AUTOMATIC SEED SOWING ROBOT

Submitted By

MUHAMMAD AWAIS 18-ME-082

MUHAMMAD MAZHAR 18-ME-166

MAAZ ANWAR 18-ME-170

MUHAMMAD AWAIS SIDDIQUE 18-ME-174

Supervised By

HAMMAD AHMED

Final Year Project Report

Department of Mechanical Engineering

HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

Fall 2022

i
AUTOMATIC SEED SOWING ROBOT

A Thesis Presented to

HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of

B.S. Mechanical Engineering

By
MUHAMMAD AWAIS
18-ME-082

MUHAMMAD MAZHAR
18-ME-166

MAAZ ANWAR
18-ME-170

MUHAMMAD AWAIS SIDDIQUE

18-ME-174

Fall,2022

ii
 Declaration

We, hereby declare that this project neither as a whole nor as a part there of
has been copied out from any source. It is further declared that we have
developed this project and the accompanied report entirely on the basis of
our personal efforts made under the sincere guidance of our supervisor. No
portion of the work presented in this report has been submitted in the support
of any other degree or qualification of this or any other University or
Institute of learning, if found we shall stand responsible.

Signature: ______________

MUHAMMAD AWAIS

Signature: ______________

MUHAMMAD MAZHAR

Signature: ______________

MAAZ ANWAR

Signature: ______________

MUHAMMAD AWAIS SIDDIQUE

HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

Fall 2022
iii
 Department of Mechanical Engineering
HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan

The project AUTOMATIC SEED SOWING ROBOT, presented by:

MUHAMMAD AWAIS 18-ME-082

MUHAMMAD MAZHAR 18-ME-166
MAAZ ANWAR 18-ME-170
MUHAMMAD AWAIS SIDDIQUE 18-ME-174

under the supervision of their project advisor and approved by the project examination
committee, has been accepted by the HITEC University Taxila Cantt, Pakistan, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the four-year degree of B.S. Mechanical
Engineering.

HAMMAD AHMED
Designation, Project Advisor

DR. LIAQAT ALI

Head of department
Department of Mechanical Engineering

iv
 DEDICATION

Our wonderful supervisor has been really helpful to us over the last several months, and

we would want to take this opportunity to thank him for all of the direction and support

he has given us. Because of all the assistance and direction, he has provided for us, he is

deserving of our eternal thanks. Our appreciation for the contributions that everyone of

us has made to our collective success is beyond limit. Our young and good-looking

supervisor, HAMMAD AHMED, is also quite smart, and he puts in a lot of effort. He is

ultimately accountable for ensuring that everything is under control at the end of the day.

His assistance and guidance were vital to the accomplishment of our mission, and he

taught me the significance of asking in-depth inquiries about the trajectory of our

investigation into the future. On top of everything else, he is a highly clever guy who is

open to receiving new information and concepts. The fact that our lecturer is so excited

about and devoted to our accomplishment serves as a huge source of motivation and

inspiration when we are working on our theses with him or her. For us, he is an unending

source of motivation and ideas.

I would want to thank the chairman and the head of the department for all of the aid

they provided during the process by devoting my thesis to them. It seems to me that there

is no room for doubt about the warm reception that it will get. They are quite flexible with

regard to the use of their time in order to encourage student participation in the generation

of original thoughts.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Because it is vital for me to express my gratitude to ALLAH. Because of all that He has

done for me, I am in a position to contribute even a little amount of the distinctive brand

of scientific knowledge that is mine to the already huge treasury that is the collective

human knowledge of the world. All of this may be attributed to Him. My outlook and

goals have transformed as a direct consequence of the motivation that He provided for

me, and I am grateful for that. It is not absolutely out of the question, taking into mind

His elevated position and boundless love, that He may offer a little bit to the already great

store of scientific knowledge. Because to ALLAH's favour, I've had the chance to learn

about and appreciate a broad range of viewpoints, which is something for which I will be

eternally grateful. This is something for which I will be thankful till the end of time.

Because there is nothing, I can do to show that person the level of gratitude that they

deserve, I will have to settle for expressing it verbally rather than in any other way because

it is more important to me. The project is about AUTOMATIC SEED SOWING

ROBOT. Please accept my deepest gratitude.

As a consequence of this, we would want to make the most of this opportunity in order to

express to HAMMAD AHMED our profound appreciation for all of the support he has

given for us in the past. I would want to express my gratitude to everyone who had a part

in the achievement that my team was able to accomplish. Please accept my thanks. We

would want to express our appreciation for the fact that you have kept us in your thoughts

and offered your best wishes for our continued success in all of the endeavours that have

been outlined in this letter. We are appreciative of the time and effort that you have

contributed.

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 ABSTRACT

Farmers devote a significant amount of their time to doing tasks that are repetitive in

nature, such as tilling the soil and irrigating the land. This is because agriculture is

essential to the ability of people to produce for themselves. The suggested system, which

brings together robotics and agriculture, is capable of performing a variety of tasks,

including ploughing, the distribution of seed in a specific row, and the autonomous

irrigation of the ground along the rows. Due to the fact that it incorporates both robotics

and agriculture, the suggested solution would be of tremendous use to farmers. It's

possible that farmers may benefit from using the proposed system, which combines robots

with the finest agricultural practices now available. A strategy that combines robotics and

agriculture, two distinct but interrelated fields of study, is described in our project. In our

efforts to find a solution to this problem, we have been concentrating on the processes

that are involved in planting seeds. A seed-planting machine was given its commands via

an Arduino Uno, which was utilized to control the functionality of the machine. This Uno

was put to use with wheels that were powered by batteries, wheels that were powered by

direct current motors, and wheels that combined the two types of power sources. When

there are no more seeds left in the dispenser, an indicator light will light up to let you

know. This takes place whenever there is an inadequate number of seed. As a

consequence of this, it is in a better position to disperse its younger plants. Because the

seeds are disseminated in a consistent manner throughout each revolution of the wheel to

which it is coupled, using this seed drum makes it feasible to plant seeds in a manner that

is both quick and accurate. It is completely possible to do so given that the procedure

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would not result in the loss of any of the seeds.

KEYWORDS: Seed planting machine, Automatic, DC Battery, Arduino,

Ultrasonic sensor, Motor

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. xv

1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... xv

1.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................................. xv

1.2. TRADITIONAL SYSTEM ................................................................................. xx

1.3. PROPOSED SYSTEM......................................................................................xxii

1.4. PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................. xxiii

1.5. OBJECTIVE.................................................................................................... xxiii

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. xxv

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................... xxv

2.1. SHRINIVAS R. ZAN WAR, R. D. KOKATE ................................................. xxv

2.2. G. L. SURYAWANSHI ET AL ........................................................................ xxv

2.3. KYADA A ET AL ........................................................................................... xxvi

2.4. SHRIPRASAD B ET AL ................................................................................xxvii

2.5. JOSHI ET AL. .................................................................................................. xxix

2.6. OLIMPIAPANDIA ETAL ............................................................................... xxxi

2.7. SWETHA & SHREEHARSHA ......................................................................xxxii

CHAPTER THREE METHHODOLOGY .............................................................. xxxiii

3. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................... xxxiii

3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM ...................................................................................... xxxiv

ix
 3.2. ARDUINO UNO ............................................................................................ xxxiv

