http://www.robots.ox.ac.

uk/~sjrob/Teaching/Vectors/sli
des4.pdf

Vector Analysis

Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim

B.Sc (Honors), M.Sc in Mathematics (CU)
DCSA (BOU), PGD in ICT (BUET), Ph.D. (IU)

Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
International Islamic University Chittagong

1 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 November 5, 2020

Contents

1. Vector analysis: Scalar and vectors, operation of vectors, vector addition and
multiplication - their applications.
2. Vector components in spherical and cylindrical systems, Dot Product, Cross
Product, Scalar Field, Vector Field
3. Derivative of vectors and problems
4. Del operator: Del operator, gradient, divergence and curl and their physical
significance.
5. Vector Integration: Line Integrals, physical significance of Vector integration and
Problems
6. Vector’s Theorem :Greens, Gauss & Stocks theorem and their applications

2 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Introduction

Physical quantities can be divided into two main groups, scalar quantities and vector
quantities
Scalar Quantities: A Physical Quantity which has magnitude only is called as a Scalar.
Example: Time, Temperature, Mass, Volume are examples of scalars.
That is, the measurement of years, months, weeks, days, hours, minutes, seconds, and
even milliseconds, A temperature of 15°C, A mass of 0.2 kg, etc.
Vectors: A Physical Quantity which has both magnitude and direction is called as Vector
Examples: velocity, displacement, acceleration, force etc.
Some Examples:
01. A speed of 10 km/h is a scalar quantity, but a velocity of 10 km/h due north is a
vector quantity.
02. A temperature of 1000c is a scalar quantity.
03. The weight of a 7 kg mass is a vector quantity. [ w  mg ]

Vector Notation: Typical notation to designate a vector AB is a boldfaced character or a

character with an arrow on it, or a character with a line under it (i.e, AB , AB , AB).

Figure: 01
 
The Magnitude of a vector: The magnitude of a vector OP or V is its length and is
 
normally denoted by V or V. Given a vector V with tail at the origin O and head

at P( x, y ) , what's its length?

Figure: 02 Figure: 03
According to Pythagoras, the length of the hypotenuse OP is the square root of x 2  y 2 .

3 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
That is, Magnitude of a vector V = its length = OP  V  x 2  y 2

The zero vectors are the vector with zero magnitude that is vector’s length is zero.

Figure # 04 Figure # 05
From figure # 04
  
OA  A x i  A y j

2 2
The length of the vector OA  A x  A y

From figure # 05
    
OA  a  a x i  a y j  a z k
 
The length of the vector OA  a  a x 2  a y 2  a z 2

Graphical Vector Addition

Figure 06 Figure 07 Figure: 08

4 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Position vector:
In geometry, a position or position vector, also known as location vector or radius vector.
The origin is (0, 0) and the position vector is basically just a straight line drawn from the
origin to some other point.

The position vector is the vector from the origin of the coordinate system O(0,0) to the
point P( x, y ) . It is shown as the vector op (Figure 09)

Figure: 09 Figure: 10
Q# 01:
Draw the curves:
  
i) G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1]
  
ii) H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1]
 t  
iii) J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
iv) Compute  xy dx , where C is the curve given by
C
 t  
J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
Answer Q # 01:
  
i) G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1]
  
G (0)  0 i  0 j,
  
G (1)  1 i  2 j,
   
 OP  G (t )  t i  2t j, t in [0,1] [Figure # 11]
  
ii) H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1]
  
H(0)  0 i  0 j,
  
H(1)  1 i  2 j,
   
 OP  H(t )  t 2 i  2t 2 j, t in [0,1] [Figure # 11]

5 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  t  
iii) J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
  
J(0)  1 i  2 j,
 2  
J ( 2)  (1  ) i  ( 2  2) j,
2
  
J( 2)  0 i  0 j,
  t  
 PO  J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2] [Figure # 12]
2
iv) Compute  xy dx , where C is the curve given by
C
 t  
J (t )  (1  ) i  ( 2  t ) j, t in [0,2]
2
t
Here, x  (1  ) and y  ( 2  t )
2
dx 1
 
dt 2
2 2 2
t dx t 1 t2 1
  xy dx   (1  )( 2  t ) dt   (1  )( 2  t )(  )dt   ( 2  t  t  )(  )dt
C 0
2 dt 0
2 2 0
2 2
2
1 t2 1 2 t3 2 1 8 2
   ( 2  2t  )dt   ( 2t  t  ) 0   (4  4  )   Answer
20 2 2 6 2 6 3

P P

O O
Figure # 11 for G (t) and H (t) Figure # 12 for J (t)

6 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Unit vectors:

A unit vector e is a vector of unit length. A unit vector is sometimes denoted by

replacing the arrow on a vector with a "^" on a boldfaced character (i.e, e ). Therefore,

e 1

Any vector can be made into a unit vector by dividing it by its length.

 u
e

u

  
 u  u e

Any vector u can be fully represented by providing its magnitude and a unit vector along
  
its direction. u  u  e [That is, Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

Vector components:
   
For example, u  u 1  u 2  u 3
  
Where, u 1  u 1 e 1 [ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

  
u2  u2 e2

  
u3  u3 e3

Figure # 14 Figure # 15

7 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
The original vector u can now be written as
   
 u  u1  u 2  u 3
      
 u  u 1 e1  u 2 e 2  u 3 e 3

     
Vectors e1 , e 2 , e 3 are unit vectors and u 1 , u 2 , u 3 are the length of the vectors

  
u 1 , u 2 , u 3 respectively.
 
As for Example: Here, e1 is a unit vector of AB
A 
B

e1 p

Figure 16
A B

e1 
p
Figure 17

AB  6 [From Figure 17]
    
 AB  P  AB e 1  6 e 1 [Any Vector = Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
 
 AB 6e 
 Unit Vector e 1  
 1  e1
6
AB

Y Y

P (2, 3) P (2, 3)
N


j

O M X O i M X
Figure # 18 Figure # 19

8 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

From figure 18
  2
OP   
 3
From figure 19
   
OM  2 i [ OM  2 i =Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
     
ON  MP  3 j [ ON  MP  3 j  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

From,  OMP,
    
OP  OM  MP  2 i  3 j
 
Here, OM  2 , MP  3

 OP  OM 2  MP 2  2 2  3 2  13
 
 OM 2i 
Unit vector of OM  
 i
2
OM
 
  ON 3j 
Unit vector of ON  MP    j
 3
ON
  
  OP 2 i 3 j 2  3 
Unit vector of OP  e  
  i j
OP 13 13 13

  2 3 4 9 13
Magnitude of Unit vector of OP  e  ( )2  ( )2    1
13 13 13 13 13

9 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 P

Figure 20
From figure 20
   
OP  2 i  4 j 6 k

 OP  2 2  4 2  6 2  4  16  36  56
   
  OP 2 i  4 j 6 k 2  4  6 
Unit vector of OP  e  
  i j k
OP 56 56 56 56


Magnitude of Unit vector of OP
 2 2 4 2 6 2 4 16 36 56
 e  ( ) ( ) ( )     1
56 56 56 56 56 56 56

