𝜆0 𝑐 𝑉1− = 𝑆11 𝑉1+ + 𝑆12 𝑉2+

𝜆= , 𝜆0 =
√𝜀𝑟 𝜇𝑟 𝑓
𝑉2− = 𝑆21 𝑉1+ + 𝑆22 𝑉2+
𝑐
𝑣= 𝑉1− 𝑉1−
√𝜀𝑟 𝜇𝑟 𝑆11 = | 𝑆12 = |
𝑉1+ 𝑉2+ = 0 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ = 0
𝜔 2𝜋
𝛽= =
𝑣 𝜆 𝑉2− 𝑉2−
𝑆21 = | 𝑆22 = |
𝑉1+ 𝑉2+ = 0 𝑉2+ 𝑉1+ = 0

2
𝛿𝑠 = √ , 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 ∙ 10−7
𝜔𝜇𝜎
𝐴11 = Γ𝑠 𝑆11 − 1 𝐴12 = Γ𝑠 𝑆12
1 𝜔𝜇 ℓ 1
𝑅𝑠 = =√ , 𝑅𝑠 = ∙ 𝐴21 = Γ𝐿 𝑆21 𝐴22 = Γ𝐿 𝑆22 − 1
𝛿𝑠 𝜎 2𝜎 2𝜋𝑟 𝛿𝑠 𝜎
𝑉𝑆 √𝑍0
𝑏𝑠 = 𝐷 = 𝐴12 𝐴21 − 𝐴11 𝐴22
𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍0
𝐹𝑆𝑃𝐿 = 20 log(𝑅) + 20 log(𝑅) − 147.56 − 𝐺𝑡 − 𝐺𝑟
𝑏𝑠 𝐴22 𝑏𝑠 (𝐴22 𝑆11 − 𝐴21 𝑆12 )
𝑎1 = 𝑏1 =
𝐷 𝐷
𝐸 𝜇 −𝑏𝑠 𝐴21 𝑏𝑠 (𝐴22 𝑆21 − 𝐴21 𝑆22 )
𝜂= =√ , 𝜀0 = 8.854 ∙ 10−12 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 =
𝐻 𝜀 𝐷 𝐷
𝑎2 + 𝑏2 −𝐴21 + (𝐴22 𝑆21 − 𝐴21 𝑆22 )
𝐴𝑣 = =
𝑎1 + 𝑏1 𝐴22 + (𝐴22 𝑆11 − 𝐴21 𝑆12 )
𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = ±√(𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑉3 𝑉3 𝑉4 𝑉4
𝑍0 = ±√ 𝐶= = 20 log 𝐷= = 20 log
𝐺 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉3 𝑉3
𝑉4 𝑉4 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝐼= = 20 log 𝑇= = 20 log
𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1 𝑉1
𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍0
Γ𝐿 = 0 𝑗 1 0
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 −1 𝑗 0 0 1
[𝑆90 ] = [ ]
Τ = 1 + Γ𝐿 √2 1 0 0 𝑗
0 1 𝑗 0

𝑍𝑠 − 𝑍0
Γ𝑠 = 𝒁𝟎 > [𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝜺𝒓 ]:
𝑍𝑠 + 𝑍0
−1
𝑤 𝑒𝐻 1
= [ − 𝐻]
ℎ 8 4𝑒
Γ𝑖𝑛 = |Γ𝐿 |𝑒 −2𝛼ℓ ∠(𝜑𝐿 − 2𝛽ℓ)
𝑍0 √2(𝜀𝑟 + 1) 𝜀𝑟 − 1 𝜋 1 4
𝐻= + [ln + ln ]
119.9 2(𝜀𝑟 + 1) 2 𝜀𝑟 𝜋
|𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 | 1 + |Γ𝐿 |
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 = =
|𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛 | 1 − |Γ𝐿 |
𝒁𝟎 > [𝟔𝟑 − 𝟐𝜺𝒓 ]:
1
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍0 tanh(𝛾ℓ) 𝜀𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 0.96
(0.109 − 0.004𝜀𝑟 )[log(10 + 𝑍0 ) − 1]
𝑍0 + 𝑍𝐿 tanh(𝛾ℓ) 𝜀𝑟 +
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan(𝛽ℓ)
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0
𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan(𝛽ℓ)
𝒁𝟎 < [𝟒𝟒 − 𝟐𝜺𝒓 ]: 𝑃𝑡
𝑝̂𝑡′ =
4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑤 2
= [(𝑑 − 1) − ln(2𝑑 − 1) 4𝜋𝐴𝑡
ℎ 𝜋 𝐺𝑡 =
𝜀𝑟 − 1 0.61 𝜆2
+ [ln(𝑑 − 1) + 0.39 − ]]
2𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡
𝑝̂𝑡 =
59.95𝜋 2 4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑑=
𝑍0 √𝜀𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝜎
𝑃𝜎 =
4𝜋𝑅 2
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝜎
−1/2 𝑝̂𝜎 =
𝜀𝑟 + 1 𝜀𝑟 − 1 ℎ (4𝜋𝑅 2 )2
𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 = + [1 + 12 ]
2 2 𝑊
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐴𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎
𝑊 𝑃𝑟 = =
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 + 0.3) ( + 0.264) (4𝜋𝑅 2 )2 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4
∆𝐿 = 0.412ℎ ℎ
𝑊
(𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 0.258) ( ℎ + 0.8)
𝑐 𝑁𝑖 = 𝐾𝑇𝑒 𝐵 , 𝐾 = 1.38 ∙ 10−23
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐿 + 2∆𝐿 =
2𝑓𝑟 √𝜀𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑆𝑖 /𝑁𝑖 (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑖
𝐹= =
𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 (𝑆𝑁𝑅)𝑜
𝑐 2
𝑊= √ 𝑆𝑖 = 𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐹(𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 ) , 𝑇0 = 290 𝐾
2𝑓𝑟 𝜀𝑟 + 1