3.3. ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE ....................................................................... xxxvi

3.4. SEED STORAGE TANK .............................................................................xxxvii

3.5. SEED METERING DISC ........................................................................... xxxviii

CHAPTER FOUR CALCULATIONS ..........................................................................xli

4. CALCULATIONS......................................................................................................xli

4.1. SEED METERING DISC ...................................................................................xli

4.2. CALCULATION OF WHEELS .........................................................................xli

4.4. CALCULATION OF TRACTIVE EFFORT .................................................... xlii

4.5. CALCULATION OF POWER ........................................................................ xliii

4.6. MOTOR TORQUE ...........................................................................................xliv

CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS ......................................................................................... xlv

5. RESULTS .................................................................................................................. xlv

5.1. SPECIFICATIONS ............................................................................................ xlv

5.2. DIMENSION OF WHEEL ...............................................................................xlvi

5.3. DIMENSION OF SEED METERING DISC....................................................xlvi

5.4. SOIL AND RESISTANCE RESULTS ........................................................... xlvii

5.5. FURROW OPENER RESULTS .................................................................... xlviii

5.6. KNOB RESULS................................................................................................xlix

5.6.1. AT KNOB 1 ...............................................................................................xlix

5.6.2. AT KNOB 2 .................................................................................................... l

x
 5.6.3. AT KNOB 3 ...................................................................................................li

CHAPTER SIX MODELING AND FABRICATION ................................................. lii

6. MODELING AND FABRICATION ......................................................................... lii

6.1. SOFTWARE MODELING ................................................................................. lii

6.2. FABRICATION .................................................................................................. lii

6.2.1. CHASSIS ..................................................................................................... lii

6.2.2. WHEELS .................................................................................................... liii

6.2.3. METERING DISC ...................................................................................... liii

6.2.4. FURROW CLOSER ....................................................................................liv

6.2.5. FURROW OPENER ....................................................................................liv

6.2.6. SEED STORAGE TANK ............................................................................. lv

CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION..............................................................................lvi

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ...................................................................lvi

7.1. CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................lvi

7.2. FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................. lviii

CHAPTER EIGHT REFERENCES ..............................................................................lix

8. REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................lix

ANEXTURE ................................................................................................................... lxii

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 LIST OF FIGURES

SEED SOWING BY HAND ……………………………………………………. FIG 1.1

GREEN REVOLUTION ….……………………………...……………………. FIG1.2

TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF SEED SOWING.……………………….…...... FIG1.3

ARDUINO UNO ………………………...………………………………………. FIG 3.1

ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE…………………………….……......................... FIG 3.2

SEED STORAGE TANK ...…...……………………………....……………........ FIG 3.3

SEED METERING DISC …………………………………….…………............ FIG 3.4

CAD MODELING………………………………………………………………...FIG 6.1

CHASSIS ………………………………………………………………………… FIG 6.2

WHEELS ………………………………………………………………………… FIG 6.3

METERING DISC …………………………………………………………….... FIG 6.4

FURROW CLOSER……………………………………………………………...FIG 6.5

FURROW OPENER ……………………………………………………………. FIG 6.6

SEED STORAGE TANK………………………………………………………...FIG 6.7

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 LIST OF TABLES

SPECIFICATIONS ………………………………………………………... TABLE 5.1

WHEEL DIMENSION …………………………………………………...... TABLE 5.2

SEED METERING DISC DIMENSION …………………………………. TABLE 5.3

SOIL AND RESISTANCE ………………………………………………… TABLE 5.4

FURROW OPENER RESULTS…………………………………………… TABLE 5.5

AT KNOB 1…………………………………………………………………...TABLE 5.6

AT KNOB 2…………………………………………………………………...TABLE 5.7

AT KNOB 3…………………………………………………………………...TABLE 5.8

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

DC DIRECT CURRENT

ARDUINO IDE ARDUINO INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENT

EEPROM ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE

READ ONLY MEMORY

SRAM STATIS RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY

TTE TOTAL TRACTIVE EFFORT

RR ROLLING RESISTANCE

GVW GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT

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 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. BACKGROUND
It is realistic to conclude that Pakistan's agricultural sector has developed during the last

forty years given the country's history. Pakistan is home to a large and diverse population.

Incredible accomplishments have been made throughout Pakistan's history in this area.

The agricultural industry has, for the most part, been able to keep up with the steadily

increasing demand for food, despite the ongoing upward trend in the amount of food that

is consumed. It is possible that increases in production during the last two decades may

be mostly attributed to increases in productivity, as opposed to growth of the amount of

acreage utilised for agriculture.

FIG 1.1: SEED SOWING BY HAND

This becomes an extremely significant point to bear in mind when thinking about the

advances that have been made to the manufacturing in the United States. This is due to

the fact that advances in agricultural production have more than compensated for

xv
increases in the amount of land used for agriculture. This is particularly the case as a

consequence of the following factors: It is probable that one factor that contributed to the

overall increase is the rise in agricultural production that has occurred over the last many

decades. The expanded capacity to feed the world's hungry, the improved income of

farmers, and the creation of new direct and indirect job possibilities are all direct and

indirect effects of the rise in productivity. Indirect results include the increased ability to

feed the worlds hungry. As a direct result of the fast growth that has taken place in

Pakistan's agricultural sector, the achievements of the nation in this sector may be

evaluated with reference to a wide range of different indicators. Cropping is important

and tedious activity for any farmer, and for large scale this activity is so lengthy also it

needs more workers. Thus, agriculture machines were developed to simplify the human

efforts. In manual method of seed planting, we get results such as low seed placement,

less spacing efficiencies and serious back ache for the farmer. This also limited the size

of field that can be planted. Hence for achieving best performance from a seed planter,

the above limits should be optimized. Thus, we need to make proper design of the

agriculture machine and also selection of the components is also required on the machine

to suit the needs of crops.

The most significant contributors to the growth of agriculture during this time period were

the introduction of novel crop varieties, a rise in the number of inputs used, and financial

investments that led to an increase in the amount of land that was irrigated. These shifts

took place concurrently with one another without exception. In recent decades, many

parts of the globe have seen a deceleration in their rates of economic development, despite

having previously reaped enormous benefits from agricultural breakthroughs that

occurred during the so-called "Green Revolution."

xvi
 FIG 1.2: GREEN REVOLUTION

The development of innovative technology is required in order to achieve the goals of

increasing the potential yield, optimising the use of inputs, boosting the long-term

sustainability of agricultural practises, and increasing their economic value. Without the

creation of ground-breaking technologies, it will be impossible to achieve these aims. In

addition, there is an urgent need to make greater use of the potential offered by rain fed

and other sites that are not as well-endowed as others. This need calls for immediate

attention. Because Pakistan's agroecological settings and producers are so diverse, the

country's agricultural industry is going to have to contend with a broad array of

challenges, possibilities, and dangers in the years to come. It's possible that the peculiar

agroecological conditions of this nation are to blame for these peculiar results. In the years

to come, there is a need for a pace of development that is quicker, more purposefully

spread, and more evenly distributed. These difficulties have a significant bearing on the

ways in which the issues faced by farmers are conceived of, studied, and presented." On

the one hand, local communities will, more and more, have no choice but to depend on

agricultural science to solve the one-of-a-kind problems they face. This is as a result of

the growing complexity of problems that exist within the agricultural industry. However,

xvii
for the systems to be able to develop and execute cutting-edge technologies that are

capable of addressing the issues that are faced by the great majority of resource-poor

farmers, it is important for them to position themselves in a market that is competitive."

