Assignment 4

Name: Yousef Elshahat

Id:202101088

Problem 3
(a)
Applying:

𝑞 𝑉𝜃 0.2
≈ 2 = 2000 0.1 ∗ 0.02 = 9.58 ∗ 107 𝐶/𝑘𝑔
𝑚 𝐵 𝑙𝑑 (4.57 ∗ 10 −2
𝑇) 2

(b)
When the particle is attractive to the plate, it will carry a positive charge and it should be a
proton and we get:

𝑞𝑒 1.6 ∗ 10−19 7
𝐶
= = 9.58 ∗ 10
𝑚𝑝 1.67 − 10−27 𝑘𝑔

(c)
To get the velocity:
𝐸 𝑉 2000
𝑣𝑥 = = = ∗ 4.57 ∗ 10−2 = 2.19 ∗ 106 𝑚/𝑠
𝐵 𝑑𝐵 0.02
(d) We don’t need relativistic mechanics since the velocity is around 0.01c
Problem(5) (a)
Draw the curved path of the electron as the equation (𝑟 − 𝑦)2 + 𝑙 2 = 𝑟 2

2 2 2 2
𝑙2 + 𝑦 2
𝑟 − 2𝑟𝑦 + 𝑦 + 𝑙 = 𝑟 , 𝑟=
2𝑦
(b)
𝑉 1060
𝑣= = ∗ 2.5 ∗ 10−4 = 2.39 ∗ 108 = 0.795𝑐
𝐵𝑑 0.0177
The momentum equal:
𝑚𝑣 −31
2.39 ∗ 108
𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣 = 𝐵𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑟 = = 9.11 ∗ 10 ∗ ∗ 1.6 ∗ 10−19 = 0.0769𝑚
𝐵𝑒 0.0177
To find the value of y corresponding to this r we will use the equation 𝑦 2 − 0.1538 𝑦 + 6.10 ∗
10−4 = 0
Using the quadratic formula
1
(𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐)2
𝑦 = −𝑏 ± = 0.150𝑚
2𝑎
4.08 ∗ 10−3 = 0.00408𝑚
𝛾𝑚𝑒
Using the relativistic expression 𝑝 =
𝐵𝑒

𝛾𝑚𝑒 9.11 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 2.39 ∗ 108

𝑟= = 1 = 0.1267𝑚
𝐵𝑒 (1 − 0.7952 )2 ∗ 0.0177 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 10−19
The y value corresponding to this r value are found from this equation:
𝑦 2 − 0.253 + 6.10 ∗ 10−4 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑦 = 0.251 ,0.00243
Discarding the first answer because r must be greater than y, leave y =0.00243m in good
agreement with 𝑦𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 0.00243 𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑦𝑜𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 0.0024 ± 0.0005m
Problem (6)
(a)
The terminal speed is

4 ∗ 10−3
𝑣= = 2.52 ∗ 10−4
15.9
The radius will be:

9𝜂𝑣 9 ∗ 1.81 ∗ 10−5 2.52 ∗ 10−4

𝑎=√ =√ = 1.2 ∗ 10−6 𝑚
2𝜌𝑔 0.8 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 106 ∗ 9.8
The mass will be:
4 4
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝜌 ( 𝜋𝑎3 ) = 𝜋0.8 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 106 ∗ (1.62 ∗ 10−6 )3 = 1.42 ∗ 10−14 𝑘𝑔
3 3
(b)
The electric field is :
Δ𝑉 400
𝐸= = = 2 ∗ 105
𝑑 2 ∗ 10−2
The charge on each drople is found to be:
𝑚𝑔 𝑣 + 𝑣 ′
𝑞=( )( )
𝐸 𝑣
v’ will be:
(4 ∗ 10−3 )
𝑣1′ = = 1.11 ∗ 10−4
36
𝑣2′ = 2.31 ∗ 10−4 , 𝑣3′ = 1.67 ∗ 10−4 , 𝑣4′ = 3.51 ∗ 10−4 , 𝑣5′ = 5.31 ∗ 10−4
The charge on each droplet is to be:

