Broadband Communication Systems

(EC 4201)
B.Tech.- Sem.II

Unit III

Dr. Mrs.Shubhangi R.Chaudhary

E&TC Dept.,CCEW
Unit III: Design considerations in optical
links & WDM
Course Objective:
To identify system design issues and the role of
WDM components in advanced optical fiber
communication system

Course Outcomes
CO3: Calculate link power budget and rise time
budget of optical link and describe WDM
components

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Unit III: Design considerations in optical
links & WDM
• Point to point Links: System design
considerations, Link Power budget
• Rise Time budget, Analog Links: CNR,
Multichannel transmission techniques
• Overview of WDM, WDM Components: 2x2
Fiber Coupler, Multiplexers and De-multiplexers
• Optical Isolators and Circulators
• Fiber Bragg Grating, Diffraction Gratings
• Overview of Optical Amplifiers: SOA, EDFA in
brief

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 Point-to-Point Links
Key system requirements needed to analyze optical fiber
links:
1. The desired (or possible) transmission distance
2. The data rate or channel bandwidth
3. The desired bit-error rate (BER)
LED or laser MMF or SMF pin or APD

(a) Emission wavelength (a) Core size (a) Responsivity

(b) Spectral line width (b) Core index profile (b) Operating λ
(c) Output power (c) BW or dispersion (c) Speed
(d) Effective radiating area (d) Attenuation (d) Sensitivity
(e) Emission pattern (e) NA or MFD

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 Design Considerations
• Link Power Budget
– There is enough power margin in the
system to meet the given BER
• Rise Time Budget
– Each element of the link is fast enough to
meet the given bit rate

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 Optical Power Loss Model

Figure. Optical power loss model for a point-to-point link.

The losses occur at connectors (lc), at splices ( lsp ), and in the fiber (α).
𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑅
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 + (Splicing loss + Fiber attenuation) + System margin

𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑠 − 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑚𝑙𝑐 + 𝑛𝑙𝑠𝑝 + 𝛼𝐿 + 𝑆ystem Margin

𝑃𝑇 : Total loss; 𝑃𝑠 : Source power; 𝑃𝑅 : Rx sensitivity
𝑚 connectors; 𝑛 splices
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 Optical Power Loss Model

PT = Ps − PR = mlc + nlsp + αL + System Margin

Where,
PT: Total optical power loss
PS:Power at source-coupled connector
PR : the receiver sensitivity
lc : the connector loss,
lsp : the splicing loss,
α : the fiber attenuation (dB/km),
L : the transmission distance
m:connectors
n:splices

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[1] 8
Fig. 8.5: A 2.5-Gb/s 60-km optical fiber link with 5-m optical jumper
cables at each end [1]
Consider a 1550-nm laser diode that launches a +3-dBm (2-mW) optical
power level into a fiber flylead, an InGaAs APD with a –32-dBm sensitivity at
2.5 Gb/s, and a 60-km long optical cable with a 0.3-dB/km attenuation.
Assume that here, because of the way the equipment is arranged, a 5-m
optical jumper cable is needed at each end between the end of the
transmission cable and the SONET equipment rack as shown in Fig. 8.5.
Assume that each jumper cable introduces a loss of 3 dB. In addition,
assume a 1-dB connector loss occurs at each fiber joint (two at each end
because of the jumper cables). 9
# Consider a 1550-nm laser diode that launches a +3-dBm (2-mW) optical
power level into a fiber flylead, an InGaAs APD with a –32-dBm sensitivity at
2.5 Gb/s, and a 60-km long optical cable with a 0.3-dB/km attenuation.
Assume that here, because of the way the equipment is arranged, a 5-m
optical jumper cable is needed at each end between the end of the
transmission cable and the SONET equipment rack as shown in Fig. 8.5.
Assume that each jumper cable introduces a loss of 3 dB. In addition, assume
a 1-dB connector loss occurs at each fiber joint (two at each end because of
the jumper cables). [1]

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Examples solve in class

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 Rise-Time Budget
• A rise-time budget analysis determines the dispersion
limitation of an optical fiber link.
1/ 2
 n
2 
t sys =   ti 
 i =1 
• Total rise time depends on:
– Transmitter rise time (ttx)
– Group Velocity Dispersion (tGVD)
– Modal dispersion rise time (tmod)
– Receiver rise time (trx)
Total rise time of a digital link should not exceed
70% for a NRZ bit period, and 35% of a RZ bit period
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 Rise-Time Budget
• A rise-time budget analysis determines the dispersion
limitation of an optical fiber link.