The commercial world, the military, and the industrial sector are all rapidly expanding

their use of robotic technology. [5] Robotic gadgets are being used by an ever-increasing

number of individuals from all areas of life. On the other hand, if systems wish to develop

and implement novel technologies to solve issues, they will have to place themselves in

a more competitive environment. This project's goal is to build an automated based

system that assists in on-farm activities such as sowing and fertilising at pre-designated

distance and depths with all of the essential components. This will be accomplished by

constructing a system that is based on automation. Constructing an automated

infrastructure will be done so as to facilitate the accomplishment of this objective. More

than half of the population of Pakistan relies directly on agriculture for their means of

subsistence, and the majority of Pakistani residents support their families financially via

revenue earned from working in agricultural jobs. It is the basic component upon which

all other economic activity is based, and as such, it acts as the primary pillar around which

our economy is built. Even though Pakistan has achieved significant progress toward

industrialization in recent years, the agricultural sector is still playing an extremely

important part in the country's economy. It is reasonable to argue that this is the case

given the significant influence that the sector has on the economy as a whole as well as

the large number of people that it employs throughout the nation. Providing economic

stimulation requires one of the most important steps to be an increase in agriculture

production. The output is not simply impacted by marketing approaches and financial

outlays; rather, the technology used at each and every stage of manufacturing and

processing has just as much of an influence. This is the case since technology plays such

xviii
an important part not only in the stage of product design but also in the stage of product

manufacturing. People who work in Pakistani agriculture often lack even the most

fundamental understanding of contemporary agricultural practises and equipment. Even

though farmers are the ones who really undertake the physical labour of farming, the

proper use of technology in the business might make their life considerably easier. It is

possible that using this seed-planting equipment will save time and minimise the amount

of labour required of the farmer. Utilizing various forms of technological automation is

of the utmost significance in terms of ensuring that agricultural output lives up to the

standards that have been set for it. As soon as people get used to the concept of

mechanised agriculture, adoption rates are going to climb, and the price of technological

items is going to reduce. Everything is taking place at the same time. Farmers utilising

autonomous systems are able to enhance their accuracy while inflicting less harm to the

surrounding environment. The majority of people are aware of the significance that

agriculture plays in our nation. In recent years, the field of agricultural technology has

seen a lot of encouraging progress, which is cause for celebration. Because of this

advancement, completely new methods have been developed for preparing the soil,

sowing seeds, adding fertiliser, pulling weeds, harvesting crops, and treating them with a

variety of pesticides. [18] We need to enhance both the quantity and quality of the

agricultural products we produce if we want to see a change in our economic standing.

Beginning at the very depths of their being Farmers are responsible for a variety of tasks

each and every day, but maybe none is more fundamental than sowing seeds. A crucial

step in agricultural production is sowing seeds. The use of automation has made it feasible

to carry out the procedure with a great deal less physical labour and with absolutely no

space for mistake. The tiny wheels on the robots are surprisingly effective, and the robots'

little weight ensures that the soil won't be compacted under them as they move. This is

xix
owing to the fact that the robots' duty requires them to avoid doing anything that might

be detrimental to the soil, such as compacting it.

1.2. TRADITIONAL SYSTEM

The practise of manually opening furrows with a country plough and then dropping seeds

by hand is commonly referred to as "Kera." This kind of seed distribution requires a lot

of physical labour. Another method that is used involves attaching a bamboo or wooden

funnel to a country plough in order to cultivate the land. Dibbling is a technique of sowing

that involves digging holes or slits in the soil with a stick or another instrument, and then

dropping seeds into the holes after they have been dug. This practise is also known as

manual seeding in certain circles. Traditional planting equipment is still being utilised

today, even by more experienced farmers.

FIG 1.3: TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF SEED SOWING

These machines feature a multitude of rows and are manually controlled; their primary

function is to quantify the dispersal of seeds. When using traditional techniques of

xx
sowing, you run the risk of encountering a number of issues, including the following: If

you plant anything by hand, it's unlikely that you'll be able to assure that each seed is

dispersed in precisely the same method for all of the plants. There is a good likelihood

that the seeds will not be scattered uniformly throughout the rows even if the farmer

employs the perfect seeding rate. This is because there is a strong chance that the seeds

will not be distributed evenly. The lumpy and patchy appearance of the field is going to

be caused by the uneven dispersion of the seeds. The same problem as not being able to

control the depth of the first planting. It is necessary to sow a large number of seeds all at

once and then to thin out the individual plants in order to bring the overall population of

the plants down to the appropriate level. This is done in order to achieve the desired level

of plant density. It takes two persons to drop seed and fertiliser, which is one of the

primary reasons why there is a significant increase in the amount of labour that must be

done. The effects of poor seed planting on plant stand are exaggerated in agricultural

settings that include dry conditions. This is due to the fact that seeds have difficulty

germinating in soil that is too dry to support their growth. During the kharif sowing

season, if seeds were planted at depths that were not consistent with one another, it is

likely that poor emergence may result. Extra wetness is detrimental to a plant because it

causes additional soil to accumulate on top of the seed, which might prevent it from

germinating. Planting seeds by hand is a common practise, despite the fact that this

method has a number of limitations that make it inferior to other methods. Traditional

techniques have gone out of favour in recent years owing to their reliance on human

labour and time-honoured practises, both of which need a significant investment of both

time and energy. In addition, driving in muddy terrain necessitates using big tyres, which

may pack the dirt down and make it more difficult to navigate. The need for relaxation

that is inherent to the human nature might make it difficult for people to function well

xxi
under high-pressure situations. Because of the influence that these elements have,

agriculture absolutely requires labour that is skilled in nature. If the soil were aerated and

the seed was dispersed mechanically by a robot, it could be possible to do away with the

need for human labourers. [6] Consequently, there are a number of problems associated

with making use of old methods. Our top priorities are to reduce the amount of manual

labour that will be required, to cut the total time allotted for the project in half, and to

enhance the accuracy of the plan for planting the seeds.

1.3. PROPOSED SYSTEM

The procedure recommends putting together a system that has components that are able

to swiftly aerate the soil, sow seeds, and push the robot ahead by itself. You will be able

to complete these responsibilities successfully after you have logged into the system. [15]

This RF module, which is used while the robot is operating in its manual mode, makes it

possible to control the movement of the robot using a remote control in any one of the

four cardinal directions (forward, backward, left, and right). The required power for the

system is supplied by a battery operating at 12 volts DC. When manipulating the motor

drivers with a high degree of precision is necessary, it is usual practise to use an Arduino

Uno. Direct current (DC) motors are responsible for all of the movements and

manipulations that may be performed by the robot. With the help of the L293D driver

motor, we have complete control over both of these motors. Regarding this matter, we

have a lot of wiggle room. The L293D motor driver gives the user the ability to operate

two motors in any direction independently of one another. This sway may be employed

in either direction depending on your preference. The motor that turns the wheel in the

left and right directions, respectively, is controlled by the motors that are located on the

left and right sides of the vehicle. [17] The other motor that controls the steering

xxii
mechanism is controlled by this motor, which serves as its power supply. The instruments

that are used to aerate the soil and plant seeds.

