz

Triangles 199