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Pressure Vessels

The document discusses the design of storage equipment, specifically pressure vessels. It covers codes and standards, general design considerations like materials of construction and stresses, and the design of thin-walled vessels including shells, heads, and example problems. Minimum wall thicknesses are provided for different vessel diameters.

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Mustafa Matur
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29 views19 pages

Pressure Vessels

The document discusses the design of storage equipment, specifically pressure vessels. It covers codes and standards, general design considerations like materials of construction and stresses, and the design of thin-walled vessels including shells, heads, and example problems. Minimum wall thicknesses are provided for different vessel diameters.

Uploaded by

Mustafa Matur
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Design of storage equipment:

Pressure Vessels
Outline

• Codes and standards


• General design considerations
• Design of thin walled vessels
Introduction
• Vessel design: mostly in the camps of mechanical
engineering
• Aspects of vessel design relevant to ChE:
– Estimation of vessel dimensions and weight
• Fluids, operating T&P, materials of construction
– Check for fit in the process layout
• Vessel orientation, type of vessel heads, heating/cooling requirements,
agitator selection
– Estimation of the vessel cost (function of volume, wall thickness
and shape)
• Definition of a pressure vessel: D>150 mm, ΔP>0.5 bar
• Thin vs. thick walled vessels
– Thin wall: wall thickness:vessel dia < 1:10 – mostly used
– Thick wall: wall thickness:vessel dia > 1:10
Codes and standards

• Cover details for design, materials of construction,


fabrication, inspection and testing of pressure vessels
– British Standard PD 5500
– EU Standard EN 13445
– ASME code Section VIII
• Set by groups of engineers experienced on vessel design
and manufacture
• Combination of theory, experiment and experience
• Periodically reviewed and updated (every 2 years)
General design considerations

Factors affecting design a pressure vessel:


• Operating and design T&P
• Materials of construction
• Design stress
• Welded joint efficiency
• Corrosion allowance
• External factors
General design considerations (cont’d)
• Operating and design T&P
– Design P = 5-10% above the operating P (setting of the pressure relief
device)
– Design T = max. operating T
• Materials of construction
– Carbon steel, low/high alloy stainless steels, reinforced plastics
– Compatibility w/ fabrication (e.g. welding) & process environment
• Design stress
– Determined by applying a safety factor (design stress factor) to the test
values of tensile strength
– Safety factor accounts uncertainties in design methods, quality of
materials, fabrication. Btw. 1.5–4.0.
– Tensile strength: stress needed to cause 0.1% of extension.
– Design stresses
• Table 13.2 @ pp. 1001, Sinnott & Towler
• Table 12.10 @ pp. 555, PTW
General design considerations (cont’d)
Table 13.2 (S&T) Typical design stress values
General design considerations (cont’d)
Welded joint efficiency
• A welded joint may cause reduction in design stress (vs. an unwelded
blank plate), depending on the quality of welding and type of joint.
• Quality of welding is
– evaluated by visual inspection or by radiography.
– Quantified by J, welded joint factor (0<J <1)
• For fully radiographed weld, whose defects are remade, J = 1.0 (no
strength reduction due to welding)
• Lower radiography (reduced inspection costs) induces lower J values
requiring thicker walls (higher material cost).
• For typical J values, refer to:
– Table 13.3, pp. 1002 Sinnott & Towler
– Table 12.10, pp. 555 PTW
General design considerations (cont’d)

Table 13.3. (S&T) Maximum allowable joint efficiencies


General design considerations (cont’d)
• Corrosion allowance
– Additional thickness of metal to allow material loss by
corrosion/erosion.
– For carbon steel: 2 mm (under normal conditions), up to 4 mm
(under extreme conditions)
– General: minimum 1 mm.
• External factors
– Factors affecting vessel design other than pressure:
• Dead weight of the vessel and its contents
• Wind
• Earthquake
• Loads imposed by piping and attached equipment
• Shock loads, caused by water hammer or vacuum effects
• Expansion/contraction due to temperature changes
General design considerations (cont’d)
Minimum practical wall-thickness (any geometry)

Vessel diameter (m) Minimum thickness (mm)


1.0 5
1.0 – 2.0 7
2.0 – 2.5 9
2.5 – 3.0 10
3.0 – 3.5 12

Minimum = Structural rigidity


Values include a corrosion allowance of 2 mm
Design of thin-walled pressure vessels
• Objective: Evaluate the min. wall thickness needed to resist internal
pressure
• Two major elements: Shells (Cylindrical and spherical) and
heads/closures
• S: Design stress (N/mm2), E: welded joint efficiency

For cylindrical shells BS 5500 For spherical shells

ASME Boiler and


Pressure Vessel Code

• For thick wall vessels, refer to Table 12-10, pp. 554 @ PTW
Design of thin-walled
pressure vessels (cont’d)
• Heads and closures
– Flat plates and formed flat heads
– Domed heads
• Hemispherical heads
• Ellipsoidal heads
• Torispherical heads Flat plates/heads
• Flat plates/heads
– Cheap, low fabrication cost
– Not structurally efficient, low Hemispherical
resistance to high pressures
• Domed heads
– Ideal for high pressure applications
– Torispherical heads up to 15 bar Ellipsoidal
– Ellipsoidal heads > 15 bar
– Hemisperical heads – most rigid shape Torispherical
w/ highest cost of manufacturing
Domed heads
Design of thin-walled
pressure vessels
Design of flat ends (ASME BPV Code)
Design of thin-walled pressure vessels (cont’d)
Design of domed ends (ASME
BPV Code)
• Hemispherical heads
– Hemispherical head
thickness:cylindrical shell thickness
= 0.6 (optimal value)
• Ellipsoidal heads (w/ major:minor
axis = 2:1)

• Torispherical heads

Typically, Rk = 0.06Rc
Example problem
Example problem (cont’d)
Example problem (cont’d)
Example problem (cont’d)

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