1.4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

For many nations that are still in the process of developing their economy, one of the most

important obstacles to economic development is the dearth of readily available

agricultural workers who are also equipped with the required skills. To put it another way,

this is a component that contributes to the formation of the current weather conditions

that we are seeing here on earth. As a consequence of this, there is a growing pressure put

on farmers to integrate a wider range of cutting-edge technology into the running of their

businesses (digging, seed sowing etc.). As a result of this hurdle, the time has come to

implement automation across the whole industry. This, in turn, will prevent the loss of

seeds and eliminate the need for individuals to work in occupations requiring physical

labour.

1.5. OBJECTIVE
➢ Creating a Seed-Planting Dispensing Mechanism and an Automated Arm for

Planting Seeds Conceive, plan, and construct a device that can sow seeds.

➢ It is possible for mechanical and electrical systems to achieve their maximum

potential in terms of production and efficiency when integrated.

➢ Make a model of the digging tool that will be used to make the furrow so that you

can test it out.

➢ The seed metering disc's design as well as the techniques for producing it are now

undergoing further development.

➢ Gadget that closes furrows was built, starting with its conception all the way

xxiii
 through to its completion.

➢ The motor that drives the wheels is powered by a set of rechargeable batteries.

➢ constructing a model of a universal wheel type for passenger transportation over

a variety of surfaces and then producing a production run of such wheel type.

xxiv
 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1. SHRINIVAS R. ZAN WAR, R. D. KOKATE

This endeavour includes not one but two distinct kinds of machinery, each of which is an

outstanding illustration of its own kind. The first mechanism involves creating a

conveyance assembly and defining the dynamics of the assembly, while the second

mechanism involves preparing a tilled parcel of ground for seed planting.

Microcontrollers could make it possible to have greater control over and monitoring of

the dynamics of transportation systems. This technology makes it easier to transport both

products and people from one place to another. To manipulate it, one might make use of

either a servo motor or a direct current motor. These two motors may be controlled by an

electrical signal. Infrared sensors are also used by this technology in order to locate

obstacles that may be in the way of the car.

2.2. G. L. SURYAWANSHI ET AL
In spite of the fact that it is no longer the approach that produces the best results, the time-

consuming and labour-intensive method of seeding is still used by many nurseries. To

handle this higher feed rate will need more staff in addition to more expensive rental

equipment, which will lead to an increase in total expenses. Because of the increased feed

rate, it is possible that there may be an increase in costs. Compared to their modern

counterparts, older seed sowing equipment is noticeably slower and produces a lesser

volume of seeds. Along with the rest of the current economy, it is anticipated that the

agricultural industry will see tremendous expansion in the not-too-distant future. If we

xxv
want to enhance productivity all around and continue to meet future standards, then it is

imperative that we make use of the new tools that we have available to us. As a

consequence of rising labour costs and a shrinking labour pool, farmers are becoming

more and more aware of the need for technology that may minimise the amount of time

and effort required to plant seeds and fertiliser. This is due to the fact that labour

expenditures continue to rise. Investigations, both theoretical and practical, on the

viability of using pneumatic machinery for the planting of minuscule seeds in individual

vials. The fact that the vacuum generator is driven by electricity enables it to be moved

to sites where there is less available space. In addition to being simple to use, the vacuum

generator has an uncomplicated physical design and set of controls. If you utilise this

approach, you will observe a variety of beneficial results, such as an increase in

productivity, a reduction in the amount of space needed for seedling cultivation, and an

overall reduction in seed consumption. The infrastructure of the facility may be automated

and modified at a lesser cost, and there will be plenty of space for plants to sprout,

develop, and mature. It is anticipated that the agricultural business, in addition to the rest

of the economy, would see tremendous increase in the not-too-distant future.

2.3. KYADA A ET AL
This article describes the research and development that went into the creation of a seed

planter that is operated manually. This piece of machinery is used to plant seeds, as its

name suggests. In this presentation, the reasons for the development of a machine to plant

seeds and the factors that contribute to the overall success of a harvest are broken down

in depth. The process of sowing involves spreading seed and fertiliser in rows at the

appropriate depth and seed-to-seed spacing. After the seeds have been covered with dirt

and the earth has been compacted over the seed, the sowing process is complete. The

xxvi
likelihood of a successful harvest will improve as a result of this action. Not only do the

recommendations for the spacing between seeds and the depth at which they should be

planted fluctuate from one crop to the next, but they also vary based on the particulars of

the climatic conditions that prevail in the area in which the seeds are being planted. These

precautions are taken in order to guarantee a fruitful harvest. Because of this, we now

understand that germination is affected by mechanical elements such as the consistency

of the depth at which the seed is planted and the regularity of the dissemination of the

seed along the rows. This method makes use of a diverse selection of mechanisms, such

as seed metre mechanisms and plunger mechanisms, in order to accomplish the task of

conveying energy. When the relevant button on the machine is pressed, the power wheel

will begin to rotate, and force will be sent to the plunger through chain and sprocket. The

next step is to attach a cam to the sprocket shaft in some manner. This cam will provide

downward pressure on the plunger, which will propel it in the direction of the sprocket.

After the plunger has made contact with the ground and the return stroke has commenced,

the flapper will open up and allow air to pass through. In this manner, the seed will be

able to be released from the plunger and fall into the empty space. Because of this, we get

the idea that it would be beneficial to utilise a belt with very small holes and a certain

thickness for our project, and the material that is presented here provides support for this

line of thinking. Because it is designed to work with just the tiniest of seeds, the automated

seed feeder that we have is equipped with a conveyor belt that is driven by a motor. [9]

This is a really beneficial feature.

2.4. SHRIPRASAD B ET AL
This research paper will focus on the current state of globalization as its primary topic of

discussion. Many technological advancements are now being made in preparation for a

xxvii
future that will be dominated by automation. [11] This state-of-the-art innovation

accomplishes its goals in a timely, efficient, and thoughtful manner. The concept of

globalization will serve as the basis for this next phase of growth. In addition to the

numbers that were discussed before, this article provides information on the growth of

globalization. As a result of the growing need for food and other products derived from

agriculture, it is now more important than ever to consistently investigate new approaches

that might improve agricultural practices. This is without a doubt the situation, thinking

about the fact that agricultural practices have been present for many years. Concerning

the decline in the number of people who are willing to work in rural regions that are

dependent on agriculture as well as the decline in the quality of the goods that agriculture

has to provide. The recently conceived plan is now through a process of gradual

implementation, and there is evidence to suggest that it is gaining favor as a workable

alternative. [14] In addition, there is a microprocessor that operates a robot that may be

put to service fertilizing agricultural land. [1] The strategy that is being presented was

developed with the intention of maximizing the positive impacts that may be

accomplished by planting, fertilization, and adjusting the pH of the soil. Additionally,

both the dew point and the relative humidity levels are examined on a consistent basis.

