Section A

Q1 a) How would you represent points at infinity using homogenous coordinates? 2

b) Describe in words does this 2D transformation matrix do: 2

0-1
1 0
lo 0
c) What is aspect ratio? Find out the aspect ratio of the raster system using 8 x 10 inches screen and 3
100 pixel per inch.
d) Differentiate between key frame systems and parameterized systems. 3
e) What does Y, I and Q represent in a YIQ color model? 3
f Differentiate between affine transformation and perspective transformation with an example of 3
each.
g) What do you mean by convex hull property? Does it hold for splines? 3
h) Derive the illumination equation at a surface point using Phong specular reflection model. 3
Include the contribution of diffuse reflection in presence of a single light source only.
What are axonometric projections? How is it different from orthographic projections? 3
Consider a clip rectangle P(0,0), Q(8,0), R(8,4) and S(0,4). The following lines are to be clipped 3
to this rectangle:
i) PI(U,1), P2(7,3)
ii) P4(6,-2), P5(10,1)
iiü) P6(-6,-1 ),P7(-1,4)
Show which of the above lines will be trivially accepted or rejected using Cohen and Sutherland
line clipping algorithm.
k Consider a line from (0,0) to (5,5). Rasterize the line using Bresenham line drawing algorithm. 3
What are the steps in a depth sort algorithm? For each step, mention whether it uses object 4
precision or an image precision method.

Section-B

Q2 a) Write a 3x3 matrix that rotates a 2D point by an angle 0 about a point p=(Xp.y,).Use 3
homogeneous co-ordinates.
b) Consider the origin-centered circle of radius 8. Generate the raster locations in the first quadrant 5
of the circle using mid-point circle algorithm.
c) Define horizontal retracing and vertical retracing. 2

Q3 a) If we want to use Gouraud shading to smoothly shade the polygonal surface created by the 4
polygons, how do we compute the intensity of each pixel?
b) Considera polygon with vertices A(1.1), B(8,1),C(8,6).D(5,3) and E(1,6). Apply scan line fill 6
algorithm on this polygon. Show the global edge table for this polygon. Also write the active
edge table for scan lines I to 6.

Q4 a) A triangle ABC formed by the vertices A(4, 1), B(5, 2), C(4, 3). What are the final coordinates 6
of the vertices if the triangle is first reflected about the x - axis and then reflected about the line
y=x. (Use homogenous coordinates).
b) "Simultaneous shearing is not the same as shearing in one direction followed by shearing in
another direction." Justify this statement mathematically.

Q5 a) What is a chromacity diagram? 4

b) Clip the polygon described by vertices PI(-4,2), P2(8,14),P3(8.2), P4(12,6), PS(12,-2), P6(4, 6

2),P7(4,6),P8(0,2) against the clip window with diagonal vertices A(0.,0) and C(10,10) using
Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm.

Q6 a) Derive the Basis Matrix for Cubic Hermite Curves. Also, obtain its blending function.
b) Discuss the pseudo code of Z buffer algorithm for visible surface determination. Justify the 5
statement "Z buffer algorithm uses edge coherence."

Q7 a) Transform a line into a triangle, using the rules to equalize the set of vertices in key frames 'k' 2
and 'k+1' in an animation scene..
b) Write the 3D transformation matrices for each of the following transformations respectively: 8

i) Rotation about x-axis by an angle 4S° followed by translation of 2 units in x-direction and 3
units in y-direction.

ii) Uniform scaling to double the size of an object followed by orthographic projection on y=0
plane.

ii) 2-point perspective projection with COP along x-axis and Y-axis as Xc=10 and Yc =20
respectively.