𝑞1 = 10 ∗ 10−19 , 𝑞2 = 13.4 ∗ 10−19 , 𝑞3 = 11.6 ∗ 10−19 , 𝑞4 = 16.7 ∗ 10−19 ,

𝑞5 = 21.6 ∗ 10−19
The quantization will be by order
(1.67 ,1.68 , 1.67 , 1.67 , 1.66) ∗ 10−19
(c) using the equation:
|Δ𝑞|
𝑛
The charge will be

𝑒 = 1.7 ∗ 10−19 𝐶
Problem(8)

(a)The number of scattered alpha particles at an angle θ can be calculated

using the Rutherford scattering formula:
𝑑𝑁 𝑁 1 ∗ 𝑍22 ∗ 𝑒 4
=
𝑑Ω 16𝜋𝜖 2 ∗ 𝐸 2 ∗ sin4 (𝜃)
0 2
or a fixed kinetic energy, N1 is constant, so we can compare the number of
scattered alpha particles at different angles by comparing the values of
sin^4(θ/2) for each angle. Using this formula, we can calculate the number of
scattered alpha particles at 40°, 60°, 80°, and 100°, given that 100 alpha
particles per minute are detected at 20°. The calculations are as follows:
𝑑𝑁 20
(20) = 100 , sin4 ( ) = 0.03125
𝑑Ω 2
For : (40 , 60 , 80 , 100) it will be (3.2 , 9.96 , 2048 , 0.00098)
(b)
If the kinetic energy of the incident alpha particles is doubled, the Rutherford
scattering formula becomes:
𝑑𝑁 𝑁1 ∗ 𝑍22 ∗ 𝑒 4
=
𝑑Ω 16𝜋𝜖 2 ∗ 4𝐸 2 ∗ sin4 (𝜃)
0 2
The number of scattered alpha particles at 20° can be calculated using this
formula with N1 doubled. The calculation is as follows:
𝑑𝑁
= 50
𝑑Ω
(c)
dN N1 ∗ Z22 ∗ e4 ρAu 2
= ∗ ( ) = 197.4 𝛼 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒
dΩ θ ρCu
(16πε20 ∗ E 2 ∗ sin4 ( ))
2
Problem 10
The background counts per 𝑐𝑚2 is given by 72/8.50=8.47 Counts/𝑐𝑚2 .So,the corrected
Counts/Area = Counts/Area – Background Count/Area .We can then fill the table as follows:

(b) to show the relation between the count rate and the angle we construct the following table:

𝜙
The value of sin−4( 2 ) have a wide range that scans three orders of magnitude It will not be
𝜙 𝜙 𝛥
practical to plot sin−4 ( 2 ) vs Δ𝑛/𝐴 on a linear graph therefore we plot log (𝑠𝑖𝑛−4 ( 2 ))vs log (𝐴)

Instead the plot is shown below:

Problem 22

The electrons in ground state = electric potential energy for n =1

−2 ∗ 13.6
= = −27.2𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
The kinetic energy of electron :
13.6
= = 13.6𝑒𝑉
𝑛2
Problem 23
(a)
𝑟1 = (0.0529𝑛𝑚)𝑛2 = 0.529 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 1
(b)
1 1
−
𝑘𝑒 2 2 9.1 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 9 ∗ 109 2
𝑚𝑒 𝑣 = 𝑚𝑒 ( ) , 𝑚𝑒 = ( ) ∗ 1.6 ∗ 10−19
𝑚3 𝑟 5.29 ∗ 10−11

𝑀𝑒 𝑣 = 1.99 ∗ 10−24
(c)

𝐿 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑣𝑟 = 1.99 ∗ 10−24 ∗ 5.29 ∗ 10−11 = 1.05 ∗ 10−34 = ℏ