The actions of the robot are controlled by the use of a remote control. The design of the

system as a whole incorporates a component that is in charge of navigational

responsibilities, and the actions of the robot may be managed via the use of remote

control. [12] The robot and the remote system are able to communicate with one another

and establish a working connection thanks to the internet, which acts as a conduit for their

conversational exchanges. DC motors are not only used for navigation, but they also

provide the power for the robot's movement all over the planet. To restate, it is feasible

to alter the speed of a DC motor using a controller given that certain conditions are

xxviii
satisfied. However, there are certain conditions that must be met. The occurrence of this

might take place in a broad variety of settings. It may be necessary to operate the solenoid

in order to get the effect that is intended. The process of seeding seedlings begins with

the application of fertilizer and the preparation of the soil. This article covers a variety of

helpful subjects pertaining to the automation of belt conveyors, one of which being the

use of a motor to achieve so.

2.5. JOSHI ET AL.

The fundamental purpose of this investigation is to show that it is possible to achieve

extraordinarily high-performance levels for a system even when it is mounted on a robotic

platform. The people who came up with this strategy had great expectations that it would

be applicable in a number of contexts throughout the growth phase of agricultural

operations that are more complicated. The electromechanical robotic system can travel in

any direction thanks to its direct current motor and its four wheels. This type of behaviour

is normal for a machine that is capable of independent thought. When everything is

accomplished, it will seem as if the automated system is operating on its own without any

human intervention. When seen in this light, the robotic system begins to give off the

impression that it is thinking on its own. It is always to one's advantage to be self-

sufficient, and projecting an appearance of initiative when it is required helps convey that

image. The machine will implement a planting technique that is somewhat unique to each

crop, according to the particulars of that crop. This ensures that the farm will have the

greatest potential harvest from its crops. When the vehicle gets close to the edge of the

road, the infrared sensor's role is to signal to the driver the direction to move the steering

wheel in order to avoid colliding with anything. The use of water pressure as a method

for locating and removing the seed block is one potential approach. This strategy is

xxix
helpful for determining the precise location of the blockage. Solar energy is used to

replenish the DC battery, and the device may be controlled from a distance. Assembly

language is used to write the majority of the software for microcontrollers. [2] The

microcontroller has the capability of controlling and monitoring the motion system of the

vehicle when it is equipped with a DC motor. It's possible that the microprocessor in the

automobile will use this information to assist it maintain its route. This is done to ensure

that the vehicle continues to go ahead at a consistent pace in the course that was intended.

This is done to ensure that the vehicle continues to proceed in the direction that was

planned even when it is in motion. In this chapter of the book, we will describe the results

that will occur as a result of putting this approach into action. This will give you the

opportunity to evaluate the merits and detriments of the method on your own. This report

provides a comprehensive overview of the research and development efforts that are now

being made toward the creation of a completely automated agricultural system in the near

future. This tool makes it feasible to cultivate tilled ground using machinery with a

significant reduction in the amount of manual labour that was previously required. The

growth of the seed may be hampered by debris, but an increase in the water pressure may

be the remedy. One possible rephrasing of the statement is as follows: the initiative will

boost both efficiency and accuracy in the end product delivery time and quality. The two

distinct kinds of mechanisms that were used in the execution of this project each provide

a paradigmatic illustration of the category to which they belong. The following is an

illustration of one example of each kind of mechanism. In the first method, the seed has

to be planted in soil that has already been prepared, while in the second method, there is

no need for a moving vehicle. The microcontrollers in a vehicle make it easy to monitor

and make adjustments to the many settings for the vehicle's internal systems. This

xxx
procedure is carried out inside the automobile itself. Connecting a servo motor and a DC

motor is necessary in order to achieve the level of precision that is required.

2.6. OLIMPIAPANDIA ETAL

The crux of this investigation is an in-depth examination, both theoretical and empirical,

of a pneumatic apparatus designed for the planting of very small seeds in cups. The book

highlights the benefits of utilising this equipment with the improved parameters acquired

from the crops that were investigated. Because of its see-through construction, its

mobility, and the fact that the vacuum generator it contains does not need any energy or

heat to work, this apparatus is ideal for use in confined spaces due to its combination of

these features. When compared to more traditional ways, using this equipment results in

a greater production. At the same time, the number of seeds that can be generated by a

single unit is reduced, and the footprint that is left on the space required to care for young

plants is reduced as well. In addition to this, it is common for a single unit to produce a

quantity of seeds that is lower than anticipated. Even if the facility's infrastructure can be

automated and created at a lower cost, there will never be a scarcity of room for seedlings,

immature plants, or fully developed plants. This is because there is no limit to the amount

of space available. This is the case regardless of whether or not there are mature plants in

the area. The percentage of the plant that was acquired, the degree of emerging growth,

the production index, and the consumption standard are going to be the areas of emphasis

for research conducted by scientists in the future. As a result of the seeds' diminutive size,

the installation depression may be adjusted to levels that are comparatively low. For the

purpose of powering the vacuum generator, it is possible to use either electrical or thermal

energy sources. In the nozzles, there ought to be a space that is somewhere between one-

xxxi
half and one-sixth the size of the tiniest seed. This method of sowing the seeds will result

in growth that is consistent. When you use this equipment, you may increase your

production while also reducing the amount of space required for seedlings to develop and

for the seeds themselves. In addition to this, there will be sufficient space for the planting

of seeds, the development of plants, and the growth of plants, and the essential machinery

may be mechanised and manufactured at a low cost.

2.7. SWETHA & SHREEHARSHA

We are well aware that over 70% of the population resides in rural areas. We may be

talking about the great majority of our whole population if we use this figure as a cut off.

Financial success in agriculture accounts for a significant share of the total in several of

these areas. It is also well known that the great majority of these people work in

occupations that are either directly or indirectly related to agriculture. [8] This is true

whether or not there is a direct causal link. This is always the case regardless of the nature

of the connection between the two things. A solar-powered, mechanical device with the

ability to disperse seeds will be your responsibility as part of this project. [13] Digging,

planting seeds, pipelining water, and fertiliser spreading are all examples of labour-

intensive activities that may soon be made easier with the use of different types of

electrical power. Work in this category includes things like excavating, planting seeds,

piping water, and distributing fertiliser.

xxxii
 CHAPTER THREE METHHODOLOGY

3. METHODOLOGY

The architecture of the system provides a description of the whole of the project, including

the specifics of how each component is related to the others and how they carry out the

responsibilities that are assigned to them. This is as a result of the way the system was

constructed. This information needs to be included inside the document that outlines the

architecture of the system. [16] Since it acts as the primary controller for the whole

project, the Arduino Uno is the piece of hardware that is considered to be the most

important. Before the signal is transmitted to the Arduino Uno, it is first made usable by

a power supply that provides 12V. After that, it is then sent to the Arduino Uno. Following

its passage through a regulator, this voltage is lowered to the required 3.3 V once it has

been decreased. The Arduino Uno is now capable of receiving power from a source that

only produces 3.3 volts. Following the gathering of information from the user, the C code

containing the data is then sent to the Arduino board. As a bridge between the L293D

motor driver IC and the rest of the system, Arduino acts as a bridge after receiving input

from the user. After that, the output that has been processed is sent into the motor. The

operation is finished after the motors of the robot are connected to the wheels of the

planting equipment. When this occurs, the machine moves forward, which is just what

we want to happen in this situation.

xxxiii
 3.1. BLOCK DIAGRAM

3.2. ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno serves as the "brains" of the system, and it is responsible for interacting

with all of the sensors and other components that are required to cooperate with one

another in order to achieve the present goal. The Arduino Uno is a board that is all-

inclusive, compact, and designed to be used in conjunction with breadboards. The

ATmega328 is the component that serves as the basis for the Arduino Uno. In this article,

we'll discuss a few of the numerous functions that an Arduino Uno already has built in as

a matter of course. The bootloader uses up 2 KB of the available 32 KB of space in the

ATmega368's flash memory. The overall capacity of the ATmega368's flash memory is

xxxiv
32 KB. Therefore, there is a total of 30 KB available for usage in the integrated circuit

for the purpose of storing the programme code for the integrated circuit.