iv) Also, for part ii) write the corresponding vanishing points.
Ql a) Consider a line segment PQ with P(-1,2) & Q(7,3) intersecting the rectangular window 3
defined by vertices A(0,0), B(5,0), C(5,5) , and D(0,5) at R on the edge CD and atS on
the edge AB. Using Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm find the coordinates of R
and S. Whether you will start the clipping from point Por from point Q.
b) Consider two parametric cubic Bezier Curves B1 and B2 joined at point P4. The end 3
points of curve Bl are labelled as Pl and P4 having coordinates as 3 and 7 respectively.
The two intermediate control points of curve Bl are located at P2 being 5 and P3 being
6. The curve B2 ends at P7 being 11 and its control points PS and P6 are at 1l and 10
respectively. Find out whether the curves have C1 continuity?
c) Consider a raster system with resolution 640x480. What size frame buffer (in bytes) is 3
needed for this system to store 8 bits per pixel?
What is Goal Directed Motion in an animation scene? Give a suitable example. 3
Give the representation of a RGB color model. 3
In Warnock's Area Sub Division Algorithm, what are the four cases of the area of 3
interest with the polygon to be painted?
g) Using homogeneous co-ordinates, write the 2-dimensional transformation matrix in 3
order to triple the size of an object.
i) Use overall scaling
ii) Use local scaling
h) What are Mach Bands? Is it present in an image which is illuminated using Phong 3
Shading model?
i) Discuss the architecture of Raster display system with integrated display processor. 3
Consider the homogeneous coordinates of the end points of a line segment AB as 3
A[2,2,4,3] and B[2,4,4,3J. Find out the Cartesian coordinates of the end points of the
line AB at plane h =1. What is the advantage of using homogeneous co-ordinates?
k) Which raster locations will be chosen by DDA algorithm, when scan converting a line 3
with end points A (1, 1) to B(8, 5).
1) For exact measurements, which projections you will prefer out of the following 2
projections: Oblique cabinet projection, single point perspective projection,
Axonometric isometric projection, three point perspective projection.
Section-B

Q2 a) Show that successive scaling is multiplicative.

b) Using the mid-point circle drawing algorithm, scan convert the octant starting with (0, 6
10) of a circle with centre at (0, 0) and radius of 10 units.

Q3 a) Differentiate between Diffuse and Specular Reflection. 4

b) What are the data structures used in polygon filling algorithm? Consider a polygon with 6
vertices ABCD with co-ordinates A(1,2), B(6,6),C(8 ,3) and D(5,10). Trace the
contents of the data structures according to polygon filling algorithm from scan line 2 to
10

Q4 a) Consider a triangle A(1,0), B(0,1), and C(-1,0). Compute the new coordinates of the 6
triangle ABC when the following transformations are applied on it one after the other:
(a) Rotation about origin by 18O degree.
(b) Uniform scaling by a factor of 4.
(c) Shearing in y-direction by a factor of 2.

b) Define hue, intensity, saturation and purity of light with respect to color models. 4

Q5 a) Consider a unit cube. Apply 3 point perspective transformation with centre of projection 6
at x = -10, y= -10and z = 10 projected onto the z = 0 plane.
b) Discuss the working of a video controller? What do you mean by video mixing? Give 4
appropriate example.
Q6 a) Considera polygon ABCD with co-ordinates A(1,0), B(5,0), C(10,0) and D(S,5). Store 6
polygon ABCD using following polygon mesh representations:
i) Explicit representation
ii) Pointer to edge list
iii) Pointer to vertex list
b) Discuss advantages and disadvantages of Z buffer algorithm for visible surface 4
determination?

