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Exp 8 - PS 2

This document describes performing load flow analysis on a power system using the Newton-Raphson method. It provides the objective, required apparatus, MATLAB program code to implement the method, and results of running the simulation.

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adil.2125en1062
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21 views6 pages

Exp 8 - PS 2

This document describes performing load flow analysis on a power system using the Newton-Raphson method. It provides the objective, required apparatus, MATLAB program code to implement the method, and results of running the simulation.

Uploaded by

adil.2125en1062
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PRACTICAL MANUAL

Power System Lab

EXPERIMENT NO.8
TO Perform load flow analysis on a power System using N-R Method
OBJECT: - To Perform load flow analysis on a power System using N-R Method

APPARATUS REQUIRED: - PC with MATLAB

PROGRAM:

% Program for Newton-Raphson Load Flow Analysis.


% Ref Book: Power System Analysis by Hadi Saadat.
% GRAPHPLOT.M

num = 30; % IEEE-14, IEEE-30, IEEE-57, 118..


Y = ybusppg(num); % Calling ybusppg.m to get Bus Admittance Matrix..
busd = busdatas(num); % Calling busdata30.m to get busdatas..
BMva = 100; % Base MVA..
bus = busd(:,1); % Bus Number..
type = busd(:,2); % Type of Bus 1-Slack, 2-PV, 3-PQ..
V = busd(:,3); % Specified Voltage..
del = zeros(length(V),1); % Voltage Angle..
Pg = busd(:,5)/BMva; % PGi..
Qg = busd(:,6)/BMva; % QGi..
Pl = busd(:,7)/BMva; % PLi..
Ql = busd(:,8)/BMva; % QLi..
Qmin = busd(:,9)/BMva; % Minimum Reactive Power Limit..
Qmax = busd(:,10)/BMva; % Maximum Reactive Power Limit..
nbus = max(bus); % To get no. of buses..
P = Pg - Pl; % Pi = PGi - PLi..
Q = Qg - Ql; % Qi = QGi - QLi..
Psp = P; % P Specified
Qsp = Q; % Q Specified
G = real(Y); % Conductance..
B = imag(Y); % Susceptance..

pv = find(type == 2 | type == 1); % Index of PV Buses..


pq = find(type == 3); % Index of PQ Buses..
npv = length(pv); % Number of PV buses..
npq = length(pq); % Number of PQ buses..

Tol = 1;
Iter = 1; % iteration starting
while (Tol > 1e-5) % Iteration starting..
P = zeros(nbus,1);
Q = zeros(nbus,1);
% Calculate P and Q
for i = 1:nbus
for k = 1:nbus
P(i) = P(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)) + B(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)));
Q(i) = Q(i) + V(i)* V(k)*(G(i,k)*sin(del(i)-del(k)) - B(i,k)*cos(del(i)-del(k)));
end
end

% Checking Q-limit violations..


if Iter <= 7 && Iter > 2 % Only checked up to 7th iterations..
for n = 2:nbus
if type(n) == 2
QG = Q(n)+Ql(n);
if QG < Qmin(n)
V(n) = V(n) + 0.01;
elseif QG > Qmax(n)
V(n) = V(n) - 0.01;
end
end
end
end
% Calculate change from specified value
dPa = Psp-P;
dQa = Qsp-Q;
k = 1;
dQ = zeros(npq,1);
for i = 1:nbus
if type(i) == 3
dQ(k,1) = dQa(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
dP = dPa(2:nbus);
M = [dP; dQ]; % Mismatch Vector
% Jacobian
% J1 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with Angles..
J1 = zeros(nbus-1,nbus-1);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J1(i,k) = J1(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
J1(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
% J2 - Derivative of Real Power Injections with V.
J2 = zeros(nbus-1,npq);
for i = 1:(nbus-1)
m = i+1;
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J2(i,k) = J2(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
J2(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
% J3 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..
J3 = zeros(npq,nbus-1);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
n = k+1;
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) +
B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J3(i,k) = J3(i,k) - V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
J3(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end
% J4 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with V.
J4 = zeros(npq,npq);
for i = 1:npq
m = pq(i);
for k = 1:npq
n = pq(k);
if n == m
for n = 1:nbus
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
J4(i,k) = J4(i,k) - V(m)*B(m,m);
else
J4(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
end
end

J = [J1 J2; J3 J4]; % Jacobian Matrix


X = J\M; % INV(J) x M, Correction Vector..
dTh = X(1:nbus-1); % Change in Voltage Angle..
dV = X(nbus:end); % Change in Voltage Magnitude..
% Update State Vectors (Voltage Angle & Magnitude)
del(2:nbus) = dTh + del(2:nbus);
k = 1;
for i = 2:nbus
if type(i) == 3
V(i) = dV(k) + V(i);
k = k+1;
end
end
Iter = Iter + 1;
Tol = max(abs(M));
end
Del = 180/pi*del; % Convert radians to degrees
% Call LoadFlow
[fb, tb, Pij, Qij] = loadflow(num,V,del,BMva);
% Call GraphPlot
graphplot(V,Del,fb,tb,Pij,Qij);

RESULT:-
PRECAUTION:-
1. Don’t connect external device without getting it checked by lab instructor.
2. Switch off the PC properly after performing the experiment.
3. Perform the hand calculation before running the program and verify your result with that
of the simulation result.

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