BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING D = diameter of pipe in meters

CE 112 – HYDRAULICS
2nd Semester, S.Y 2023 – 2024 4.3 RELATION OF KINEMATIC VISCOSITY TO ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY

𝝁
MODULE 3 (PART 1) 𝝊=
𝝆
FLUID FLOW IN CLOSED CONDUITS Where:
𝜇 = 𝜌𝑣
𝑁
Pipes are closed conduits through which fluids or gases flow. Conduits may flow fully or partially full. 𝜇 = absolute viscosity in 𝑚² . 𝑠 or Pa. s
Pipes are referred to as conduits (usually circular) which flow fully. Conduits flowing partially full are 𝜐= kinematic viscosity in m²/s
called open channels, which will be discussed in next chapter. 𝜌 = sp.gr. x 1000 in (kg/m³)
1 stoke = 10−4 m²/s (kinematic viscosity)
3.1 EQUATION ON CONTINUITY
3.4 CENTERLINE VELOCITY
The equation of continuity results from the principle of conservation of mass. For steady flow, the mass
of fluid passing all sections in a stream of fluid per unit of time is the same. This may be evaluated as: a. Centerline Velocity for Laminar Flow (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)

𝛒𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝛒𝟏 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑽𝒄 = 𝟐𝑽
𝐰𝟏 𝑨𝟏 𝑽𝟏 = 𝐰𝟐 𝑨𝟐 𝑽𝟐 Where:
𝑄
3.2 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW 𝑉=
𝐴
𝑉𝑐 = centerline velocity in m/s
The equation of continuity results from the variables that describe the state of a flowing liquid are V = average velocity in m/s
velocity, pressure, and temperature. The equations available to solve for these variables derive from Q = discharge flowing in m³/s
the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. If, in addition, density is a variable, one more 𝜋𝐷 2
𝐴 = 4 cross sectional area of pipe in m²
equation is necessary. This is the equation of state which, for an ideal gas, is:
D = diameter of pipe in meters
𝒑 = 𝝆𝑹𝑻
b. Centerline Velocity for Turbulent Flow (𝑹𝒆 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)
3.3 REYNOLDS NUMBER
𝑽𝒄 = 𝑽(𝟏 + 𝟏. 𝟑𝟑√𝒇)
a. Reynolds Number in Terms of Kinematic Viscosity Where:
𝑄
𝑉=
𝑫𝑽 𝐴
𝑹𝒆 = From Darcy-Weisbach formula for head loss:
𝝊
Where: 𝒇𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝒉𝒇 =
𝑅𝑒 = Reynolds number 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
D = diameter of pipe in meters 𝒉𝒇 𝑫 𝟐𝒈
𝒇=
V = average velocity in m/s 𝑳 𝑽𝟐
𝜐 = kinematic viscosity in m²/s V = average velocity in m/s
𝑅𝑒 < 2000 laminar flow 𝑓 = friction factor
𝑅𝑒 > 2000 turbulent flow 𝑉𝑐 = centerline velocity in m/s

b. Reynolds Number in Terms of Absolute Viscosity 3.5 VELOCITY

𝑫𝑽𝝆 a. Velocity at a distance 𝑹𝒐 from the center for laminar flow

𝑹𝒆 =
𝝁 (𝑹𝒆 < 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎)
Where:
𝜌 = mass density of liquid in (kg/m³) 𝑼𝒓𝒐 = 𝑽𝒄 − 𝒌(𝒓𝒐 )𝟐
𝜌 = sp.gr. x 1000 in (kg/m³)
𝑁
𝜇 = absolute viscosity in 𝑚² . 𝑠 or Pa. s
V = average velocity in m/s

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

 Where:
𝑄 3.7 SHEAR VELOCITY OR FRICTION VELOCITY
𝑉=
𝐴
𝑉𝑐 =2V centerline velocity in m/s
𝝉𝒐
𝑈 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑘𝑟 2 𝑽𝒐 = √
𝑈 = 0 where r=r 𝝆
0 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑘𝑟 2 Where:
𝑓
Solve for k: 𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉√8
When r = 𝑟𝑜 𝑉𝑜 = shear velocity at wall of pipe
𝑈𝑟𝑜 = 𝑉𝑐 − 𝑘(𝑟𝑜 )2 𝜌 = sp.gr. x 1000 in (kg/m³)
𝑈𝑟𝑜 = velocity at distance 𝑟𝑜 from the center f = friction factor
V = average velocity
b. Velocity at a distance 𝑹𝒐 from the center for turbulent flow
(𝑹𝒆 > 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎) Example Problems