(d)
𝐾 = |𝐸| = 13.6𝑒𝑉
(e)
−2𝐾 = −27.2𝑒𝑣
(f)
𝐸 = 𝐾 + 𝑈 = −13.6𝑒𝑉
Problem 24
(a)
1 1 1 8𝑅
= 𝑅 ( 2 − 2) = , 𝜆 = 102.5 𝑛𝑚
𝜆 𝑛1 𝑛2 9
(b)
ℏ
𝑃= = 6.47 ∗ 10−27
𝜆
𝑝2 (6.47 ∗ 10−27 )2
𝑘𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 = = = 9.83 ∗ 10−8
2𝑚 102.5 ∗ 10−9
Problem 29
𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛
(a) both momentum and energy must be conserved momentum: 𝑀𝑣 = , energy
𝑐
1
:𝐸 = 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑛 + 2 𝑀𝑣 2 where is the atom’s mass, vis its recoil velocity, 𝐸𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛 is the
photon’s energy eand e is the energy difference between the n= 3 and n=1 states
comining equations
2𝐸
𝑣2 + 2𝑐𝑣 − =0
𝑀
1
2 2
4𝑐 + 8𝐸
−2𝑐 ± ( )
𝑀
𝑣=
2
2𝐸 𝐸 −2𝑐−𝐸
for ≪ 1 , 𝑣 ≈= 𝑜𝑟 𝑣 ≈ , the second of which is non physical
𝑀𝑐 2 𝑀𝑐 𝑀𝑐
𝐸
thus in general 𝑣 ≈ 𝑀𝑐 for the n=3 to n=1 transition in particular
𝑘𝑒 2 1 1 8ℎ𝑅
𝐸=( ) ( 2 − 𝑛𝑖2 ) = ℎ𝑐𝑅 (1 − ) =
2𝑎0 𝑛𝑓 9 9𝑀
(b) the percent carried off is equal to
1
(2 𝑀𝑣 2 ) 400ℎ𝑅
= ∗ 100 = = 3.23 ∗ 10−8
8 9𝑀𝑐
9 ℎ𝑐𝑅
Problem 30
Step 2
In a stationary state, the centripetal force, which is the product of the mass, radius and the
square of the angular frequency 𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝜔2 equals the total force experienced by the electron,
which according to coulomb’s law is equal to (𝑘𝑒 2 )/𝑟 2 thus we get 𝑚𝑒 𝑟𝜔2 = (𝑘𝑒 2 )/𝑟 2
Step 3

Multiplying both sides of the equation by 𝑟 3 we get 𝑚𝑒 𝑟 2 𝜔2 𝑟 = 𝑘𝑒 2 the term 𝑚𝑒 𝑟 2 𝜔 is the

orbital angular momentum L , hence 𝐿2 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑟
Step 4

We rewrite the previous equation as 𝐿 = √𝑚𝑒 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑟 substituting this back into our previous
equation from step 2, we get 𝐿2 = (𝑘𝑒 2 )2 → 𝐿3 = 𝑚𝑒 𝑘 2 𝑒 4 /𝜔

Problem 32
𝜇 = 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛
𝑀𝐻1 = 1.685 ∗ 10−27

𝜇 𝑀𝐻1 1.674 ∗ 10−27

= = = 0.99945615
𝑚𝑒 𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀𝐻1 0.009109 ∗ 10−27 + 1.674 ∗ 10−27

In transition from 𝑛𝑖 = 3 state to 𝑛𝑓 = 2 the correct value of wavelength be 𝜆 given as

1 𝜇 1 1
= 𝑅 ( 2 − 2) , 𝜆 = 6.565 ∗ 10−7 𝑚 = 656.5 𝑛𝑚
𝜆 𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑓 𝑛𝑖