Q7 a) Define Animation. What are the steps required for designing of key frame animation 5
system?
b) What is foreshortening factor? Derive Dimetric projection matrix where foreshortening S
of lines along x-axis is equal to foreshortening of lines along z-axis.
|Ql a) What is the condition for trivial rejection of a line segment PQ with P(0,5) & Q(1,5) in 3
Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping algorithm using rectangular window defined by
vertices A(0,0), B(I,0), C(1,1), and D(0,1).
b Consider a Bezier Curve with end point Pl and P4 in x direction as 3 and 7 respectively.
The two intermediate control points P2 being 5 and P3 being 6 inx direction. What will
be the starting tangent vector RIl and ending tangent vector R4 inx direction?
ec) Suppose we have a video monitor with a display area that measures 12 inches across and |3
9.6 inches high. If the resolution is 1280 by 1024 and the aspect ratio is 1:1, what is the
diameter of each screen point?
What should be the pattern of frame spacing in order to simulate 3
i) Negative acceleration in an animation scene?
ii) Positive acceleration in an animation scene?
ii) Constant acceleration ina an animation scene?
e) CMY color model is a subtractive color model. Justify the statement. What does Y in 3
CMY color model represent?
f) How can you computethe depth value Zfor asurface position (x.y) in z-buffer 3
algorithm. Using incremental calculations find out the depth value Z at surface position
(x+1, y) and (x, y+ l).
Using homogeneous co-ordinates, write the 2-dimensional transformation matrix in
order to double the size of an object. Use overall scaling.
h) What is dithering? What is its advantage over half toning? 3
1) What is anti-aliasing? Site any two techniques to avoid staircase effect in a line. 3
j) Consider a rectangle ABCD with A(5,5,) and C(10,10). Using Odd parity rule, discuss 3
whether the following horizontal lines of the rectangle will be drawn or not?
i) AB
ii) CD
k) Indicate the next raster positions which will be chosen by Bresenham's line algorithm 3
when scan converting a line from screen co-ordinate (1, l) to (3, 2).
State any three differences between parallel and perspective projection. 2

Section-B
Q2 a) Show that a 2D reflection through x axis, followed by a 2D reflection through the line4
y=x, is equivalent to a pure rotation about the origin.
b) Using the mid-point circle drawing algorithm, scan convert the first quadrant of a circle 6

with centre at (0, 0) and radius of 5 units. Consider the thickness of the circle be 2 units.

Q3 a) Derive the illumination using Phong specular reflection model. Include the contribution
of ambient light and diffuse reflection.
b Using Sutherland Hodgeman polygon clipping algorithm, clip the triangle ABC with the 6
vertices as A(10,17), B(17,12), and C(3,8), against a rectangular window P(5,5),
QUS,5), R(I5,15), and S(5,15).
Q4 a) Consider atriangle A(1,0), B(0,1), and C(-1,0). Write a transformation matrix to reflect6
it about the line y=x followed by counter clockwise rotation of 90, keeping point B
fixed.
b A unit square is transformed by 2X2 transformation matrix. The resulting position
vectors are as shown below. What was the transformation matrix?

f0 2 8 61
lo 3 4 1J

Q5 a) Define complementary colors and pure colors with respect to RGB color model? Also
show how a RGB color model represented.
b) Differentiate between trimetric and isometric axonometric projections.
c) List and explain the data structures used in scan line fill algorithm. 3

Q6a) Derive the Basis Matrix for Hermite Curves. Also, obtain its blending function.
b) Explain Warnock's Area Sub Division algorithm with an example. Does it use edge
coherence or area coherence?

Q7 a) Specify the rules to equalize the set of edges in key frames 'k' and 'k+1' in an animation5
scene. Using these rules, transform atriangle into apentagon.
b) Consider atriangle ABC with A(0,0), B(5,.0) and C(0,5). Apply single point perspective
projection onto y=0 plane from centre of projection at ye =-2. Also, state the co
ordinates of the vanishing points.
 Qla) Site two cases in which Cohen Sutherland Line Clipping
algorithm is 2
most efficient?
b What do you understand by Edge Coherence? 2
c) What is the advantage of Convex Hull property in Bezier Curves?
d) Given a display with following characteristics: 3
1024 * 512 addressable pixels
ii) 24 bit color
iii) 30 Hz refresh rate
At what rate (bits per second) does the video controller need to read
from the frame buffer?
e) Site any two ways in which motion of an object can be specified in an 3
animation system?
f) Discuss a method to draw a thick circle with radius r and thickness t'?3
g) What do you mean by perspective projection? What are various types of 3
perspective projection?
h Briefly discuss the architecture of a Random Scan Display System. 4
i) Justify the following statements : 2*2 = 4
i) Depth Sort algorithm is an image and object precision
algorithm.
ii Foreshortening is possible in perspective projection.
Define the following: 2*4=8
i) Affine Transformation
Vertical Retrace
iii) Half toning
1V Specular Reflection

