This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
10.1109/JLT.2014.2374839, Journal of Lightwave Technology

Spun related effects on optical properties of spun

silica optical fibres
Jianxiang Wen*, Member, IEEE , Wenjun Liu, Yi Huang, Yuchen Liu, Yanhua Luo, Gang-ding Peng,
Fufei Pang, Zhenyi Chen, Tingyun Wang*

 any external stresses and bends, two polarization modes are

Abstract—Spun related effects on optical properties of silica degenerated, and propagating at the same speed without
optical fibres have been investigated experimentally. In addition dispersion. Even for a commercial fibre there is slightly
to the previously known spun effects on polarization mode unavoided birefringence, which results from a number of
dispersion (PMD), we observed previously unknown spun related extrinsic or intrinsic factors. The most important intrinsic factor
effects on mode field diameter (MFD), cutoff wavelength and is a small deviation from non-circularity of core and cladding of
Verdet constant. These effects are significant at highly spun (short
the fibre, and then the linear birefringence is inversely
pitch length) fibres which are draw at high rotation rate and low
drawing speed. By fabricating and testing spun fibres of varying proportional to the sensitivity of sensing properties, such as
pitch lengths, we found that MFD, cutoff wavelength and PMD all magnetic field intensity, angular velocity, and so on[5-9].
decrease as the pitch length decreases, while the fibre loss For many sensing applications, linear birefringence is
increases significantly when the pitch length is lower than 1.5 mm. induced due to fibre bends. This bend-induced birefringence is
We have also investigated the spun and annealing effects on the primary difficulty in realizing optical fibre current sensor
Verdet constant of spun fibres. Our experimental results reveal based on Faraday Effect [6-8]. So it is very important to
that, by increasing the spun rate (i.e. decreasing the spun pitch develop a practical technique in order to eliminate the impacts
length), the Verdet constant is increased appreciably. One of linear birefringence, or minimize the linear birefringence,
relevant finding is that the increase of Verdet constant of spun
and to enhance the sensitivity of sensing properties. Since the
fibres after annealing is inversely proportional to the pitch length.
The overall Verdet constant increase, due to spun and annealing early 1990s, a spinning fibre method has been used in
processes, can reach about 4.5% at 1550 nm wavelength in a spun manufacturing the spinning fibre directly, instead of spinning
fibre with 1.0 mm pitch. preform, which has proven to be an effective technique to
reduce the fibre PMD [10-13]. Recently, the spinning preform
Index Terms—Fibre sensor, Magnate-optical property, Spun methods are used to draw single mode fibre, polarization
fibre, Verdet constant . maintaining fibre, Er-doped silica fibre, etc. [14-22]. However
other properties of the fibre with spinning preform method are
not investigated so far.
I. INTRODUCTION In this paper, we discussed spun related effects on optical
properties of spun silica optical fibres with spinning perform
T he specialty optical fibre sensors have certain advantages,
such as immunity to electromagnetic interference, small
size, high sensitivity, and ease in implementing
method. With the decreasing of rotating pitch, MFD is
obviously smaller; cutoff wavelength and PMD are decreased,
multiplexed or distributed sensors. Especially they have many and loss is increased significantly when pitch is lower than 1.5
advantages in the aspects of fibre-optic gyroscope and mm. Verdet constant is also increased. Combining with the
fibre-optic current sensors. Therefore they have been actively annealing treatment, Verdet constant can be further increased.
explored over years [1-4]. Considering an ideal fibre, without

This work was supported by National Program on Key Basic Research Project
II. EXPERIMENT SECTION
(973 Program: 2012CB723405); Natural Science Foundation of China An optical fibre preform is fabricated by out vapor deposition
(60937003, 61177088, 61275051, 61275090, 61475096); and Shanghai (OVD) technique. It is a commercial grade optical fibre
Natural Science Foundation (12ZR1411200).The authors are also thankful for
the support through International Science Linkages project (CG130013) by the preform, and its uniformity and consistency are very good. It is
Department of Industry, Innovation, Science and Research, Australia, and for drawn by using spinning perform method that are carried out in
two LIEF grants(LE0883038,LE100100098) from Australian Research Hengtong Photoelectric Technology Co., ltd., China.
Council to fund national fibre facility at the University of New South Wales. We select a preform, for ITU-T G652D fibre. First, several
Jianxiang Wen*, Wenjun Liu, Yi Huang, Yuchen Liu, Fufei Pang, Zhenyi
Chen, and Tingyun Wang* are with the Key Laboratory of Specialty Fiber kilometer fibres with un-spin pitch are drawn, to be a reference
Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China of cutoff wavelength, loss, MFD, and PMD parameters. The
(*[email protected];[email protected];[email protected];103339 drawing speed is 1 m/min. Next, we impart different constant
[email protected];[email protected];[email protected];[email protected] spinning rotation to draw the spinning fibres when the drawing
u.cn).
Yanhua Luo and Gang-ding Peng are with School of Electrical Engineering speeds and perform rotating velocities are stable, respectively.
and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Five kinds of spun fibres with different rotating rates are
([email protected]; [email protected] ).