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Examples solve in class

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 Optical Analog Link

Fig. 9.1 Basic elements of an analog link and the major noise
contributors [1]

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 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
It is the ratio of rms carrier power to rms noise power at
the input of the RF receiver following the photodetection
process

The important signal impairments include laser intensity

noise fluctuations, laser clipping, photodetector noise, and
optical-amplifier noise.

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 Multichannel Techniques

Fig. 9.7 Standard technique for frequency-division multiplexing of N

independent Information signals [1]

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing

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 Advantages of WDM
• Capacity upgrade of existing fiber networks
(without adding fibers)
• Transparency: Each optical channel can carry
any transmission format (different
asynchronous bit rates, analog or digital)
• Scalability: Buy and install equipment for
additional demand as needed
• Wavelength routing and switching: Wavelength
is used as another dimension to time and space

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Wavelength Division Multiplexing

[1]
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 WDM, CWDM and DWDM

• WDM technology uses multiple wavelengths to

transmit information over a single fiber
• Coarse WDM (CWDM) has wider channel spacing
(20 nm) – low cost
• Dense WDM (DWDM) has dense channel spacing
(0.8 nm) which allows simultaneous transmission of
16+ wavelengths – high capacity

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 ITU-T Standard Transmission
 c 
 =  2  
 

Figure:10.2 The transmission-band widths in the O- and C-bands

(1310-nm and 1550-nm windows) [1]
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 Key Components for WDM

Passive Optical Components

• Wavelength Selective Splitters
• Wavelength Selective Couplers
Active Optical Components
• Tunable Optical Filter
• Tunable Source
• Optical amplifier
• Add-drop Multiplexer and De-multiplexer

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Fused-Biconical coupler Or
Directional coupler [1]

L= 2L+W

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 Fused-Biconical coupler

L= 2L+W

Coupling Ratio
or splitting ratio

Where, Pi = input port i

Po = output port j

Cross Talk or

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 Passive Optical Couplers
A 2 x 2 biconical tapered fiber coupler has
an input optical power level of P0 = 200 mW.
The output powers at the other three ports
are P1 = 90 mW, P2 = 85 mW, and P3 = 6.3
nW. What are the coupling ratio, excess
loss, insertion losses, and crosstalk or
return loss for this coupler?

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 Fused-Fiber Star Coupler

Splitting Loss = -10 Log(1/N) dB = 10 Log (N) dB

Excess Loss = 10 Log (Total Pin/Total Pout)
Fused couplers have high excess loss

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 8x8 bi-directional star coupler by
cascading 3 stages of 3-dB Couplers

N
Number of 3-dB Couplers N c = log 2 N
2
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 Isolator
Optical isolators allow light to pass in only one direction.

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Isolator

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 Circulator
• An optical circulator is a nonreciprocal multiport
passive device that directs light sequentially from port
to port in only one direction.

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Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG)

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 Text Books
[1]. Gerd Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communications”,
Tata McGraw Hill, (5th Edition), (2013).
[2]. John M. Senior, “Optical Fiber Communications:
Principles and Practice”, PHI, (3nd Edition), (2008).

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 Reference Books
1. Djafar K. Mynbaev and Lowell L. Scheiner,
“Fiber Optic Communications Technology”,
Pearson Education, (1st Edition), (2000).
2. Govind P. Agrawal, “Fiber Optic Communication
Systems”, Wiley India, (3rd Edition), (2002).

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