10 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure 21
From figure 21
ONP,
   
OP  A  ON  NP
  
 (OX XN)  NP
  
 (OX OY )  NP
  
 (OX OY )  OZ
  
 A x i  A y j A z k
and
   2  2  2  2  2  2
2 2 2
A  OP  OP  ON  NP  OX  XN  OZ  Ax  Ay  Az
    
2 2 2
A  A x i  A y j A z k and A  A x  A y  A z

  
Q # 02: Find the unit tangent vector to the graph of r (t )  t 2 i  t 3 j at the point
where t = 2

Answer # 02
  
Given, r (t )  t 2 i  t 3 j ---------------------------------------(i)
  
 r ( 2)  4 i  8 j --------------------------------------(ii)
Here x = 4, y = 8
   
 OP  r ( 2)  4 i  8 j [See figure no 22]


The tangent vector will be drawn at (4, 8) which is T( 2)

11 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

From (i),

d r '  
 r (t )  2t i  3t 2 j --------------------------------------(iii)
dt
   
 T(t ) = r ' (t )  2t i  3t 2 j ----------------------------------(iv)
   
 T( 2) = r ' ( 2)  2  2 i  3  2 2 j
    
 Tangent vector: PQ = T( 2) = r ' ( 2)  4 i  12 j ------------(v)
 Unit tangent vector:
   
T( 2) r ' ( 2) 4 i  12 j 4  12  4  12 


 
  i j i j
T( 2) '
r ( 2) 4 2  12 2 160 160 16  10 16  10

4  12  1  3 
 i j i j
4 10 4 10 10 10
The Figure is following:

.
P (4, 8)

O (0, 0)

Figure: 22
  
When t  1, r (1)  1. i  1. j
  
When t  2, r ( 2)  4. i  8. j
  
When t  3, r ( 3)  9. i  27. j
From (iii),
  
r ' (t )  2t i  3t 2 j
    
When t  2, r ' ( 2)  2  2 i  3  2 2 j  4 i  12 j Answer

12 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Vector Components:

Figure 23
Here,

OM  Fx , MP  Fy , OP  F

[ Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]

   
OM  Fx i [ OM  Fx i =Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
   
MP  Fy j [ MP  Fy j = Length of this Vector  Unit Vector]
From,  OMP,
     
OP  F  OM  MP  Fx i  Fy j ---------------------(i)
From,  OMP,
OM
 cos 
OP
OM  OP cos 

Fx  F cos  ----------------------------------------------(ii)

From,  OMP,
MP
 sin 
OP
MP  OP sin 

Fy  F sin  ----------------------------------------------(iii)

13 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Projection: Imagine parallel rays of light shining vertically downwards on to the x-axis.
 
The quantity b cos  |; which gives the size of the ‘shadow’ of vector b on the x-axis, is

often termed the projection of b on to the x-axis

Figure: 24 Figure: 25
P


A
N

 M B

O a
Figure: 26

  
Projection of A on B is a
OM
Here,  cos 
OP

a
  cos 

A

   
 Projection of A on B is a  A cos  --------------(i)


a
  cos  ------------------------------------------------(ii)

A

14 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Again,

OP  A


ON  B

Again,
   
A . B  A B cos 

 
A.B
cos   -----------------------------------------------(iii)
 
AB

From (ii) and (iii), we can write,


a  
A.B
 
  
A AB

 
 A.B 
a  A
 
AB

 
 A.B
a  ------------------------------------------------(iv)

B

Again,
  
a  a  unit vector of B


  B
a a  -----------------------------------------------(v)

B


Putting the value of a from (iv) in (v)


  B
a a 

B

15 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
 A.B B
a  
 
B B

 
 A.B 
The projection a  2
B

B

Work done by dot products of two vectors:

If you have taken physics class, you have probably encountered the notion of work in
mechanics.

Figure: 27
If a constant force of F (in the direction of motion) is applied to move an object a distance
d in a straight line, then the work exerted is

Work  Force  dis tan ce

W  Fd

The unit for force is N (newton) and the unit for distance is m (meter). The unit of work
is joule=(newton)(meter).

Now suppose that the there is an angle theta between the direction in which the constant
force is applied and the direction of motion.

Figure: 28

16 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

In this case the work is given by:

Force Components in the direction of X-axis distance in the direction of Force

  
components = F cos   OM  F cos   d

Physical Significance of The scalar or dot product:

The man is pulling the block with a constant force a so that it moves along the horizontal
ground. The work done in moving the block through a distance b is then given by the
distance moved through multiplied by the magnitude of the component of the force in the
direction of motion

Figure 29
One important physical application of the scalar product is the calculation of work:

Figure 30
Here,
From Figure 30

From,  OMA ,
OM
 cos 
OA
OM  OA cos 

OM  a cos 
 
The force or vector components of the vector a in the direction of OB is a cos 

17 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

The scalar or dot product as
   
Work done = w = a . b  a cos   b

That is, Force Components in the direction of OB  distance (OM) in the direction (OB)
 
of Force or vector components  a cos   b

The scalar or dot product as

   
Work done = w = a . b  a cos   b
   
 a . b  a b cos 

[`ywU Vector Gi Dot Product gv‡b Zv‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU Vector hw` Force Vector nq, Aci Vector hw`
displacement Vector nq Zvn‡j Force Vector KZ©„K †mLv‡b †h KvR msNwUZ nq †mB Kv‡Ri cwigvbB
   
n‡”Q Dot Product, that is, Work done = w = a . b  a b cos  ;
 
GLv‡b Kv‡Ri cwigvb : w  a b cos  ]

Summery: From the physical interpretation of the dot product, the work done in
moving an object a distance d by a force of magnitude F in the same direction(Figure
 
28) as the force is W = F . d

When a constant force F is applied to a body acting at an angle  to the direction of

motion (Figure 28), then the work done by F is defined to be W =
     
F . d  F cos   d  F d cos 

Q # 03: A block of mass “m” moves from point A to B along a smooth plane surface
under the action of force as shown in the figure. Find the work done.