Q2 a) Discuss monitor non-linearity problem.

b) Calculate points on a line from (1,1) to (8,5) using Bresenhams line 6
drawing algorithm.
Q3 a) State any two differences between Intensity Interpolation and Normal 4
vector Interpolation shading.
b) Consider a clip rectangle with end points (10,10), (20,10), (20,20), and 6
(10,20). Using Cohen Sutherland Line clipping algorithm clip the line
segment from (8,15) to (15,22).
Q4 a) Scale the triangle ABC to thrice it's size with respect to C where (0,0), 6
(1,1), and (5,2) are the co-ordinates of the points A,B, and C
respectively.
b) Show that origin is transformation invariant under a 2X2 general
transformation matrix.

Q5 a) Consider the ABC with A(0,0), B(5,0), and C(0,5). Apply shearing of
3 units along Y-axis and 4 units along X-axis.
b) Site any three differences between Cavalier and Cabinet projections. |6

|Q6 a) State any two application of Chromacity Diagram. 2

b) Site any two advantage of representation of polygon mesh as pointer to 4

edge list over pointer to vertex list.
C) Explain Warnock's Area Sub Division algorithm with an example. 4

Q7 a) Define Morphing. Specify the rules to equalize the set of edges in key 2+3=5
frames k' and 'k+1'.
b) Consider a line segment AB parallel to the z axis with end points 5
A(3,2,4,1) and B(3,2,8, 1). Perform a perspective projection onto z=0
plane from centre of projection at z, = -2
Ql a) Why basic incremental algorithm is named as DDA algorithm? 2
b What is the use of a lookup table? 2
c) Derive the Basis Matrix for Hermite Curves. 3
d) Given a display with following characteristics: 3
i) 1024 * S12 addressable pixels
24 bit color
iii) 30 Hz refresh rate
How much memory is required to store the pixmap.
e) How can we simulate positive acceleration in animation? 3
f) What is odd parity rule for filling the polygons? 3
Site any two differences between parallel and perspective projection. 3
h) Briefly discuss the architecture of a Raster Scan Display System. 4
i) Justify the following statements 2*2 = 4
i) Z Buffer algorithm is an image precision algorithm.
ii) Foreshortening is possible in parallel projection.
Define the following : 2*4=8
i) Vanishing Point
ii) Horizontal Retrace
iii) Dithering
iv Diffuse Reflection

Q2 a) Discuss any two logical input device classification used by the graphics 4
systems.
b) Using mid-point circle drawing algorithm scan convert the lst quadrant 6
of the circle with centre at (0,0) and radius of 10 units.

Q3 a) Explain Gouraud shading scheme for polygon rendering. Discuss its 4

drawbacks.
b) Clip the polygon A(10,17), B(17,12), and C(3,8), window P(5,5), 6
Q(15,5), R(15,15), and S(5,15) using Sutherland Hoggman polygon
clipping algorithm.
Q4 a) Consider a triangle A(1,0), B(0, 1), and C(-1,0). 6

Apply the transformation matrix T= ;

on the triangle ABC to obtain transformed triangle. What is the
relationship between the areas of both the triangles? Using this
relationship, calculate the area of transformend triangle.
b Show that successive scaling is multiplicative in nature. 4

Q5 a) Give the transformation matrix for the following transformation: 4

Translate up by 2 units and left by I unit.

Then rotate counter clockwise by 30 degree
Use homogenous co-ordinate system.
b) Is foreshortening possible in perspective projection. Give geometrical 6
interpolation of 4x4 homogenous matrix in terms of transformation and

viewing in 3-Dimensional system.

Q6 a) How is RGB color model represented in a graphics system? 2

b) What do you mean by Gl and Cl continuity in curves? 4
C) Site any two disadvantages of Z buffer algorithm. 4

Q7 a) Define Animation. What are the steps required for designing of 2+3=5
animation system?
b Consider a unit cube. Apply 3 point perspective transformation with
centre of projection at x = -10, y= -10 and z= 10 projected onto the z =
O plane.