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obtained. One preform is used to draw these fibres at the same

drawing tower to eliminate other interfering factors.
Magneto-optical effect is a phenomenon that the optical  V  B L (1)
properties are changed when the material is placed in a Where  is Faraday rotation angle, B is the strength of
magnetic field. The Verdet constant (V) is used to describe magnetic field, L is the path length of spun fibre traversed light
magneto-optical characteristic of the material medium. When a in the material medium. A magneto-optical measurement
linearly polarized light propagates through a magneto-optical system is set up, as shown in Fig.1 [23-24]. The light through a
medium, the polarization plane is rotated with a rotation angle, polarizer is cut into discrete wave by a chopper. Then square
which is in proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic wave through a collimating lens is coupled into the fibre.
field. The rotation angle of polarization plane can be expressed
in Equ.(1).
Collimating Solenoid
Collimator Lens Polarizer Photodetector
Light source
(ASE 1550 nm)
Fiber Collimating
Polarizer Sample
Lens

DC Current PC
Source

Optical Lock-in
Chopper Amplifer

Fig. 1 Experimental configuration of Magneto-optical effect measurement for spun fibres

Fig.2 Microscope image of spun fibre with a pitch of 1.5 mm and un-spun fibre

Table1. Pitch values at different positions

Pitches (mm) Pitches (mm)

1 2 3 4 5
(Theors. value) (Expts. value)
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1.0 0.995 1.086 1.059 1.098 1.102 1.068
1.5 1.457 1.532 1.500 1.675 1.534 1.480
2.0 1.850 1.855 1.759 1.802 1.839 1.821

The magnetic field is created by a solenoid with a direct current 2, 1.5, and 1 mm, respectively. Thus the fibre samples with
(DC). The solenoid is copper wire coil (the diameter is 1.8 mm different rotating pitches are obtained for our study. Each fibre
per turn, inner radius is 12.8 mm, outer radius is 74.8 mm). sample length is 500 m.
Maximum allowable current is 6 A and maximum magnetic
fields strength in the coil axis is up to 140 mT. The fibre is A. Pitch measurement of spun fibres
placed into the solenoid axis. The polarizer light is sent to photo
detector (PD). Verdet constant and birefringence of optical To measure real pitch of spun optical fibre, the lateral images of
fibre can be measured using this system. The test data are spun fibres are observed with an optical microscope, 40X
(ZOUSUN Stereo Microscope CCD), while the light at 650 nm
acquired and analyzed by PC.
band passes through spun optical fibre. There is a set of
periodic spin profiles, which is different to that of the un-spun
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
fibre, as shown in Fig.2. At the same time, we only observe the
Here the drawing speed is set to be only 1m/min. This approach three samples, the pitches are 1, 1.5 and 2 mm, respectively,
is agreed with the concept of rotating optical fibre preform at and other pitch is not measured as it is beyond the field of the
low speed drawing, which was originally proposed by Barlow microscopy. The 5 pitch values at different positions are
et al. [10]. During the drawing process, when a fibre is drawn measured for every sample, respectively, and then the average
from the preform with simultaneously rotating by 200, 333, 500, value of every sample pitch is calculated, and listed in Table 1.
667, and 1000 rpm, respectively, the theory pitch values are 5, 3,

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There is a little difference between theoretical design and Cutoff wavelengths of spun fibre with different pitches are
experimental pitch values within error range. also measured, and they are obviously lower when spun fibre
pitch is lower than 1.5 mm, as shown in Fig.5.
B. Measurement of MFD, Loss, Cutoff wavelength and PMD
1290
Cutoff wavelength
MFDs of spun fibres are measured by direct far-field method.
1260
MFD becomes smaller obviously in the spinning fibre with the

Cutoff wavelength (nm)

decrease of pitches, as shown in Fig.3. That is, the influence of
preform spinning on MFD is obvious. We speculate that 1230
spinning preform during the drawing process decreases or
removes the linear birefringence and non-circularity of spun 1200
fibre, which results in smaller MFD of spun fibre.
1170