FIG 3.1: ARDUINO UNO

The entire amount of data that can be stored in the ATmega368's internal memory is equal

to the sum of its EEPROM and SRAM capacities, which equals out to 1 KB and 2 KB,

respectively. This controller is not only very affordable but also very user-friendly and

easy to get your hands on. They are not difficult to get. The whole program's source code

was written using the Arduino Integrated Development Environment as the writing

environment (IDE). The Arduino Software Development Environment (IDE) has been

developed by the Arduino community as a means of simplifying the process of writing

code and transferring it to an Arduino board. The IDE is currently offered as a free

download. This application is available for download and use by anybody who chooses

to do so. It is compatible with a variety of operating systems, including as Windows, Mac

OS X, and Linux. In computer programming, interrupts are a method that is used to

guarantee that a system can react fast and effectively to any changes that may occur.

xxxv
 3.3. ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE
An integrated development environment, or IDE, is a term that is used rather often.

Computer programmers make use of a software package that has all of the required

components for producing software on their own. This course outline was designed

particularly with the goal of educating computer programmers in mind. Modern

integrated development environments (IDEs) often include components like as code

editors, compilers, builders, and debuggers (IDE).

FIG 3.2: ARDUINO IDE SOFTWARE

Integrated development environments, also known as IDEs, are preferred by the vast

majority of programmers over simple text editors, also known as text editors, while

writing code because IDEs are easier to use. IDEAs come in a wide variety of days, and

some of the most popular ones are Visual Studio Express, Eclipse, and Net Beans. Every

integrated development environment (IDE) has a unique collection of idiosyncrasies,

benefits, and restrictions that are exclusive to itself. Integrated development

environments, more frequently referred to as IDEs, provide specialised language support.

Some IDEs only support a single programming language, while others support many

languages. An integrated development environment, or IDE, is a term that is used rather

often. In addition, they differ depending on whether the work is being done on a desktop

xxxvi
computer, a mobile device, or the web. Examples of this include the fact that the

requirements for desktop development are different from those of web development.

3.4. SEED STORAGE TANK

When thinking about the system as a whole, the storage device is an essential component

to take into consideration. For the purpose of achieving maximum output, the design of

this machine takes into account not only the quantity of soil that must be tilled during

planting but also the amount of weight that it is able to support. This component is

essential to the process, and it must never be moved from its current location. Storage

device is one of the important device of the system. And is designed according to weight

sustained by the robot as well as the required capacity for planting. This component is

stationary. To the bottom of this tank seed sowing disc is arranged. This disc serves the

function of distribution of the seeds, as for each complete rotation of the rotating wheel,

seeds falls from the tank. Also number of seeds falling from tank is varied according to

requirements. This disc evenly opens the way to seed hence planting is done smoothly

and accurately.

FIG 3.3: SEED STORAGE TANK

xxxvii
These seed-planting discs line the bottom of the tank that houses them. This disc ensures

that the wheel revolves entirely, which is the key component in the process that really

distributes the seeds. The disc guarantees that the wheel will revolve all the way around

only once, at which point the seeds may be extracted from the storage tank and dispersed.

It is possible to discharge different amounts of seeds from the tank in order to satisfy the

various levels of demand. A planting technique that is more time and labour-efficient may

be achieved by using a disc similar to this one, which allows for regular seed spacing.

3.5. SEED METERING DISC

In order to distribute predefined amounts of seed, agricultural seeders make use of an

equipment called a seed metering device. [4] A metre housing, a seed disc that covers one

of the open sides of the metre housing, and a brush assembly that is positioned within the

metre housing and makes contact with the seed disc make up this component. Every one

of these three parts has some kind of relationship with the other two.

FIG 3.4: SEED METERING DISC

The housing of the metre has a slot for seed delivery, allowing seeds to be sent to a

predetermined location that will serve as a seed bank. In addition, there is now a constant

flow of air into the metre housing thanks to the installation of a positive-pressure air intake

xxxviii
that has been built just above the seed pool. To summarise, seed may be put into a seed

tube by inserting it via a hole in the housing of the metre that has been specifically

constructed for that purpose. The seed pockets that are evenly placed along the seed disc's

edge move across the seed pool as the seed disc spins, therefore collecting individual

seeds. These seed pockets are distributed uniformly over the periphery of the seed disc.

The characteristics of the machine give it the ability to simulate and drop seeds at precise

intervals. This ensures that the appropriate number of seeds are planted per acre and that

there is a constant distance between each individual seed when they are planted in the

furrow. In addition, these characteristics make it possible for the machinery to provide a

consistent distance between each seed planted in the furrow.

The fluted wheel also known as fluted roller is driven by a square shaft. There are

horizontal groves provided along the outer periphery of the wheel and wheel can be

shifted sideways depending upon the seed rate. These rollers are mounted at the bottom

of the seed box. They receive the seeds in the longitudinal groves and pass on to the seed

tube through the seed hole.

The internal double run feed mechanism has a double face wheel. One face has a larger

opening for course seeds while other face has smaller openings for small seeds. Flapper

gate is provided at the bottom of the box which covers the opening not in use. The rate of

seeding is controlled by changing the speed of the internal feed wheels. This is done by

meshing appropriate gears.

The mechanism consists of a circular shaft mounted with many circular discs. Each disc

is provided with several cups or spoons in a circular path...This arrangement is kept at the

bottom of the seed box. When the shaft rotates, the discs also rotate. Seeds are picked up

xxxix
by the cups and then dropped in to a funnel from where the seeds travel through the seed

tube and reach the furrows. The cups have two faces, one for larger seeds and the other

for smaller seeds

xl
 CHAPTER FOUR CALCULATIONS

4. CALCULATIONS

4.1. SEED METERING DISC

Diameter =15.24 cm

Thickness = 2 cm

No of hole =03 Hole

Perimeter = π*diameter

Perimeter= 3.14*15.24

Perimeter = 47.85 cm

4.2. CALCULATION OF WHEELS

Diameter = 20.32 cm

Thickness= 2.67cm

Perimeter = π*diameter

Perimeter = 3.14*20.32

Perimeter = 63.84 cm

xli
4.3. CALCULATION OF FURROW OPENER

D – Total Draft force, Kgf

Ko – Specific Soil Resistance – (0.12-0.15) kg/cm2

N –Number of Shovel…. (1)

w – Width of Shovel…… (7) cm

d – Depth of shovel……. (4) cm

Total Draft Force (D) = Ko * w * d

D= 0.15 x 7x 4

D= 4.2 Kgf

Take Number of shovel (1)

D = 4.2 x 1 = 4.2 Kgf

Total Draft Force=41.19 N

So, Total Draft Force exerted On Assembly is 41.19 N.