Figure 31 Figure 32

18 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

      
Answer: We have, Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  F d cos 

 
Here, F  10N , d  AB  10 meter and    60 0

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  cos(600 )  10

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  cos 600  10 [ cos(  )  cos ]

    1
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10   10
2
   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  10  5

   
Work done = w = F . d  F cos   d  50 Joule

Laws of vector operation:

Figure: 33

19 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

We have, from figure 30

   
a . b  a b cos 
   
 i . j  i j cos 
   
 i . j  i j cos 90  1.1.0  0

Similarly,
   
 k . i  k i cos 90  1.1.0  0

Now,
   
 i . i  i i cos 0  1.1.1  1 [ The length or magnitude of unit vector is 1]

Similarly
   
 j . j  j j cos 0  1.1.1  1

   
 k . k  k k cos 0  1.1.1  1

         
Q # 04: If A  A x i  A y j A z k and B  B x i  B y j B z k , Find A . B
Answer 04:
       
A . B = ( A x i  A y j A z k ) .(B x i  B y j B z k )
= ( A x Bx  A y By  A z Bz )
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
Answer

20 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Direction cosines:

Figure # 34
Direction cosines are defined as

l  cos 
m  cos 
n  cos 

Figure # 35 Figure # 36

Where the angles ,  and  are the angles shown in the figure. As shown in the figure,
the direction cosines represent the cosines of the angles made between the vector and the
three coordinate directions.
The direction cosines can be calculated from the components of the vector and its
magnitude through the relations
A Ay A
l  cos   x , m  cos   , n  cos   z [from figure 36]
A A A

21 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

The three direction cosines are not independent and must satisfy the relation
l 2  m 2  n 2  1 -----------------------------(i)
This results form the fact that
l2  m2  n2  1
 cos 2   cos 2   cos 2   1
2 22
 Ax   Ay   Az 
     
  1
 A   A   A 
A 2x A 2y A2z
    1 -----------------(ii)
A2 A2 A2

Since from figure 36

   
A  A x i  A y j A z k

 A  A2x  A2 y  A 2z

A unit vector can be constructed along a vector using the direction cosines as its

components along the x, y, and z directions. For example, the unit-vector e along the
   
  A A x i  A y j A z k
vector A is obtained from e  
 
A A

   
 A Ax i Ay j Az k
e   
   
A A A A


 A Ax  Ay  Az 
e  i j k
   
A A A A


 A   
e  cos  i  cos  j  cos  k -----------(iii)

A


 A   
e  l i  m j  n k -------------------------(iv)

A

22 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
Therefore, A  A  e

  
 A  A e

    
 A  A  (l i  m j  n k ) [From (iv)]

    
 A  A  (cos  i  cos  j  cos  k ) [From (iii)]

Q # 05: How do you find the angle between a vector and the x-axis, y-axis, z-axis?

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the x -axis, then
Ax Ax Ax
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the y -axis, then
Ay Ay Ay
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

    
If a vector OP  A  A x i  A y j A z k makes an angle  with the z -axis, then
Az Az Az
cos   
 

2 2 2
OP A Ax  A y  Az

   
As for an example OP  2 i  4 j 6 k makes an angle  ,  and  with the x -axis, y-axis
and z-axis respectively, then
2 2 2 2
cos      ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

4 4 4 4
cos   
  ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

6 6 6 6
cos   
  ;   cos 1 ( )
OP 4  16  36 56 56

23 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Parallel Vectors:
 
When A and B are parallel to each other, their Dot Product is identical to the ordinary
 
multiplication of their sizes, that is A . B  AB since   0 0 and cos 0 0  1 .

Perpendicular Vectors:
 
When A and B are perpendicular to each other, their Dot Product is always Zero that is
 
A . B  0 , since   90 0 and cos 90 0  0

       
Q# 06: Determine whether A  3 i  5 j  2 k and B  2 i  2 j  2 k are perpendicular
Answer:
       
Given, A  3 i  5 j  2 k and B  2 i  2 j  2 k
       
 A . B  ( 3 i  5 j 2 k ). ( 2 i  2 j 2 k )
 
 A . B  3  2  5  ( 2 )  (  2)  (  2)
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
 
 A . B  6  10  4
 
 A.B  0
   
Since A . B  0 Then A and B are perpendicular to each other
       
Q# 07: Find the angle between A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k
Answer: We have,
   
A . B  A B cos 
 
A .B
cos    
AB
       
Given, A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k
       
 A . B  ( 2 i  3 j k ). (4 i  j 3 k )
 
 A . B  2  4  ( 3 )  1  1  (  3)
                 
[ i . i  1, j . j  1 , k . k  1 , i . j  0 , i . k  0 , j . i  0 , j . k  0 , k . i  0 , k . j  0 ]
 
 A.B  8  3  3
 
 A.B  8  6
 
 A.B  2

24 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

        
Again, Given, A  2 i  3 j  k and B  4 i  j  3 k

 A  2 2  ( 3) 2  1 2  4  9  1  14

and  B  4 2  (1) 2  ( 3) 2  16  1  9  26
 
A .B
cos    
AB

2
cos  
14  26
 2 
  cos 1   Answer
 14  26 
       
Q# 08: A particle acted on by constant forces F1  4 i  j 3 k and F2  3 i  j k (both
measured in Newton), is displaced from the point (1, 2, 3) to the point (5, 4, 1) (measured
in meters). Find the total work done by the forces.

Answer: Figure 30 shows the displacement of the particle and the forces acting on it.
Although the forces are shown acting at the initial point A, they are assumed to act on the
particle throughout the displacement from A to B. The resultant force is:
           
F  F1  F2  4 i  j 3 k  3 i  j k  7 i  2 j 4 k -------------------------(i)

A (1, 2, 3)

F1
O (0, 0, 0)
Y
F2

B (5, 4, 1)
X

Figure 37
 
The displacement is the vector d  AB, but ,

25 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

From OAB,
  
OA  AB  OB
        
AB  OB  OA  (5 i  4 j k )  ( i  2 j 3 k )
    
d  AB  4 i  2 j 2 k -------------------------------------(ii)
The work done, W, is given by
       
F . d  ( 7 i  2 j 4 k ). (4 i  2 j 2 k )  7  4  2  2  ( 4)  ( 2)  28  4  8  40 Joule
Answer
Q# 09: A rope is attached to a 100-lb block (mass) on a ramp that is inclined at an angle of 300
with the ground (Figure no 38). How much force does the block exert against the ramp and how
much force must be applied to the rope in a direction parallel to the ramp (slope) to prevent the
block from sliding down the ramp? (Assume that the ramp is smooth, that is, exerts no frictional
(Nl©Y ej) forces)
Solution:

Figure 38 Figure 39

Figure 40

26 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  
Let F denote the downward force of gravity on the block. So F  100 1b and let
  
F 1 and F 2 be the vector components of F parallel and perpendicular to the ramp (Figure
no 39).
From,  OMP,
OM
 cos 
OP
OM  OP cos 
 
F 1  F cos  ----------------------------------------------(i)

From,  OMP,
MP
 sin 
OP
MP  OP sin 
 
F 2  F sin  ----------------------------------------------(ii)

From (i),
 
F 1  F cos 

  1
F 1  F cos 600  100   50 1b
2
and from (ii),
 
F 2  F sin 

  3
F 2  F sin 600  100   50 3 1b
2

Thus the block exerts a force of approximately 50 3 -1b against the ramp, and it requires
a force of 50-1b to prevent the block from sliding down the ramp.

