IT1050- Object Oriented Concepts

Functions in C++

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Agenda
• Standard functions in C++
• User defined functions
• Pass by value
• Pass by reference

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Standard Functions in C++
• <iomanip>
• <cmath>
• setw(n)
• sqrt(x)
• setprecision(n)
• log(x)
• setiosflags()
• log10(x)
• pow(x, y)
• exp(x) • <cstring>
• strcpy(string1,string2)
• strcmp(string1,string2)
• strcat(string1,string2)
• strlen(string1)

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Implementing Functions
#include <iostream> Called Function
using namespace std;
void printMessage()
Function Prototype {
cout << "**********" << endl;
void printMessage(); cout << "* Hello *" << endl;
cout << "**********" << endl;
} //printMessage
int main() Calling Function
{
printMessage();
return 0;
} //main

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Example-01 int findSum(int x, int y)
{
return ( x + y );
#include <iostream> }
using namespace std;

int findSum(int x, int y);

num2
int main() num1
x y
{
int num1, num2,sum;
sum
cout<<“Input two numbers :”;
x+y
cin >> num1 >> num2;
sum = findSum(num1, num2 );
cout<<“Sum is : “<<sum <<endl;
return 0;
} //main

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Example-02
 Define the procedural abstraction for a function which
calculates elapsed time in hours for a trip, given distance in
miles, and mph.

distance Time
MPH Elapsed Time

elapsedTime(Distance, MPH) -> Time

 The elapsedTime function takes an integer for the distance and

a float mph and produces the elapsed time for the trip.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Implementing a function
 Function Heading
return_type function_name(parameter_list)

Eg : float CalculateAvg ( int num1, int num2 )

 The Parameter List
-Comma separated list of parameter declarations
-Each parameter is declared separately
 Return statement
-is what the function uses to specify the value to be returned
return expression;

Eg : return avg;
Eg : return ( num1+num2) /2.0f;

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
ElapsedTime() function
float elapsedTime(int Distance, float MPH)
{
if(MPH > 0.0)
return(Distance/MPH);
else
cout << “MPH is not greater than 0!”;
return 0.0;
}

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Invoking Functions
• Functions can be invoked by using their name
followed by the argument list, which is enclosed in
parentheses, anywhere a value of the same type as the
return type can be used.
Eg : avg = calculateAvg( 10, 20 );

• Functions which do not return values (sometimes

referred to as procedures or void functions) can be
invoked by using the function name and its argument
list as a statement in the program. If a function returns
a value and is invoked in this manner the value is
discarded.
Eg : printMessage();
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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Program using ElapsedTime()
#include <iostream>
Using namespace std;
float elapsedTime(int Distance, float MPH);
int main()
{
int Miles;
float Speed, Time;
cout << “Please type the distance in miles:”;
cin >> Miles;
cout << “Please type the speed as miles per hour:”;
cin >> Speed;
time = elapsedTime(Miles,Speed);
cout << “The elapse time for a trip of ” << Miles << “miles,” <<
endl << “at a rate of ” << Speed << “MPH is” << Time << “hours.”;

return 0;
} //main

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Invoking ElapsedTime()
Mile Speed
Time = elapsedTime(Mile, Speed);
283 52.5

float elapsedTime(int Distance, float MPH)

{ Distance MPH
if(MPH > 0.0) 283 52.5
return(Distance/MPH);
else
cout << “MPH is not greater than 0!”
return 0.0;
} //elapsedTime

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Sample output for Example-02
Please type the distance in miles: 283
Please type the speed as miles per hour: 52.5
The elapsed time for a trip of 283 miles,
at a rate of 52.5 MPH is 5.39 hours.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Arguments and Parameters
• The term argument refers to the values passed into
the function. The arguments appear in the invocation
of the function.
Time = elapsedTime(Mile, Speed);

• The term parameter refers to the variables declared in

the function heading and used by the function to hold
the information passed to it.
float elapsedTime(int Distance, float MPH)