4.4. CALCULATION OF TRACTIVE EFFORT

TTE [N] = RR [N]

TTE = total tractive effort [N]

RR = force necessary to overcome rolling resistance [N]

Rolling Resistance (RR) is the force necessary to propel a vehicle over a particular
surface.

xlii
 RR [N] = GVW [N] x Crr

Gross Vehicle Weight [N]

Crr = surface friction

GVW = 25 kg Approx. = 245.16 N

RR = 245.16 x 0.5 = 122.58 N

Almost

RR= 122.58 N

TTE = 122.58 N

So Total Force [FT] Exert on Assembly is,

Draft Force + Tractive Force

= 41.19N + 122.58 N

TOTAL FORCE = 163.77 N

4.5. CALCULATION OF POWER

P = FT * V

P = motor power (W)

FT = total forces acting on Robot (N)

V= velocity of the Robot (m/s)

P = 163.77 N x 0.58 m/s……. (Assumption)

P = 95 Watt

xliii
4.6. MOTOR TORQUE

Motor torque can be calculated

T = P x 60 / (2 π n)

so,

T = torque or moment (Nm)

P = power in Watt

n = 150 rpm

T = 6.05 Nm

xliv
 CHAPTER FIVE RESULTS

5. RESULTS

5.1. SPECIFICATIONS

TABLE 5.1: SPECIFICATIONS

1 Total Length 76.2 cm

2 Total Width 67.31cm

3 Height 30.48 cm

4 Power transmission Motors

5 Hopper limit 1 kg medium size seeds

6 Number of furrow opener 1

7 Distribution Mechanism Seed Metering Disc

8 Distributer Driver Motor

xlv
5.2. DIMENSION OF WHEEL

TABLE 5.2: WHEEL DIMENSION

1 Diameter 20.32 cm

2 Perimeter 63.84 cm

3 Seed Drop in One Rotation 3-4 seed/rotation of power

wheel

5.3. DIMENSION OF SEED METERING DISC

TABLE 5.3: SEED METERING DISC DIMENSION

1 Diameter 15.24 cm

2 Thickness 2 cm

3 No Of Holes 03

4 Perimeter 47.85 cm

xlvi
5.4. SOIL AND RESISTANCE RESULTS

TABLE 5.4: SOIL AND RESISTANCE

Soil Type Soil Resistance, kg/cm^2

Light 0.12

Medium 0.15

Heavy 0.20

Very Heavy 0.25

xlvii
 5.5. FURROW OPENER RESULTS

TABLE 5.5: FURROW OPENER RESULTS

1 Total Draft Force 41.19 N

2 Specific soil Resistance 0.12-0.15 kg/m^2

3 Width Of Shovel 7 cm

4 Depth Of shovel 4 cm

5 Total Tractive Effort 122.58 N

6 Force Necessary To over-come Rolling Resistance 122.58 N

7 Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW) 245.16N

8 Surface Friction 0.5

9 Total Force Exerted on Assembly 163.77 N

10 Moving speed of vehicle 0.58m/sec

11 Area covered 2088m2/hr.

xlviii
5.6. KNOB RESULS

5.6.1. AT KNOB 1

TABLE 5.6: AT KNOB 1

xlix
5.6.2. AT KNOB 2

TABLE 5.7: AT KNOB 2

l
5.6.3. AT KNOB 3

TABLE 5.8: AT KNOB 3

li
 CHAPTER SIX MODELING AND FABRICATION

6. MODELING AND FABRICATION

6.1. SOFTWARE MODELING

FIG 6.1: CAD MODELING

6.2. FABRICATION

6.2.1. CHASSIS

FIG 6.2: CHASSIS

lii
6.2.2. WHEELS

FIG 6.3: WHEELS

6.2.3. METERING DISC

FIG 6.4: METERING DISC

liii
6.2.4. FURROW CLOSER

FIG 6.5: FURROW CLOSER

6.2.5. FURROW OPENER

FIG 6.6: FURROW OPENER

liv
6.2.6. SEED STORAGE TANK

FIG 6.7: SEED STORAGE TANK

lv
 CHAPTER SEVEN CONCLUSION

7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

7.1. CONCLUSION
The innovations in seed-planting technology that are at the forefront of agricultural

innovation have had far-reaching repercussions as a result of their advancements. We

were able to significantly cut down on the amount of time needed to complete the planting

process by putting into action this innovative idea for the apparatus used to plant seeds.

As a result, we are in a position to drastically cut the expenditures that are linked with

labour. People who have a more compact development pattern may profit tremendously

from this to a large extent. It is possible that such people will find it to be of great

assistance. After doing research on the existing system for seed distribution as well as the

various techniques for dispersing seeds, it was determined that the semi-automatic seed

sowing vehicle or machine could be able to address some of the system's deficiencies and

make it more effective overall. Wherever it has been implemented, the use of modern

seed-planting machinery has had a significant impact on agricultural practises. In the long

term, it's possible that forward-thinking solutions, such as the "Automatic Seed Sowing

Robot," will help us save more time and work. Because of this, there is a reduction in the

amount of money required to pay for labour. Small-scale farmers who tend to fewer acres

of land might stand to gain significantly from it. It is possible to alter the pace at which

the seed and fertiliser are distributed throughout the system. Farmers that use it will

discover that there is a rather short learning curve associated with it. Because of this, we

feel that the initiative will have positive effects all around the world. The seed drum spins

nonstop when seeds are removed from it to prevent any seeds from being dropped during

lvi
the planting process and guarantee that all seeds are used. While the sowing disc is

rotating inside of the seed chamber, the seeds are transferred from the storage tank into

the seed chamber. Following that, you are free to plant the seeds. The seeds are retrieved

from the storage area using the seed buckets, and then with the assistance of the plough,

they are planted at the appropriate depth. In addition, the infrared sensor on the seed-

sowing machine will emit a warning signal if it detects a barrier in its path and is able to

determine what kind of obstruction it is dealing with. It's possible that using this seed

planter equipment will significantly cut down on planting time. The tractor was the most

prevalent kind of propulsion used in agricultural activities up until quite recently. The

goal of these operations is to ensure that there is a constant supply of food. After

undergoing the necessary adjustments, the seed-planting equipment will be able to resume

performing the function for which it was designed. This underscores the need of educating

the general public about this technology and making it accessible to farmers of all sizes

at prices that are within their means. In addition, it is quite important to make sure that

this technology is easily available. It is also conceivable to construct this gadget from the

ground up with raw materials; doing so would result in a large reduction in the overall

cost of the project and would make it much simpler to produce in any of the available

workshops. It is feasible to construct the device from the ground up with just raw

components. The only financial expenditure that will occur is for the machine's engine

and seed hopper, both of which are required for it to do its function. We are able to

accomplish distance flexibility and depth variety management with the help of this

technology, which allows us to plant a wide range of seed types at varying depths.