27 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Q# 10: A wagon is pulled horizontally by exerting a constant force of 10 1b on the
handle at an angle of 600 with the horizontal. How much work is done in moving the
wagon 50 ft?

Figure 41

Answer: Introduce an xy-co-ordinate system so that the wagon moves from P(0,0) to
 
Q(50,0) along the x-axis (Figure no 40). In the co-ordinate system PQ  50 i


F

30
60

P (0,0) Q (50,0) x

Figure 42
  
and F  (10 cos 600 ) i  (10 sin 600 ) j

28 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 1  3 
F  (10  ) i  (10  )j
2 2
  
F  5 i 5 3 j

So, the work done is:

    
W  F . PQ = (5 i  5  3 j ). (50 i )
     
W  F . PQ = (5 i  5  3 j ). (50 i  0 j )
 
W  F . PQ = 250 1b Answer

Or
  1
Component of Force F in the direction of X axis is, F cos 60 0  (10  )  5
2
Work done = force ×displacement = 5×50=250

The cross product:

   
The cross product of vectors a and b is a vector perpendicular to both a and b and has
 
a magnitude equal to the area of the parallelogram generated from a and b . The direction
of the cross product is given by the right-hand rule. The cross product is denoted by a
"" between the vectors

Figure # 43 Figure # 44

29 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
Figure # 45: The direction of c is that in which a right handed screw
 
advances when turned from a to b
Area of Parallelogram OABC = baseheight
Area of Parallelogram = OA  h [from figure 41]

Area of Parallelogram = a  h --------------------------------(i)

We have, From OCM,

CM
 sin  [Figure 43]
OC
h
 sin 
OC
h
 sin  [Figure 43]

b


 h  b sin 

From (i),
   
Area of Parallelogram = a h  a b sin  [ h  b sin  ]

We have,
Any Vector  Length of this Vector  Unit Vector
  
 OP  the Length of this Vector OP  Unit Vector of OP

30 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

      
 OP  a b  a b sin   -----------------------------------(ii)
    
Here, a b sin  is the magnitude (length) of the vector OP or a  b and
   
 is the unit vector of OP or a  b
 
where θ is the measure of the angle between a and b (0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°) on the plane
  
defined by the span of the vectors, and  is a unit vector perpendicular to both a and b .
Order is important in the cross product. If the order of operations changes in a cross
   
product the direction of the resulting vector is reversed. That is, a  b   b  a
  
[`ywU Vector a and b Gi Cross Product Ki‡j GKwU bZzb Vector m„wó n‡e | cÖ`Ë Vector ( a and

b ) `ywU †h mgZ‡j Aew¯’Z bZzb Vector wU H mgZ‡ji Dci j¤^ n‡e Ges bZzb Vector Gi length n‡e
      
cÖ`Ë Vector ( a and b ) KZ…©K AswKZ mvgš—wi‡Ki †¶Îd‡ji mgvb| that is, a b  a b sin  

  
GLv‡b bZzb Vector wUi unit vector n‡”Q  Ges a b sin  n‡”Q bZzb Vector Gi length]

Laws of vector operation:

Figure # 46
We have,
    
a b  a b sin  

From Figure 44,

         
i  j  i j sin    i j sin 900   1  1  1    

31 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

    
i  j  k [say   k ] ----------------------(i)
Similarly,
           
j k  j k sin  i  j k sin 900 i  1  1  1  i  i [here   i ] -------------(ii)

           
k i  k i sin  j  k i sin 90 0 j  1  1  1  j  j [here   j ] -----------(iii)

Again,
            
j i  j i sin(  )    j i sin     j i sin 900   1  1  1     

[ sin(  )   sin ]
    
j i   k [say   k ] ---------------------(iv)

Similarly,
            
i  k  i k sin(  )    i k sin     i k sin 90 0   1  1  1     

[ sin(  )   sin ]
    
i  k   j [say   j ] ----------------------(v)
            
k j  k j sin(  )    k j sin     k j sin 90 0   1  1  1     

[ sin(  )   sin ]
    
k j   i [say   i ] ---------------------(vi)

Again,
        
i  i  i i sin    i i sin 0 0   1  1  0    0 --------------------------(vii)

        
j j  j j sin    j j sin 0 0   1  1  0    0 -------------------------(viii)

        
k k  k k sin    k k sin 00   1  1  0    0 -----------------------(ix)

        
Scalar triple product: A .(B C) or B .(C A ) or C .( A B ) are known as a scalar triple
product. It is symbolically denoted by ABC or BCA  or CAB
   
We know, ( A B )   (B A )
     
Hence, A .(B C)   A .(C B )

32 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

That is, ABC  ACB
         
Q # 11: If A  A x i  A y j A z k and B  B x i  B y j B z k , Find A  B
Answer: :
       
A  B  ( A x i  A y j A z k )  ( B x i  B y j B z k )
           
 A x B x ( i  i )  A x B y ( i  j)  A xB z ( i  k )  A y B x ( j i )  A y B y ( j j)  A y B z ( j k )
     
 A z B x (k  i )  A z B y (k  j )  A z B z ( k  k )
   
 A x B x  0  A x B y (k )  A x B z (  j)  A y B x (  k )  A y B y  0  A y B z ( i )
 
 A z B x ( j)  A z B y (  i )  A z B z  0
     
 A x B y k  A x B z j  A y B x k  A y B z i  A z B x j A z B y i
     
 A x B y k  A x B z j  A y B x k  A y B z i  A z B x j A z B y i
     
 A y Bz i  A z B y i  A x B z j  A z B x j + A xB y k  A y B x k
    
A  B  i ( A y B z  A z B y )  j( A xB z  A z B x ) + k ( A x B y  A y B x ) -----------------------(i)
  
i j k
 
A  B  Ax Ay A z -----------------------------------------------------------------------(ii)
Bx By Bz
      
Q # 12: Find a unit vector perpendicular to the vectors a  3 i  j and b   i  2 j 2 k
   
Answer: A vector perpendicular to a and b is a  b
  
i j k
       
a b = 3 1 0  i ( 2  0)  j(6  0)  k (6  1)  2 i  6 j 7 k
1 2 2
 
A unit vector, perpendicular to a and b , in this direction is obtained by simply dividing
 
a b by its magnitude. Thus
     
 2 i  6 j 7 k
2 i  6 j 7 k
e  is the required vector.
2 2 2
2  (6)  7 89

Magnitude of Unit vector of e
 2 2 6 2 7 2 4 36 49 89
e ( ) ( ) ( )     1
89 89 89 89 89 89 89

33 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Home Task:
Find a unit vector parallel to the resultant of vectors, and

 AB
e
AB

           
Q#13: Show that A  i  2 j 3 k , B  2 i  j 2 k and C  3 i  j k are coplanar.