9.35 Mode field diameter 1140

9.30 1110

9.25 ∞ 5 3 2 1.5 1
Pitches (mm)
MFD (um)

9.20 Fig.5 Cutoff wavelengths with different pitches

9.15
0.30 Polarization mode dispersion
9.10
0.27
9.05
PMD (ps/(km)1/2)

0.24
∞ 5 3 2 1.5 1
Pitches (mm)
0.21
Fig.3 MFDs with different pitches
0.18
12
Loss at 1310 nm
Loss at 1550 nm
0.15
10
0.12
8
Loss (dB/km)

6 ∞ 5 3 2 1.5 1
Pitches (mm)
4 Fig.6 PMDs with different pitches

2 PMDs are measured according to the Jones matrix

eigen-analysis (JME) test method. Spun fibre is lied down on
0 the floor on the square path of about 30 m, which prevents the
stress and twist due to the bend influence on PMD
∞ 5 3 2
Pitches (mm)
1.5 1 measurements. The measurement is repeated for each sample.
The results are shown in Fig.6. PMD is decreased with the
Fig.4 Losses with different pitches increase of the preform rotating speed. And PMD is decreased
significantly when spun fibre pitch is lower than 2 mm. As
We measure the losses of fibre samples with different expected, the higher spinning rates are, the more PMD
pitches at 1310 and 1550 nm, as shown in Fig.4. During the reduction is (relative to the reference value of un-spun fibre).
drawing process, the rotating speed of fibre preform is Experimental results confirm that PMD can be efficiently
increased, and the loss of the optical fibre is increased a little. reduced with unidirectional different preform spinning rates.
However, when spun fibre pitch is lower than 1.5 mm, loss is Those are also in agreement with that fibre loss is increased
increased significantly. This shows that the loss induced by with the decrease of cutoff wavelength and MFD. So it is very
spinning preform during the drawing process is very large. important how to design spinning preform rates as well as the

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drawing speed. We set up a measurement system in Fig.1. When the input light
C. Magneto-optical properties with different pitches wavelength is 1550 nm band, the Verdet constant values of
spun fibres with different pitches, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 5 mm, are
In order to analyze the relationship between the pitch and 0.6035, 0.5983, 0.5979, 0.5933, and 0.5903 rad/Tm,
Verdet constant, it is necessary to further analyze magneto- respectively. Verdet constant of single mode fibre with
optical properties of spun fibres with different pitches. un-spun is 0.5862 rad/T m. Extinction Ratio (ER) and Verdet
27 constant of spun fibres with different pitches are shown in
Figs.7 and 8. ER and Verdet constant of spun fibres with
26 different pitches become higher than that of single-mode fibre
with un-spun pitch, and Verdet contant is also increased by
25
Extinction Ratio (dB)

about 3.0 % at 1550 nm band. Moreover, the shorter the pitch of

spun fibre is, the higher the Verdet constant value is. That is,
24 Faraday Effect of spun fibre is more obvious. We suppose that
the random linear birefringence in single model fibre is reduced
23 due to a role of spinning preform [8]. And the shorter the pitch
of spun fibre is, the less the random linear birefringence is. It is
22 spin manufacturing process that improves magneto-optical
properties of the fibres, which is an advantage to be applied in
21
the fibre-optic current sensor by using a shorter rotating pitch.
20 D. Effect of annealing treatment on magneto-optical property
In order to measure the effect of annealing treatment on the
∞ 5 3 2 1.5 1
magneto-optical property of silica fibre, we choose spun fibre
Pitches (mm)
samples with pitches 1, 2, and 5 mm. Firstly, those spun fibres
Fig.7 Extinction ratio with different pitches are heated up to 150 ℃, and thermally stabilized for 30 minutes.
0.610 Then the samples are annealed to the room temperature by
natural cooling. And then the magneto-optical properties are
measured using the measurement system in Fig.1, and the
Verdet constants (rad/T.m)

0.605 results are shown in Table 2. After spun fibres are annealed, the
Verdet constant values of spun fibres can be increased.
Especially spun fibre sample with 1 mm pitch, it is increased by
0.600 about 1.5% at 1550 nm wavelength. However, the Verdet
constant of spun fibre with 5 mm pitch is almost not changed
0.595 after annealing treatment. The temperature dependence
property of spun fibre with shorter pitch is obvious. Thus
annealing treatment method could effectively reduce intrinsic
0.590 birefringence of the optical fibres, due to some kinds of
torsional or shear stress in spun fibres [8, 20, 25]. Those could
effectively improve the magneto-optical property of spun
0.585 fibres.
∞ 5 3 2 1.5 1
Pitches (mm)
Fig.8 Verdet constants with different pitches