Because of this, this is true for each and every kind of seed that has ever existed.

lvii
 7.2. FUTURE WORK
There is still a chance that something will come about as a result of the concept so long

as sufficient numbers of people continue to sow the seed for it at the same time. Simply

increasing that number by two allows us to concurrently cultivate anywhere from six to

eight rows of plants. Previously sowing seeds, there is now an interval of time that is

shorter than before. In addition to this, the system may be modified by another system,

and the GSM system has the capability of monitoring many systems at the same time. We

are now working on a planter robot that will be fuelled by solar energy and will function

on its own. A seed-planting machine that is driven by the sun can consistently maintain

equal row spacing and provide precise control over the number of seed that is planted. It

is possible to increase yields while also reducing the number of seed that is wasted by

carefully managing the seed depth. Carry out a number of tasks concurrently in order to

cut down on the number of workers needed, the amount of time and effort spent on each

activity, and the overall quantity of labour that is necessary. Because of this, farmers now

have straightforward access to significant financial advantages. Since of this, we think it

is essential to bring this endeavour to the attention of the entire global community because

we feel that it adds something to the general well-being of our globe.

lviii
 CHAPTER EIGHT REFERENCES

8. REFERENCES

1. Amrita Sneha.A, Abirami.E, Ankita.A, R. Praveena, R. Srimeena. "Agricultural

Robot for automatic ploughing and seeding" , 2015 IEEE Technological

Innovation in ICT for Agriculture and Rural Development (TIAR), 2015.

2. Tran Nguyen BaoAnh and Su-Lim Tan., 2009. Real-Time Operating Systems for
Small Microcontrollers. IEEE Micro, Vol 29, pp. 30-45

3. H. Heege and B. Feldhaus. “Site Specific Control of Seed-Numbers per Unit Area
for Grain Drills,” Agricultural Engineering International: the CIGR Journal of

Scientific Research and Development. Manuscript PM 01 012, Vol. IV December,

2002.

4. Horizontal seed metering machine in Rahuri Agriculture R and D department

5. Swati D. Sambare, S. S. Belsare, “Seed Sowing Using Robotics Technology”

International Journal of scientific research and management (IJSRM) Volume

no.3, Issue-5, May-2015.

6. Abdulrahman, Mangesh Koli, Umesh Kori, Ahmadakbar,“SeedSowing Robot”,

International Journal of Computer Science Trends and Technology (IJCST) –

Volume 5 Issue 2, Mar-Apr 2017 .

7. Ms. Trupti A.Shinde, Dr. Jayashree. S. Awati,“ Design and Development of

Automatic Seed Sowing Machine”, SSRG International Journal of Electronics and

lix
 Communication Engineering - (ICRTESTM) - Special Issue – April 2017 .

8. D.Ramesh, H.P. Girishkumar, “Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments: A

Review”, International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research

(IJSETR), Volume 3, Issue 7, April-2017.

9. Literature Review on Automatic Seed Feeder A.O. Hannure#1, S.P. Kshirsagar#2,

V.S. Kodam#3, O.N. Patange#4, V.S. Nakod#5 #1Assistance Professor, #2, #3,

#4, #5Student, Mechanical Engineering Department, N. K. Orchid College of

Engg. & Tech. Solapur University, Solapur, Maharashtra, India

10.Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine Thorat Swapnil V1, Madhu
L.Kasturi2, Patil Girish V3, Patil Rajkumar N4 1,3 Assistant Professor, Dept. of

Mechanical Engineering, NanasahebMahadik College of Engineering 2P. G

Scholar, Mechanical Engg., Government College of Engineering Karad, India

4Student, Govt. College of Engineering and Research Awasari, Pune.

11.FABRICATION AND AUTOMATION OF SEED SOWING MACHINE

USING IOT Senthilnathan N, Shivangi Gupta, Keshav Pureha and Shreya Verma

School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore,

Tamil Nadu, India.

12.Design and Modification of Automatic Seed Sowing Machine V. Nivash1 N.

Kavin2 S. Manikandan3 K. J. Nethaji4 S. M. Meyvel5 1Assistant Professor=

2,3,4,5UG Student 1,2,3,4,5Department of Mechanical Engineering 1,2,3,4,5Sri

Shanmugha College of Engineering & Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India.

13.Solar Operated Automatic Seed Sowing Machine John Chembukkavu1 Aslam

Basheer2 Basil N Basheer3 Sivasekhar BR4 1Assistant Professor 2,3,4B. Tech.

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 Student 1,2,3,4Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering 1,2,3,4IESCE

Chittilappilly PO Thrissur Kerala, India

14.A REVIEW ON MULTI-SEED SOWING MACHINE Amol B. Rohokale*,

Pavan D. Shewale*, SumitB.Pokharkar*, Keshav K. Sanap* *Students,

Mechanical Engg. Dept. Marathwada Mitra Mandal’s Institute of Technology,

Lohegaon, Pune-411047.

15.Agriculture Seed Sowing Equipments: A Review D.Ramesh 1, H.P. Girishkumar

2* 2*M.tech student, Product Design and manufacturing. 1Asst.Professor,

department of Industrial Engineering and management. SSIT, Tumkur, 572105,

Karnataka, India.

16.DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI SEED SOWING

MACHINERoshan V Marode1*, Gajanan P Tayade1 and Swapnil K Agrawal1

*Corresponding Author:Roshan V Marode, [email protected]

17.Design and Fabrication of Seed Sowing Machine Girishkumar G S1, Vivek C S2,
Ravichandra N3, Vikas B C4, Sahan S Bhusgunde5 1Assistant Professor,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru,

Karnataka, India. 2,3,4,5UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

ATME College of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.

18.REVIEW OF METHODS OF SEED SOWING AND CONCEPT OF MULTI-

PURPOSE SEED SOWING MACHINE ADITYA KAWADASKAR1, Dr. S. S.

CHAUDHARI2 Lecturer, Mechanical Engineering Department, C.C.O.E.W,

Nagpur. 2. Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, YCCE, Nagpur.

lxi
 ANEXTURE

#include <HCSR04.h>

HCSR04 hc(12, 13); //initialisation class HCSR04 (trig pin , echo pin)

int i = 0,c=0;

void setup()

{ Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

void loop()

{ int d = hc.dist();

if (d > 60)

forward();

if (d < 50)

{ stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(2000);

backward(); Serial.println( "b");

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delay(1000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

if (c%2 == 0)

right(); Serial.println( "r");

delay(3000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

forward(); Serial.println( "f");

delay(1000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

right(); Serial.println( "r");

delay(3000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

if (c%2 == 1)

left(); Serial.println( "l");

delay(3000);

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 stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

forward(); Serial.println( "f");

delay(1000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

left(); Serial.println( "l");

delay(3000);

stp(); Serial.println( "s");

delay(1000);

c++;

Serial.println( d);

}//return curent distance in serial

void forward()

{ digitalWrite(2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(3, LOW);

digitalWrite(4, HIGH);

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

void backward()

{ digitalWrite(2, LOW);

digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
lxiv
 digitalWrite(4, LOW);

digitalWrite(5, HIGH);

void left()

{ digitalWrite(2, HIGH);

digitalWrite(3, LOW);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);

digitalWrite(5, HIGH);

void right()

{ digitalWrite(2, LOW);

digitalWrite(3, HIGH);

digitalWrite(4, HIGH);

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

void stp()

{ digitalWrite(2, LOW);

digitalWrite(3, LOW);

digitalWrite(4, LOW);

digitalWrite(5, LOW);

lxv