Answer:
AC

B
A
Figure # 47

If A is a third vector perpendicular to (BC), then A, B and C are coplanar and A. (BC)
=0

Therefore, three vectors A, B, C are coplanar if A. (BC) = 0

  
i j k
     
BC = 2  1 2 =  i (1  2)  j( 2  6)  k ( 2  3)   i  8 j 5 k
3 1 1
     
A. (BC) = ( i  2 j 3 k ). (  i  8 j 5 k ) = -1+16-15=0
Therefore A, B, C are coplanar.

Q# 14: Figure no 46 shows a force F of 100 N applied in the positive z-direction at the
point Q(1,1,1) of a cube whose sides have a length of 1 m. assuming that the cube is free
to rotate about the point P(0,0,0) (the origin), find the scalar moment of the force about
P and describe the direction of rotation.

34 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure 48

   
Answer: The force vector F  0. i  0. j 100 k and the vector from P to Q is
    
PQ  i  j  k , so the vector moment of F about P is
  
i j k
    
PQ F  1 1 1  i (100  0)  j(100  0)  k (0  0)
0 0 100
 
 100 i  100 j

Thus the scalar moment of F about P is
 
PQ F  (100) 2  ( 100) 2  10000  10000  20000  2  (100) 2  100 2 N.m
 
and the direction of rotation is counterclockwise looking along the vector 100 i  100 j
 
 100( i  j ) towards its initial point (Figure no 46)

        
Q-15: If a . b  3 and a  b  i  2 j 2 k , find the angle between a and b

   
Answer: We have, a . b  a b cos 
 
Given, a . b  3
 
 a b cos   3 ------------------------------------(i)

35 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

     
Again, we have, a  b  a b sin  
    
Given, a  b  i  2 j 2 k
     
a b sin    i  2 j 2 k
     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k --------------------------------------(ii)

   
 a b a b
Again, we can write,    
  
--------------------------------------(iii)
a b sin  a b
    
Given, a  b  i  2 j 2 k
 
 a  b  12  2 2  2 2  9  3

From (iii),
 
 a b
  
a b
  
 i  2 j 2 k

3

Putting the value of  in (ii), we get,
     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k
  
i  2 j 2 k     
 a b sin   i  2 j 2 k
3
1 
 a b sin   1
3
 
a b sin   3 ----------------------------------(iv)

(iv)  (i)

 
a b sin 
3
 

a b cos  3

36 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 sin 
 3
cos 
tan   3
tan   tan 60 0
   60 0 Answer

       
Q-16: Find all vectors v such that ( i  2 j k )  v  3 i  j 5 k
Answer:
Given,
      
( i  2 j k )  v  3 i  j 5 k              (i)
   
Let v  x i  y j z k
  
i j k
         
( i  2 j  k )  v  ( i  2 j k )  x i  y j  z k  1 2 1
x y z
      
 ( i  2 j k )  v  i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x ) ----------------------(ii)

Given,
      
( i  2 j  k )  v  3 i  j 5 k
From (ii), We can write,
         
 ( i  2 j k )  v  i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x )  3 i  j 5 k
     
 i (2z  y)  j(z  x )  k ( y  2 x )  3 i  j 5 k
  
Equating the coefficient of i , j , and k on both sides
2z  y  3
 (z  x )  1
y  2x  5

That is,
2z  y  3
 x z 1
y  2x  5

x  z 1
 y  2x  5
2z  y  3

37 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 x  0.y  z  1
  2x  y  0.z  5 ---------------------------------------(iii)
0.x  y  2z  3

We have,
L i  a i1L 1  a 11L i
Here, a11  1, a12  0, a 13  1, a 21  2, a 22  1, a 23  0, a 31  0, a 32  1, a 33  2
1st time:
i  2, L 2   a 21 L1  a 11L 2
  (2)(x  0.y  z  1)  1(  2x  y  0.z  5)
 2 x  2z  2  2 x  y  5
 y  2z  3
i  3, L 3   a 31L1  a 11L 3
  0(x  0.y  z  1)  1(0.x  y  2z  3)
  y  2z  3
Thus we obtain the following new system
x  0.y  z  1
y  2z  3
 y  2z  3
nd
2 time:
x  0.y  z  1 a11 a12
 
y  2z  3            L1 1 y  2 z  3
 y  2z  3            L 2 a 21 a 22
 

We have,
 1 y 2 z  3
L i  a i1L 1  a 11L i
Here, a 11  1, a 12  2, a 21  1, a 22  2

i  2, L 2   a 21 L1  a 11L 2
  (1)(y  2z  3)  1(  y  2z  3)
 y  2z  3  y  2z  3
0

Thus we obtain the following new system

x  0.y  z  1
y  2 z  3
00

38 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Thus we obtain the following new system
x  0.y  z  1
y  2 z  3
In echelon form, there are only two equations in three unknowns, then the system has a
non-zero solution and in particular (3-2)=1 free variable, which is z. We obtain more than

one solution of the system; hence we will get infinite number of vectors v

Scalar Fields:
A scalar field is a map over some space of scalar values. That is, it is a map of values
with no direction.

.31 . . .

. .29 .

.29.9 . . . .

. . . 26

Examples:

1. A simple example of a scalar field is a map of the temperature distribution in

a room. The function that gives the temperature of any point in the room you
are sitting is a scalar field
 Some parts of it, maybe near the door or windows, will probably be
cooler, while other parts, maybe near a heater, will be warmer. And in
between these regions of course, there must be a continuous smooth
change in temperature.
 This quantity "temperature", let's call it T, therefore, has various different
values throughout that three-dimensional space that you're sitting in. Let's
describe the position by the three Cartesian coordinates x, y and z.
 So at any given position ( x, y , z ) the temperature T has a particular value,
and if we change that position then T will probably change too. In other

39 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 words T is a function of x, y and z and we can write T( x, y , z ) . For
example: T( x, y , z ) can be used to represent the temperature at the point
( x, y , z )
 This means that T is a scalar field.

As for example: T( x, y , z )  x 2  yz
T( 2,5,6)  2 2  5  6  34 0
T(4,2,8)  4 2  2  8  32 0
T(5,4,2)  5 2  4  2  33 0
............................................
............................................
 The temperature at that position just has a value, 34 0 degrees say, there is
only one piece of information. There is no direction associated with that
temperature.
2. To indicate the temperature distribution throughout space, or the air pressure
3. The temperature of a swimming pool is a scalar field: to each point we associate a
scalar value of temperature.
4. In this course the most important example is the electromagnetic potential field.
5. A scalar valued function is a function that takes one or more values, but returns a
single value. f ( x, y , z )  x 2  2yz 5 is an example of a scalar valued function.