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Arguments and Parameters
• The first argument matches with the first
parameter, the second argument matches the
second parameter, and so forth.
• The argument and the parameter do not have to
have the same name.
• The argument may be a constant, a variable, or an
expression, when using pass by value.
• The parameter must be a variable.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Parameter Passing - Pass by Value
• Pass by value is a method of passing
information to a function whereby the
parameter receives a copy of the value of the
argument.
• Any changes that the function makes to the
parameter when pass by value is used are
made to the copy and not to the original
argument.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
 Example-03 - Pass by Value
void change(int X);
main
int main()
{ int I=5; I 5
cout << “First time I is ”<< I <<endl;
change(I);
cout << “Next time I is ”<< I << endl;
} //main
Output
void change(int X) First time I is 5
{ cout << “Entering function X is ”<< X;
X = 7;
cout << “Leaving function X is ”<< X;
} //change

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
 Example-03
void change(int X);

int main() main

{ int I=5; 5
I
cout << “First time I is ”<< I <<endl;
change(I);
cout << “Next time I is ”<< I << endl;
} //main change
X 5

void change(int X)
Output
{ cout << “Entering function X is ”<< X;
X = 7; First time I is 5
cout << “Leaving function X is ”<< X;
Entering function X is 5
} //change

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
 Example-03
void change(int X);

int main() main

{ int I=5; 5
I
cout << “First time I is ”<< I <<endl;
change(I);
cout << “Next time I is ”<< I << endl;
} //main change
X 5 7

void change(int X)
Output
{ cout << “Entering function X is ”<< X;
X = 7; First time I is 5
cout << “Leaving function X is ”<< X;
Entering function X is 5
} //change
Leaving function X is 7

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
 Example-03
void change(int X);

int main() main

{ int I=5;
cout << “First time I is ”<< I <<endl;
change(I); I 5
cout << “Next time I is ”<< I << endl;
} //main

void change(int X) Output

{ cout << “Entering function X is ”<< X;
First time I is 5
X = 7;
Entering function X is 5
cout << “Leaving function X is ”<< X;
Leaving function X is 7
} //change
Next time I is 5

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Parameter Passing – Pass By Reference
• Pass by reference or call by reference is the
technique of making a variable accessible to a
function by passing its address. Because the
function has direct access to the argument,
through its address, the function may modify
the argument.
• In C++, pass by reference is obtained by placing
an & immediately following the data type for
the parameter.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Example-04 - Pass by Reference
void change(int &X);
main
5 7
int main() I
{ int I=5;
cout << “First time I is ”<< I <<endl;
change(I);
cout << “Next time I is ”<< I << endl; change
} //main
X 5 7

void change(int &X) Output

{ cout << “Entering function X is ”<< X; First time I is 5
X = 7; Entering function X is 5
cout << “Leaving function X is ”<< X; Leaving function X is 7
} //change Next time I is 7

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
When To Use Pass By Reference
• Use pass by reference whenever the function returns
a value or multiple values through the parameter
list.
• Use pass by reference for two way communication,
i.e. the function modifies a parameter.
• Use pass by reference to reduce storage needs when
passing large objects.
• Input and Output streams must be passed to a
function by reference.

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IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G
Example-05
• Write a program to input two numbers
from the keyboard and find the sum and
average by using a function.

void findSumAvg(int x, int y, int &sum, float &avg);

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

void findSumAvg(int x, int y, int &sum, float &avg);

void findSumAvg(int x, int y, int &sum, float &avg)

int main()
{
{ sum = x + y;
int num1, num2,total; avg = sum / 2.0;
}
float average;

cout<<"Input two numbers :";

cin>>num1 >> num2;

findSumAvg(num1, num2, total, average);

cout<<"Sum is : "<< total << endl;

cout<<"Average is : "<< average <<endl;

return 0;
}

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

 When calling findSumAvg()
main() Arguments

num1 num2 total average

5 4

findSumAvg() Parameters

x y sum avg
5 4

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

 After calling findSumAvg()
main() Arguments

num1 num2 total average

5 4 9 4.5

findSumAvg() Parameters

x y sum avg
5 4 9 4.5

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Reference

Chapter 06
Deitel & Deitel’s (2016), C++ How to Program,
9th Edition

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G

Thank you......

[email protected]

IT1050| Object Oriented Concepts| Functions in C++|Anjalie G