Problem 33

𝑛 2 𝑎0 𝑛 2 ℏ2
𝑟𝑛 = = = 3.1 ∗ 10−15
𝑧 𝑚𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍
This means the muon grazes the nuclear surface and so experiments with muonic atoms give
information about the nuclear charge distribution
𝑘𝑒 2 𝑍 2 2 2
2ℏ2 𝑛2 𝑚𝑘 2 𝐸 4 𝑍 2
𝐸𝑛 = (( )/(𝑘𝑒 𝑍 ))/( )=
2𝑎0 𝑛2 𝑚𝑘𝑒 2 2ℏ2 𝑛2
Using 𝑚 = 207𝑚𝑒 , 𝑛 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍 = 82 yields 𝐸1 = 18.9 𝑀𝑒𝑉
Problem 34
(a)
𝑀 = 207𝑚𝑒 = 9.1 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 207 = 1.88 ∗ 10−28
𝑚𝑒 𝑀 (9.1 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 1.88 ∗ 10−28 )
𝜇= = −31 −28
= 9.056 ∗ 10−31
𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀 9.1 ∗ 10 + 1.88 ∗ 10
9.056 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 9 ∗ 109 ∗ 1.6 ∗ 10−19
𝐸1 = = −13.54𝑒𝑉
2 ∗ 9.1 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 0.0529 ∗ 10−9
The energy of the first excited state muonic atom is
−𝜇𝑘𝑒 2 1 9.056 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 9 ∗ 109 ∗ (1.6 ∗ 10−19 )2
𝐸𝑛 = ( 2) = − = −3.38𝑒𝑉
2𝑚𝑒 𝑎0 𝑛 2 ∗ 9 ∗ 10−31 ∗ 0.0529 ∗ 10−9 ∗ 22
(b)
Δ𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = 10.16𝑒𝑉 = 16.256 ∗ 10−19 𝐽
ℎ𝑐
𝜆= = 122𝑛𝑚
Δ𝐸
Problem (39)
(a)
1 1
Energy balance: 2𝑚 2
= 2 (𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀)𝑉 2 + 4.9 conservation of momentum
𝑒𝑣

Substitutuing :
𝑚𝑒 𝑣
𝑉−
𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀
1 1 𝑚𝑒2 𝑣 2
Into the first gives 2𝑚 = 2 (𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀)((𝑚 + 4.9 = 4.9000134 𝑒𝑉
𝑒 𝑣2 𝑒 +𝑚)
2

(b)
1
2 ∗ 4.9 2
𝑣=( ) = 4.38 ∗ 10−3 𝑐
𝑚𝑒
(c)
𝑚𝑒 𝑣 (3.6)2
𝑉= = 0.5 ∗ 0.511 ∗ 106 𝑒𝑉 ∗ = 3.6𝑚/𝑠
𝑚𝑒 + 𝑀 (3 ∗ 108 )2
(d)
1
𝐾𝑒 = 2
= 3.68 ∗ 10−11 𝑒𝑉
2𝑚𝑒 𝑉
Yest it is justified to assume the electron loses all its kinetic energy
Problem (43)
(a)
Suppose the atoms move in the +x direction the absorption of a photon by an atom is a
ℎ ℏ
completely inelastic collision described by 𝑚𝑣𝑖 𝑖̂ + 𝜆 (−𝑖̂) = 𝑚𝑣𝑓 𝑖̂ so 𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = − 𝑚𝜆

This happens promptly every time an atom has fallen back into the ground state, so it happens
every 10−8 𝑠 ≈ Δ𝑡 then
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 ℏ
𝑎≈ =− ≈ −106 𝑚/𝑠^2
Δ𝑡 𝑚𝜆Δ𝑡
(b)with constant average acceleration ,

106
𝑣𝑓2 = 𝑣𝑖2 + 2𝑎Δ𝑥 , Δ𝑥 ≈ ( 6 ) = 1𝑚
10

Problem 44
(a)

𝑛𝑓2
𝑍=√ =8
𝜆 ∗ 𝑅𝐻

(b)
1
𝜆 = 1/(7.02 ∗ 108 )( − 1/(4 + 𝑘)^2)
42
For different value of k=2, 3, 4, …