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Heredity Inheritance and Variations PDF

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28 views

Heredity Inheritance and Variations PDF

Uploaded by

Noean Largo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SCIENCE 10

HEREDITY:
INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

DNA
Replication
SCIENCE 10

WHAT IS
HEREDITY?
Learning Objectives

1. Describe the structure of DNA and RNA


molecules.
2. Identify the role of DNA and RNA molecule.
3. Make a model of a DNA replicate to determine
the sequence of bases in the new DNA strand.
Components
of DNA and
RNA
• nitrogenous base
• pentose (sugar) and
• phosphate group,
making up a nucleotide,
the building block of
Nucleic Acids
What is DNA?
• Deoxyribonucleic acid
• DNA - a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides
• Usually double stranded.
• And have double-helix structure
• Found in chromosomes, mitochondria, and
chloroplasts.
• It acts as the genetic material most o the
organisms.
• Carries the genetic information.
What is DNA?
• The molecule inside cells
that contains the genetic
information responsible
for the development and
function of an organism
• A genome is the complete set of
genetic information in an organism.
It provides all of the information
the organism requires to function.
In living organisms, the genome is
stored in long molecules of DNA
called chromosomes.
Few Key Events Led to
the Discovery of the
Structure of DNA
• DNA as an acidic
substance present in
nucleus was first
identified by Friedrich
Meischer in 1868.
• He named it as
'Nuclein'.
In 1953, James Watson and Francis
Crick, described a very simple but famous
Double Helix model for the structure of
DNA
Replication
- It is the process of making copies of
DNA
- When DNA replicates, two identical
copies of DNA molecules are produced,
which are exactly the same as the
original.
• Thymine and cytosine are called
pyrimidine’s characterized by their
single ring structure.
• Adenine and Guanine are called
purines which have double rings.
- Hydrogen Bonding contributes to the
specificity of base pairing; Adenine
bonds with Thymine Guanine bonds
with Cytosine.
What is RNA?
• Ribonucleic acid
• RNA - a polymer of ribonucleotides linked together by
phosphodiester linkage.
• RNA was first genetic material
• In 1967 Carl Woese found the catalytic properties of
RNA and speculated that the earliest forms of life
relied on RNA both to carry genetic information and
to catalyse biochemical reaction.
What is RNA?
• Usually single stranded and helical in structure.
• But double stranded also present in some viruses.
• RNA exist in several different single-stranded
structures, most of which are directly or indirectly
involved in protein synthesis or its regulations.
• It also acts as the genetic material in some viruses.
• It function as messenger (mRNA), adapter (tRNA),
structural (rRNA), and in some cases as a catalytic
molecule (Ribozyme)
What is RNA?
• is a nucleic acid present in all living cells that
has structural similarities to DNA.
• The primary function of RNA is to create proteins
via translation. RNA carries genetic information that
is translated by ribosomes into various proteins
necessary for cellular processes. mRNA, rRNA, and
tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in
protein synthesis.
In RNA, adenine bonds with
uracil, and cytosine bonds with
guanine
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that
play essential roles in all cells and viruses. A
major function of nucleic acids involves the
storage and expression of genomic
information. Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA,
encodes the information cells need to make
proteins.
1. What are the components of the DNA and RNA molecule?
2. What nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not in DNA?
3. What is the building block of nucleic acid?
4-5. What are the two type of nucleic acid?
6. What are the elements does nucleic acids have?
7. It is a monomer that bonds together to form DNA and RNA.
8. What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA?
9. What are the nitrogenous bases in RNA?
10. It is a single strand nucleic acid.
11. It is a double strand nucleic acid.
12-13. Who is the two person that described a very simple but
famous Double Helix model for the structure of DNA
14. It is the process of making copies of DNA
15. DNA as an acidic substance present in nucleus was first identified
by Friedrich Meischer in 1868. He named it as
Role of DNA and RNA
in Protein Synthesis
DNA goes through the central dogma to
produce Protein. The central dogma of
molecular biology describes the two-step
process, transcription and translation, by
which the information in genes flows into
proteins: DNA to RNA to Protein.
The sequences are:
1.At first DNA the transcription process.
2.By transcription, the DNA produces mRNA.
3.Next this mRNA is grabbed by the
ribosome sub-units and tRNA comes to
start the process of Translation.
- Through translation, protein is produced.
A. Central Dogma of the transfer of genetic
information
3.

1. 4. 6.

5.
2.
The process by which DNA is
copied to RNA is
called transcription, and that
by which RNA is used to
produce proteins is
called translation.
DNA replication
Each time a cell divides, each of its double
strands of DNA splits into two single strands.
Each of these single strands acts as a template
for a new strand of complementary DNA. As a
result, each new cell has its own complete
genome.
DNA replicates to produce a
copy of the genetic material
that will be transferred to new
cells during mitosis or to new
gametes during meiosis.
Mistakes in DNA replication
Occasionally, mispairs survive and are
incorporated into the genome in the next round
of replication. These mutations may have no
consequence, they may result in the death of
the organism, they may result in a genetic
disease or cancer; or they may give the
organism a competitive advantage over its
neighbours, which leads to evolution by natural
selection.
Transcription
First, pre-messenger RNA is formed, with the
involvement of RNA polymerase enzymes. The
process relies on Watson-Crick base pairing,
and the resultant single strand of RNA is the
reverse-complement of the original DNA
sequence. The pre-messenger RNA is then
"edited" to produce the desired mRNA molecule
in a process called RNA splicing.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which
DNA is copied (transcribed) to mRNA,
which carries the information needed
for protein synthesis. Transcription
takes place in two broad steps.
Transcription
There are three major types of RNA
that help build proteins: mRNA, rRNA,
and tRNA.
The mRNA carries the information in
DNA to the ribosomes found in the
cytoplasm.
Translation
The mRNA formed in transcription is
transported out of the nucleus, into the
cytoplasm, to the ribosome (the cell's
protein synthesis factory).
Translation
Here, it directs protein synthesis.
Messenger RNA is not directly involved in
protein synthesis - transfer RNA (tRNA) is
required for this. The process by which
mRNA directs protein synthesis with the
assistance of tRNA is called translation.
Translation
The ribosome is a very large complex of RNA and
protein molecules. Each three-base stretch of
mRNA (triplet) is known as a codon, and one
codon contains the information for a specific
amino acid. As the mRNA passes through the
ribosome, each codon interacts with
the anticodon of a specific transfer RNA (tRNA)
molecule by Watson-Crick base pairing.
mRNA (messenger RNA): it provides the
template for protein synthesis during translation.
tRNA (transfer RNA): it brings amino acids
and reads the genetic code during translation.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA): it plays a structural
and catalytic role during translation.
The genetic code is almost
universal. It is the basis of the
transmission of hereditary
information by nucleic acids in all
organisms.
What animals have human
chromosomes?
This family includes orangutans,
chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos.
Of the great apes, humans share 98.8
percent of their DNA with bonobos and
chimpanzees. Humans and gorillas share
98.4 percent of their DNA.
Order of bases Order of bases Order of bases Amino Acid
in DNA in mRNA in tRNA Coded into
Proteins
TAG AUC
CAT
GUC
CCA
Methionine
Valine
ACU
ACA UGU
AAA
GAA CUU
THANK YOU!
Write in ½ crosswise.
Describe the structure of DNA
and RNA in three to four
sentences in a paragraph
form. (15 points)

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