Zwor Pz¤^K‡¶Î wefe (Electromagnetic Potential Field):‡Kvb GKK abPvR©‡K Amxg †_‡K Zwor †¶‡Îi
†Kvb we›`y‡Z Avb‡Z †h cwigvb KvR Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K H †¶‡Îi H we›`yi Zwor ‡¶Î wefe e‡j| KvR †¯‹jvi
ivwk|
Zwor Pz¤^K‡¶Î (Electromagnetic Field):‡Kvb GKK abPvR©‡K Zwor †¶‡Îi †Kvb we›`y‡Z ¯’vcb Ki‡j †m
†h ej Ab~fe K‡i Zv‡K Zwor Pz¤^K‡¶Î e‡j| ‡hgb GKwU abPv‡R©i Kv‡Q Avi GKwU ab PvR© ivL‡j †m weKl©b
ej Abyfe Ki‡e| ZLb Zvi wW‡iKkb n‡e ewn:gywL| GKwU FYPv‡R©i Kv‡Q Avi GKwU ab PvR© ivL‡j †m AvKl©b
ej Abyfe Ki‡e| ZLb Zvi wW‡iKkb n‡e AšÍ:gywL|
Newton’s Gravitational Field: GKK f‡ii †Kvb e¯‘‡K c„w_ex †h e‡j AvKl©b K‡i |
mgy‡`ªi c„‡ô, cvnv‡oi cv`‡`‡k, cvnv‡oi Dc‡i wewfbœ RvqMvq evZv‡mi Pvc wewfbœ|
Vector space: Basically, a vector space is the set of all vectors that can be created by
Linear combinations of a given set of vectors. If you take a vector and multiply it by any
real number, and take another vector and multiply it by any real number, and then add
them together, this new vector is a linear combination of the first two. So a vector space
is all the possible linear combinations of the set of basis vectors. The basis vectors are
said to "span" the vector space. You can find different sets of basis vectors that span the
same vector space.
Vector fields:
A vector field can be considered a map of vectors over some space. . For example if one
were to show wind vectors on a weather map; that would be a vector field. The electric
field surrounding a charge is a vector field. A vector field in the plane, for instance, can

40 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

be visualized as a collection of arrows with a given magnitude and direction each
attached to a point in the plane
Examples:

Figure # 49

1. Now imagine the air moving around in that room you're in. In some parts it will
be moving quickly, above the heater maybe, or near an open window, or near
your nose, while in other parts it will be moving slowly.
 The quantity describing that air movement is "velocity", let's call it v. That
quantity v also has a different value at different positions, so we can write
v( x, y , z ) and this quantity too is a field.
 At any position ( x, y , z ) the air at that point is moving in a particular
direction, with a particular speed.
2. The water flow in the same pool is a vector field
3. The speed and direction of a moving fluid throughout space, or the strength and
direction of some force, such as the magnetic or gravitational force, as it changes
from point to point.
4. Examples are movement of a fluid, or the force generated by a magnetic of
gravitational field, or atmospheric models, where both the strength (speed) and
the direction of winds are recorded.
5. Wind vectors on a weather map; that would be a vector field. The electric field
surrounding a charge is a vector field
6. Examples of vector fields include the electromagnetic field and the Newtonian
gravitational field.
7. Three vector fields are shown below. Which represents the electric field
eminating from a positive point charge in the middle? (Note that vectors of
similar magnitude are colored similarly in these plots)

‡Kvb iæ‡g cÖwZwU Qv‡Îi bvK hw` w_ª WvB‡gbkbvj A‡¶i mv‡c‡¶ GK GKwU ¯’vbvsK ( x, y , z ) nq Zvn‡j
Qv·`i k¦vm cÖk¦v‡mi MwZ GK GKwU †f±i n‡e| GB me¸wj †f±i wb‡qB GKwU †f±i wdì n‡e|

41 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
AZGe Zv hw` g¨_g¨wUK¨vwj cÖKvk Kwi Zvn‡j wjLe: v ( x, y , z )
   
Let v( x, y , z )  x 2 y i  yz j k
Visualize Scalar Field on a Surface: Surface is colored using the value of a scalar
function defined on each vertex.

Figure # 50
Visualize Vector Field on a Surface:
1. Imagine what happens when you throw a stone into the water
2. Imagine what happens when you throw a stone to the honeycomb

Differentiation of Vectors:

In many practical problems, we often deal with vectors that change with time, e.g.

Velocity, acceleration, etc.

P( x, y , z ) C Q( x   x , y   y , z   z )
A 
 r
r  
r  r B

O(0,0,0) X

Figure # 51
Z

42 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
We consider a position vector OP  r , which is drawn from O to P then OP moves
   
from P to Q . Then  r is small increment from P to Q .So, OQ  r   r is a new

vector drawn from O to Q. Assume that r is a vector function of x, y , z and depends on
a scalar variable t.

From figure,
    
OP  r ( x, y , z )  x i  y j  z k -------------------------------(i)
   
  r  x i  y j z k --------------------------------------(ii)
   
OQ  ( x  x) i  ( y  y ) j  ( z  z ) k
      
OQ  ( x i  y j  z k )  ( x i  y j  z k )
  
OQ  r   r ----------------------------------------------------(iii)

From
 OPQ ,
  
OP  PQ  OQ
   
r r  r r
   
 r  r   r  r -----------------------------------------------(iv)


t mg‡q †f±‡ii Ae¯’v‡bi cwieZ©b  r

r
 GKK ...................................
t


r 
Then is the average rate of change of r with respect to time t.
t
   
 r (r  r) r
i.e.  ------------------------------(v)
t t
When Q  P then PQ will be tangent
 
So, then t  0 , then  r  d r

[Note: d r is a tangent vector to any point to the curve]
   
r (r  r) r
Lim  Lim
t  0  t t  0 t

43 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

     
 dr r (r  r) r
v  Lim  Lim -----------------(vi)
dt t 0 t t  0 t

dr 
represents the velocity v
dt

This is the derivative of r with respect to the scalar variable t.
Again,
   
 dv v v ( t  t )  v ( t )
a  Lim  Lim
dt t  0  t t  0 t
   
 dv d dr d2 r  dr
a  ( ) -------------------------------------(vii) [ v  ]
dt dt dt dt 2 dt
 
d v d2 r 
 2
represents the acceleration a along the curve.
dt dt
Again,
    
OP  r ( x, y , z )  x i  y j z k

d r dx  dy  dz 
v   i j k --------------------------------(viii)
dt dt dt dt

Remark: If r (t ) is the position function of a particle moving along a curve in 2-space (2-
dimensional space) or 3-space, then the instantaneous velocity , instantaneous
acceleration and instantaneous speed of the particle at time t are defined by


dr
Velocity: v (t ) 
dt
  
dv d dr
 d2 r
Acceleration: a   ( )
dt dt dt dt 2
 ds
Speed: v (t ) 
dt
Theorem:

If C is the graph in 2-space or 3-space of a smooth vector-valued function r (t ) , then its
arc length L from t  a to t  b is

b
dr
L  dt
dt
b

Displacement Vector and Distance Traveled:

If a particle travels along a curve C in 2-space or 3-space, the displacement of the particle

over the time interval t 1  t  t 2 is commonly denoted by  r and is defined by

44 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
 r  r (t 2 )  r (t 1 ) --------------------------(i)

The displacement vector, which describes the change in position of the particle during the
time interval, can be obtained by integrating the velocity function from t 1 to t 2 .