1
𝑅𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎
2(𝐺1 + 𝐺12 )
( )=
𝜋 𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵
𝑅𝑖𝑛 (𝑦 = 𝑦0 ) = 𝑅𝑖𝑛 cos 2 ( 𝑦0 )
𝐿 𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎
( )=
𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿

2𝑅
𝑡𝑑 =
𝑐 1
𝜏 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎 4
𝑑𝑡 = = 𝜏𝑓𝑟 𝑅=[ ]
𝑇 (4𝜋)3 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿(𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 )
𝜏 1
𝑃𝑎𝑣 = 𝑃𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑡 𝜏𝑓𝑟 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎 4
𝑇 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥 =[ ]
3
(4𝜋) 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿(𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑃𝑎𝑣
𝐸𝑝 = 𝑃𝑡 𝜏 = 𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝑇 = 1
𝑓𝑟
𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎 4
𝑅0 = [ ]
(4𝜋)3 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿
𝑐
𝑅𝑢 =
2𝑓𝑟
𝑆𝑜 𝑅0 4
𝑐𝜏 𝑐 =( )
∆𝑅 = = 𝑁𝑜 𝑅
2 2𝐵

2𝑣 𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎𝑛
𝑓𝑑 = cos(𝛾) ( ) =
𝜆 𝑁𝑜 𝑛 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿
𝑓0′ = 𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑑 𝑛 = 𝑇𝑖 𝑓𝑟

𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎𝑇𝑖
( ) =
𝑁𝑜 𝑛 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿
 1/2
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝜎𝐵𝑗 𝐿𝑗
(𝑅𝑐𝑜 )𝑠𝑠𝑗 =[ ]
Ω 𝐷2 𝜆 4𝜋𝑃𝑗 𝐺𝑗 𝐵𝑟 𝐿
𝑛𝑝 = 2 = 2 Ω , 𝜃=
𝜃 𝜆 𝐷 (𝑅𝑐𝑜 )𝑠𝑠𝑗
(𝑅𝑑 )𝑠𝑠𝑗 =
𝑡𝑠 𝜆2 𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑖 = = 2 √(𝑆/𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑗 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑛𝑝 𝐷 Ω

𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎 𝜆2 𝑡𝑠 𝐸𝑟 2 2
( )= ∙ 𝜎 = lim 4𝜋𝑅 | |
𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿 𝐷 2 Ω 𝑅→∞ 𝐸𝑖
𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐴𝜎 𝑡𝑠
( )= 4
∙
𝑁𝑜 16𝑅 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿 Ω
2𝜋𝑎 4
𝜎 = 9𝜋𝑎2 ( )
𝜆
1
𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐴𝜎 𝑡𝑠 4 𝜎 = 𝜋𝑎2
𝑅=[ ∙ ]
16𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿(𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 ) Ω 𝑎𝑓𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.1𝑐
𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎
( )=
𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿𝐵𝑠
2𝜋𝑟𝐿2
𝜎𝑐 =
𝜆
1
𝑃𝑎𝑣 𝐴𝜎 4
4𝜋𝐴2
𝑅0 = [ ] 𝜎𝑝 =
16𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐿(𝑆𝑜 /𝑁𝑜 )𝐵𝑠 𝜆2
2
4𝜋𝐴2𝑒 4𝜋𝑎2 sin(𝑘𝑎 sin 𝜃)
𝜎𝑏 = 2 𝜎𝑝 = 2 [ ]
𝜆 𝜆 𝑘𝑎 sin 𝜃

𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝜆2 𝜎𝑏
( )=
𝑁𝑜 (4𝜋)3 𝑅𝑡2 𝑅𝑟2 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐿𝑡 𝐿𝑟 𝐿𝑝
16𝜋𝑎2 𝑏 2 2
𝜎𝑑𝑐 = sin 𝛼
𝑉𝑝 = √𝑇𝐵 𝜆2

1 12𝜋𝑎4
𝐵≈ 𝜎𝑡𝑐 =
𝜏𝑐 𝜆2

𝜏
𝐶𝑅 =
𝜏𝑐 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎𝑐
𝑆𝑐 =
𝑆𝑜 𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎𝑛 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4
( ) =
𝑁𝑜 𝑝𝑐 (4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐹𝐾𝑇0 (𝐵/𝐶𝑅)𝐿 𝑐𝜏
𝜎𝑐 = 𝜎0 𝐴𝑐 = 𝜎0 𝑅 ( ) 𝜃𝑎𝑧 sec 𝜓𝑔
2
𝑛 = 𝑇𝑖 𝑓𝑟
2𝜎𝑡
𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜆2 𝜎 (𝑆𝐶𝑅)𝐴𝑐 =
𝑆= 𝑅𝑐𝜏𝜎0 𝜃𝑎𝑧 sec 𝜓𝑧
(4𝜋)3 𝑅4 𝐿
𝑃𝑗 𝐺𝑗 𝜆2 𝐺 𝐵𝑟
𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑗 = ∙ ∙ 𝜎𝑂
4𝜋𝑅𝑗 2 4𝜋 𝐵𝑗 𝐿𝑗 𝛾=
sin 𝜓𝑔
𝐺𝑟 𝜆2
𝐴= 𝜎𝑠
4𝜋 𝜎𝑂 =
𝐴𝑐
𝑆 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝜎𝐵𝑗 𝐿𝑗
=
𝑆𝑠𝑠𝑗 4𝜋𝑃𝑗 𝐺𝑗 𝑅 2 𝐵𝑟 𝐿
 𝑁0 𝐺𝑇 = 𝐺𝐼𝑀𝑁 𝐺𝑆 𝐺𝑂𝑀𝑁
𝑁𝐹 = 10 log
𝐾𝑇0 𝐵𝐺𝑎

𝐾 = 1.38 ∙ 10−23
1 − |Γ𝑠 |2
𝑇0 = 290 𝐾 𝐺𝐼𝑀𝑁 =
|1 − Γ𝑠 Γ𝑖𝑛 |2

𝐺𝑆 = |S21 |2
𝑇𝑒2 𝑇𝑒𝑛 1 − |Γ𝐿 |2
𝑇𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒1 + + ⋯+ 𝐺𝑂𝑀𝑁 =
𝐺1 𝐺1 ⋯ 𝐺𝑛−1 |1 − S22 Γ𝐿 |2

𝐹2 − 1 𝐹𝑛 − 1 S11 − Γ𝐿 Δ
𝐹0 = 𝐹1 + + ⋯+ Γ𝑖𝑛 =
𝐺1 𝐺1 ⋯ 𝐺𝑛−1 1 − S22 Γ𝐿
S22 − Γ𝑠 Δ
Γ𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑇𝑒 1 − S11 Γ𝑠
𝐹 =1+
𝑇0

Δ = S11 S22 − S12 S21

𝑅1 = √𝑅 2 + (ℎ𝑡 − ℎ𝑟 )2

𝑅2 = √𝑅 2 + (ℎ𝑡 + ℎ𝑟 )2 1 + |Γ𝑘 |
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅𝑘 =
1 − |Γ𝑘 |
2ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟
∆𝑅 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 = , ℎ𝑡 ≫ ℎ𝑟
𝑅
|𝑆11 | < 1 , |𝑆22 | < 1

ℎ𝑡 −ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑡 −ℎ𝑟 1 − |𝑆11 |2 − |𝑆22 |2 + |∆|2

2𝜋∆𝑅 4𝜋ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟
∆𝜙 = =
𝜆 𝜆𝑅
4𝜋ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟
∆Φ = ∆𝜙 + 𝜋 = +𝜋
𝜆𝑅

𝐸𝑇 = |1 + 𝑒 −𝑗∆Φ |

4𝜋𝑃𝑡 𝐺 2 𝜎(ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑟 )4
𝑃𝑟 ≈
𝜆2 𝑅8