Table 2.Verdet constants change of the spun fibres before and after annealing

Pitches V (rad/T.m) V (rad/T.m) V (rad/T.m)

(mm) (Before annealing) (After annealing) (Difference)
1 0.6035 0.6127 0.0092
2 0.5979 0.6031 0.0052
5 0.5903 0.5905 0.0002

drawing speed is 1 m/min, and the preforms are rotated with

IV. CONCLUSION different rates. With the decreasing of the pitch value, MFD is
In this paper, we experimentally investigated spun related obviously smaller; cutoff wavelength and PMD are decreased,
effects on optical properties of silica optical fibres by using the and then loss is increased significantly when the pitch is lower
rotating fibre perform method. During the drawing process, the than 1.5 mm. At the same time, we setup a measurement system
of magneto-optical properties for spun fibres. The Verdet

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degree in Chemical and Material
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[14] Assémat E., Dargent D., Picozzi A., Jauslin H. R., and Sugny D., National Public Postgraduate Award, China in 2009, Photonics
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[15] Brígida A. C. S., Nascimento I. M., Chesini G., Hayashi J. G., Baptista J. Gang-ding Peng is a Fellow and Life
M., Costa J. C. W. A., Martinez M. A. G., Jorge P. A. S., Cordeiro C. M.
B., “Fabrication of a spun elliptically birefringent photonic crystal fiber Member of OSA, a Fellow and Life
and its characterization as an electrical current sensor,” Fifth European Member of SPIE. He received the B.Sc.
Workshop on Optical Fibre Sensors, Proc. SPIE 8794, 87940F(2013). in Physics from Fudan University,
[16] Shi C. X., “A novel twisted Er-doped fiber ring laser: proposal, theory, and Shanghai, in 1982; and received the
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“Defect-induced magneto-optic properties of MgO nanoparticles realized professor in School of Electrical Engineering of University of

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI
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New South Wales, NSW, Australia. His research interests Tingyun Wang is a senior member of
include specialty silica optical fibres and devices, laser the Chinese Optical Association,
dye-doped polymer optical fibres, photosensitive polymer Member of Optical Society of America
fibres, application-specific polymer optical fibres and devices, (OSA), Senior member of Shanghai
and optical fibre sensors. Society of Inertial Technology, Editor
His awards and honors include Jilu Friendship Award, of Journal of Opto-electronics Laser
Government of Shandong Province 2012; Visiting Professor of (China), Editor of Opto-electronics
Tokyo University in 2009; Visiting Researcher of Southampton Letters, and Editor of Chinese Laser.
University and Visiting Researcher, Aston University in 2007; He received the PhD degree in
Anthony Mason Fellowship-Scientific Visiting Fellowship (to Measurement Technology and
China) in 2001; Australian Academy of Science-Scientific Instrumentation from Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin,
Visiting Fellowship (to US, Canada and Mexico) in 2000; China in 1998. From 1998 to 2000, he was a postdoctoral
Queen Elizabeth II Fellowship from Australian Research researcher in Tsinghua University, Beijin, China. Now he is a
Council in 1992; Australian National University Postdoctoral professor, director, and working at Key Laboratory of Specialty
Fellowship in 1988. Fiber Optics and Optical Access Networks, Shanghai
University, Shanghai. His research interests include special
Zhenyi Chen received his B.S. in fiber optics fabrication, fiber optic sensors, specialty fiber
semiconductor devices of Physics optics, fiber optic sensors, optical communication and photo-
from school of Physics, Shanghai electric signal processing, and so on.
Science and Technology University in His awards and honors include the Science and Technology
1982, and the Ph.D. in school of Progress Award (second prize) from National Education
materials science and engineering, Ministry in 1999, and Science and Technology Progress Award
Shanghai University in 2007. Now he (second prize) from National Mechanical Industry Ministry in
is a researcher and working in the Key 1998.
Laboratory of Specialty Fiber Optics
& Optical Access Networks and the
Institute of Fiber Optics, School of
Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai
University. His research interests include specialty fiber
technology and applications, fiber-optic passive components,
fiber-optic sensor; guided wave optics, optoelectronics,
nonlinear fiber optics and so on.

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