𝝉𝒐 𝒓 1. The absolute viscosity of the liquid is 2𝑥10−3 Pa. s and its sp.gr. is 0.89.
𝒖 = 𝑽𝒄 − 𝟓. 𝟕𝟓√ 𝒍𝒐𝒈 a. Compute the equivalent kinematic viscosity in m²/s.
𝝆 𝒓 − 𝒓𝒐
b. Compute the equivalent value in stokes.
c. If the viscosity is 0.013 stokes what is the equivalent kinematic viscosity in m²/s.
Where:
𝜌 = sp.gr. x 1000 in (kg/m³) 2. A pipe has a diameter of 25 mm and a length of 100 m. A liquid having a kinematic
𝑉𝑐 = centerline velocity in m/s viscosity of 4𝑥10−5 m²/s is flowing thru the pipe at a viscosity of 3 m/s.
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉(1 + 1.33√𝑓) a. Compute the Reynolds Number.
ℎ𝑓 𝐷 2𝑔 b. Compute the friction factor “f”.
𝑓=
𝐿 𝑉2 c. Compute the head loss of pipe.
𝜏𝑜 = shear stress at the wall of pipe d. Compute the rate of flow in liters/hour.
𝑓𝑉 2 𝜌
𝜏𝑜 = 8
u = velocity at distance 𝑟𝑜 from the center of pipe 3. Carbon tetrachloride having a sp.gr. of 0.95 flows through a 300 mm diameter pipe at a
velocity of 2.5 m/s.
3.6 SHEAR STRESS AT WALL OF PIPE a. Compute the volume flow rate in m³/s.
b. Compute the weight flow rate in kN/s.
𝒇𝑽𝟐 𝝆 c. Compute the mass flow rate in kg/s.
𝝉𝒐 =
𝟖
Where: 4. The flow rate in a 350 mm diameter pipe is 0.25 m³/s. The flow is known to be turbulent, and
ℎ 𝐷 2𝑔 the centerline velocity is 3.70 m/s. The density of liquid flowing is 850 kg/m³.
𝑓 = 𝑓𝐿 𝑉 2 (from Darcy – Weisbach)
a. Determine the friction factor.
𝜏𝑜 = shear stress in Pa. b. Determine the head lost per meter length of pipe.
f = friction factor c. Determine the shearing stress on the walls of the pipe.
hf = head loss in m.
D = diam. of pipe in m. 5. Oil 𝜌=870 kg/m³ flows through a cast iron pipe at a velocity of 1.2 m/s. The pipe is 50 m. long
𝜌 = sp.gr. x 1000 in (kg/m³) and has a diameter of 150 mm. Absolute viscosity 𝜇=0.081 Pa.s. Compute the following:
𝑄
𝑉 = 𝐴 average velocity in m/s a. Reynolds number
b. Determine the type of flow.
𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝒇 𝑫 c. Head loss due to friction.
𝝉𝒐 =
𝟒𝑳
Where: 6. Water flows on a 300 mm diameter pipe which causes a measured head loss of 5 m in 90 m.
𝛾𝑤 = unit wt. of water length of pipe.
hf = head loss a. Compute the shear stress 50 mm from the centerline of the pipe.
D = diam. of pipe in m. b. Compute the shear velocity.
L = length of pipe c. Compute the average velocity for an “f” value of 0.015.
𝜏𝑜 = shear stress or wall of pipe

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA

 7. An oil having a sp.gr. of 0.82 has a kinematic viscosity of 2𝑥10−5 m²/s flows in a 100 mm
diameter pipe at a rate of 0.001 m³/s.
a. Compute the Reynolds number.
b. Compute the velocity at the center.
c. Compute the velocity at a distance 20 mm from the center.

References:
1. Besavilla, V.I. (1996) Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics, 3rd edition.,VIB Publisher
2. Gillesania, Diego Inocencio T.Fluid mechanics and hydraulics, c2003, Leyte
3. Evett, Jack B. & Liu, Cheng. (1989) Schaum’s 2500 Solved Problems in Fluid Mechanics and
Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Inc.
4. Daugherty, R.L., Franzini, J.B., Finnemore, E.J. (2002) Fluid Mechanics with Engineering
Applications,SI Metric Edition, USA
5. King, H. W., Wisler, C. O., and Woodburn, J. G. Hydraulics, Fifth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

ENGR. MELANIE ROSE P. PASCUA