Figure 52

t2  t2 t
 dr   2  
r   v (t ) dt   dt  r (t )  r (t 2 )  r (t 1 ) --------------(ii)
dt 
t1 t1 t1

The distance travelled by the particle over the time interval t 1  t  t 2 is:
t2 t2 
dr
s  dt
dt   v (t ) dt -------------------------(iii)
t1 t1

Q#17: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x  e  t , y  2 cos 3t , z  2 sin 3t , Where t is the time.
(a) Determine its velocity and acceleration at any time
(b) Find the magnitudes of the velocity and acceleration at t = 0.
    
Answer: The position vector r of the particle is r  x i  y j z k
   
 r  e  t i  2 cos 3t j 2 sin 3t k

 dr d  d  d 
Then the velocity is V  (e  t ) i  ( 2 cos 3t ) j ( 2 sin 3t ) k
dt dt dt dt

dr   
d mx
 e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k [ (e )  me mx ]
dt dx
 
dV 
d dr d   
and the acceleration is: a   ( )  ( e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k )
dt dt dt dt

45 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

  
 d V d2 r t
  
a   e i  18 cos 3t j  18 sin 3t k
dt dt 2
b) At t = 0,

 dr   
Then the velocity is V=   e  t i  6 sin 3t j 6 cos 3t k
dt

 dr   
V=   e  0 i  6 sin 3  0 j  6 cos 3  0 k [t = 0 ]
dt

 dr  
V=   e  0 i  6 sin 0  6 cos 0 k
dt

 dr   1
V=   i 6k [e  0   1; sin 0  0; cos 0  1]
dt e0
and the acceleration is:
 
 d V d2 r t
  
a   e i  18 cos 3 t j  18 sin 3t k
dt dt 2
 
 d V d2 r 0
  
a   e i  18 cos 3  0 j  18 sin 3  0 k [t = 0 ]
dt dt 2
 
 d V d2 r   1
a  2
 i  18 j [e  0   1; sin 0  0; cos 0  1]
dt dt e0

The Magnitude of the velocity is V  ( 1) 2  (6) 2  37

The Magnitude of the acceleration is a : (1) 2  ( 18) 2  325 Answer

Q#18: A particle moves along a curve whose parametric equations are

x  2t 2 , y  t 2  4t , z  3t  5, where t is time. Find the component of the velocity at
   
time t = 1 in the direction a  i  3 j  2 k

Answer:
    
The position vector r of the particle is r  x i  y j z k
   
 r  2t 2 i  ( t 2  4t ) j  ( 3t  5) k

 dr d   
Then the velocity is V  [ 2t 2 i  ( t 2  4t ) j  ( 3t  5) k ]
dt dt

 dr d  d  d 
V  [2t 2 i ]  [( t 2  4t ) j ]  [( 3t  5) k ]
dt dt dt dt

46 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
 dr   
V  4t i  ( 2t  4) j  3 k --------------------------(i)
dt
The Velocity at t = 1;

 dr   
V  4t i  ( 2 t  4) j  3 k
dt

 dr   
V  4.1 i  ( 2.1  4) j  3 k
dt

 dr   
V  4 i  2 j 3 k ---------------------------(ii)
dt
         
  a i  3 j 2 k i  3 j 2 k i  3 j 2 k
The unit vector of a is e  
  
a 1 2  ( 3) 2  2 2 1 9 4 14

  
i 3j 2k
   -----------------------------------(iii)
14 14 14
      
The component of the velocity in the given direction a  i  3 j  2 k is V . e , where e is
a unit vector in the direction of a.
  
     i 3j 2k
V . e  (4 i  2 j  3 k ) .(   )
14 14 14
  4 6 6
V .e  (   )
14 14 14
  16
V .e  Answer
14

  
Q#19: A particle moves so that its position vector is given by r  cos t i  sin t j ,

where  is a constant. Show that (a) the velocity V of the particle is perpendicular
 
to r , (b) The acceleration a is directed toward the origin and has magnitude
 
proportional to the distance from the origin (c) r  V = a constant vector
  
Answer: Given, r  cos t i  sin t j

dr
 d  d 
a) Then the velocity is V   (cos t ) i  (sin t ) j
dt dt dt

 dr  
V    sin t i   cos t j
dt

47 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Z

P

r

Y
O

X
Figure # 53

     
Then r . V  (cos t i  sin t j ). (   sin t i   cos t j)
 
Then r . V  (cos t )(   sin t )  (sin t )( cos t )
 
Then r . V    sin t cos t   sin t cos t
 
Then r . V  0
 
Hence r and V are perpendicular.

dV d  
b) The acceleration is: a   (   sin t i   cos t j)
dt dt

 dV  
The acceleration is: a    2 cos t i   2 sin t j
dt

 dV   
The acceleration is: a    2 (cos t i  sin t j)    2 r
dt
 
a    2 r ------------------------------------------(i)
 
a r
 
a  r -----------------------------------------------(ii)

From equation (1), the acceleration is opposite to the direction of r . i.e. it is directed

toward the origin, Its magnitude is proportional to r which is the distance from the

origin.

48 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

      
c) Here r  cos t i  sin t j and V    sin t i   cos t j
  
i j k
 
rV = cos t sin t 0
  sin t  cos t 0

  
 i (sin t  0  0   cos t )  j(cos t  0  (   sin t )  0  k (cos t   cos t
 (   sin t )  sin t )
  
 i  0  j 0  k ( cos 2 t   sin 2 t )

 k (cos 2 t  sin 2 t )

 k .1 [ cos 2 t  sin 2 t  1]

 k
Q#20: A particle moves along a circular path in such a way that its x- and y-coordinates
at time t are x  2 cos t , y  2 sin t
a) Find the instantaneous velocity and speed of the particle at time t.
b) Sketch the path of the particle and show the position and velocity vectors at time

t with the velocity vector drawn so that its initial point is at the tip of the
4
position vector
c) Show that at each instant the acceleration vector is perpendicular to the velocity
vector

Answer:
a)
Let the position vector at any time t is:
   
OP = r (t )  x i  y j
At time t, the position vector is:
   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j [Given, x  2 cos t , y  2 sin t ] --------------------(i)

49 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

So the instantaneous velocity is:

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j ----------------------------------(ii)
dt
So the instantaneous speed is:

V(t )  ( 2 sin t ) 2  ( 2 cos t ) 2  4 sin 2 t  4 cos 2 t  2

Answer (b):

Y
N

P (2cost, 2sint)

r
X
O M

Figure #: 54

   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j
Here, OM  x  2 cos t and PM  y  2 sin t

POM  t
PM
 sin t
OP
2 sin t
 sin t [Given PM  y  2 sin t ]
OP
OP sin t  2 sin t
OP  2 ---------------------------------(iii)

Similarly,
OM
 cos t
OP
2 cos t
 cos t
OP
OP cos t  2 cos t
OP  2 ----------------------------------(iv)
Hence the radius of the circle is OP = 2.

50 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
At time t  , the position and velocity vector of the particles are:
4
   
OP = r (t )  2 cos t i  2 sin t j [From (i)]
   
r ( )  2 cos i  2 sin j
4 4 4
  1  1 
r( )  2 i 2 j
4 2 2
     
OP  r ( )  2 i  2 j When t  .
4 4
From (ii),

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j
dt
   
V( )  2 sin i  2 cos j
4 4 4
   1  1     
PN  V( )  2 i 2 j = V( )   2 i  2 j
4 2 2 4

Answer (c):
We have,

 dr  
V(t )   2 sin t i  2 cos t j [From (ii)]
dt
At time t, the acceleration vector is:

 dv  
 a (t )   2 cos t i  2 sin t j --------------------------(v)
dt
Test: From (ii) & (v),
     
V(t ). a (t )  ( 2 sin t i  2 cos t j). ( 2 cos t i  2 sin t j )  4 sin t cos t  4 sin t cos t  0
Since the dot product of Velocity Vector (ii) and acceleration Vector (v) is Zero, Hence
acceleration vector is perpendicular to the velocity vector.

(Proved)
Q# 21: A particle moves through 3-space in such a way that its velocity
   
is v (t )  i  t j  t 2 k . Find the co-ordinates of the particle at time t  1 given that the
particle is at the point (1,2,4) at time t  0

51 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Answer: We have,

P (1,2,4) Q at t  1


r

O(0,0,0) X

Z
Figure 55

 dr 
v (t )  Where r is a position vector.
dt
   
Given, v (t )  i  t j  t 2 k

 d r (t )   2 
 v (t )   i  t j t k
dt

d r (t )   2 
 i  t j t k
dt
   
d r (t )  ( i  t j  t 2 k )dt ----------------------------(i)
Integrate (i) both sides, we get,
   
2
 d r (t )   ( i  t j t k )dt
   
2
 d r (t )   i dt   t j dt   t k dt
 t2  t3 

r (t )  t i j k  C ------------------------(ii)
2 3
Where C is a vector constant of integration. Since the coordinates of the particle at time
t  0 are (1,2,4) , the position vector at time t  0 is
We have the position vector
   
r (t )  x i  y j + z k
   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k [at time t  0 , the position vector is at (1,2,4) ]

52 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k ------------------------(iii)
Again, putting t  0 in (ii), we get,
  t2  t3 
r (t )  t i  j + k C
2 3
2 
  0 03 
r (0)  0. i  j + k C
2 3

r ( 0)  0  0 + 0  C

r ( 0)  C ------------------------(iv)
Comparing (iii) and (iv), we get,
   
r (0)  ( 1) i  2 j + 4 k  C
  
C   i  2 j + 4k -------------------------(v)
Putting the value of C in (ii), we get,
  t2  t3 
r (t )  t i  j + k C
2 3
2 
  t t3    
r (t )  t i  j + k  i  2 j + 4k
2 3
  t2  t3 
r (t )  (t  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k ------------------(vi)
2 3
Thus, at time t  1 , the position vector of the particle is
From (vi),
  t2  t3 
r (t )  (t  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k
2 3
2
  1  13 
r (1)  (1  1) i  (  2) j + (  4) k
2 3
  5  13 
r (1)  0 i  j + k .
2 3
5 13
So, the coordinates of the particle at time t  1 is (0, , ) the Answer
2 3

Q# 22: Suppose that a particle moves along a circular helix (figure 56) in 3-space so that
   
its position vector at time t is r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k . Find the distance
traveled and the displacement of the particle during the time interval 1  t  5

53 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 Figure 56

Answer: Given,
   
r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k ------------------(i)

 dr d   
 v (t )   (4 cos t i  4 sin t j  t k )
dt dt

 dr d  d  
 v (t )   4 sin t . ( t ) i  4 cos t . ( t ) j  k
dt dt dt

 dr   
 v (t )   4 sin t .(  ) i  4 cos t .(  ) j  k
dt

 dr   
 v (t )   4 sin t i  4 cos t j k -------------------(ii)
dt

 v (t )  ( 4 sin t ) 2  (4 cos t ) 2  1 2

54 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

 
 v (t )  16 2 sin 2 t  16 2 cos 2 t  1 2


 v (t )  16 2 (sin 2 t  cos 2 t )  1


 v (t )  16 2 .1  1 [ sin 2 t  cos 2 t  1 ]


 v (t )  16 2  1 ---------------------(iii)

The distance travelled by the particle from time t  1 to t  5 is:

5 5 
dr
s  dt
dt   v (t )dt
1 1
5 5
dr
s dt   16 2  1 dt
1
dt 1
5
dr
s  dt dt  16 2  1[t ]15
1
5
dr
s  dt dt  16 2  1[5  1]
1
5
dr
s  dt dt  16 2  1[4]
1
5
dr
s  dt dt  4 16 2  1
1
Again,
From (i)
   
r (t )  (4 cos t ) i  (4 sin t ) j + t k
   
 r (5)  (4 cos 5 ) i  (4 sin 5 ) j + 5 k
   
 r (1)  (4 cos  ) i  (4 sin  ) j + k
Moreover, the displacement over the time interval is:
  
r  r (5)  r (1)
      
r  (4 cos 5 ) i  (4 sin 5 ) j + 5 k  (4 cos  i  4 sin  j + k )
      
r  4( 1) i  4.0. j + 5 k  [4.( 1) i  4.0 j + k ]
    
r   4 i + 5 k  4 i - k
 
r  4 k

55 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC

Which tells us that the change in the position of the particle over the time interval was 4
units straight up. Answer

56 Dr. A.N.M. Rezaul Karim/Associate Professor/CSE/IIUC