INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP AT

QUANTA PROCESS SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED

Industry Internship / Project Report (3181901)
Submitted by
VISHNU CHETANBHAI VAISHNANI
190110119097
In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Mechanical Engineering
G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand.

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

May, 2023.

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 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand.

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report submitted along with the project entitled
INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP AT QUANTA PROCESS SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED
has been carried out by VISHNU CHETANBHAI VAISHNANI under my guidance in
partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING , 8th Semester of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad during
the academic year 2022-23.

Prof. Sukritindra Soni Dr. Darshak Desai

Internal Guide Head of the Department

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 G H PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY
Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand.

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that the Internship / Project report submitted along with the Internship /
Project entitled INDUSTRY INTERNSHIP AT QUANTA PROCESS SOLUTIONS
PRIVATE LIMITED submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of
Engineering in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to Gujarat Technological University,
Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original project work carried out by me at QUANTA
PROCESS SOLUTIONS PRIVATE LIMITED under the supervision of Mr. Vraj Amin and
that no part of this report has been directly copied from any students’ reports or taken from
any other source, without providing due reference.

Vishnu Chetanbhai Vaishnani

Name of Student Signature of Student

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere gratitude to HOD of Mechanical Department Mr. RAJENDRA
PRAJAPATI for continuously guiding me at the company and answering all my doubts
with patience. I would also like to thank my Internal Guide Prof. Sukritindra Soni for
helping us through our internship by giving us the necessary suggestions and advises along
with their valuable co-ordination in completing this internship.

I express my profound sense of gratitude to Mr. Vraj Amin (Engineer, Quanta Process
Solutions pvt. Ltd.), who have rendered constant guidance, advice and help me when
needed to complete this internship successfully. In addition to that, I would also like to
mention the company personals who gave us the permission to use and experience the
valuable resources required for the internship.

Thus, in conclusion to the above said, I once again thank the staff members of Quanta
Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd.. for their valuable support in completion of the project.

Thank You

Vishnu Chetanbhai Vaishnani

En No. : 190110119097

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 LIST OF FIGURE
Sr No. Figure No. Figure Name Page No.
1 2.1 Work Sequence of Company 17
2 3.1 Sample of EDS 20
3 3.2 Sample of TBA 21
4 3.3 Work-flow of rotary department 22
5 4.1 Types Centrifugal of pumps 23
6 4.2 Head-Capacity curve 26
7 4.3 Efficiency curve 26
8 4.4 Power Consumption curve 27
9 4.5 NPSHR curve 27
10 4.6 Mechanical Seal 28
11 4.7 Seal Plan 11 29
12 4.8 Seal Plan 12 29
13 4.9 Seal Plan 32 29
14 4.10 Seal Plan 52 29
15 5.1 Types of Cooling Tower 31

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………………………2
COMPLETION CERTIFICATE………………………………………………………….3
ANNEXURE 1……………………………………………………………………………4
ANNEXURE 2……………………………………………………………………………5
DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………….6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………..7
LIST OF FIGURE………………………………………………………………………...8
1. INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGNIZATION ...................................................... 11
1.1 HISTORY .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.2 SCOPE OF WORK............................................................................................................. 11
1.3 ORGANIZATION CHART................................................................................................... 12
2. DIFFRENT DEPARTMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION .................................. 13
2.1 PROCESS DEPARTMENT .................................................................................................. 13
2.2 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT .......................................................................................... 14
2.3 PIPING DEPARTMENT ..................................................................................................... 14
2.4 ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION DEPARTMENT ........................................................ 15
2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT ........................................................................ 16
2.6 CIVIL DEPARTMENT ........................................................................................................ 16
3. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP .................................................................... 18
3.1 INTERNSHIP SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 18
3.2 WORKING OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT.................................................................... 18
3.2.1 STATIC DEPARTMENT ............................................................................................. 18
3.2.2 ROTARY DEPARTMENT ........................................................................................... 19
3.2.2.1 EDS ( EQUIPMENT DATASHEET) ............................................................................. 19
3.2.2.2 RFQ (REQUEST FOR QUOTATION ) ......................................................................... 19
3.2.2.3 TQ ( TECHNICAL QUERY ) ........................................................................................ 20
3.2.2.4 TBA ( TECHNICAL BID ANALYSIS ) ........................................................................... 21
3.2.2.5 VDR ( VENDOR DRAWING REVIEW ) ....................................................................... 21
4. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ........................................................................................ 23
4.1 TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS..................................................................................... 23
4.1.1 OVERHUNG PUMPS ................................................................................................ 23
4.1.2 BETWEEN-THE-BEARING PUMPS............................................................................ 24
4.1.3 VERTICAL SUSPENDED PUMPS ............................................................................... 24

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 4.2 CODES & STANDARDS..................................................................................................... 24
4.2.1 API 610.................................................................................................................... 24
4.2.2 ANSI B73.1 .............................................................................................................. 25
4.2.3 MFG. STANDARDS .................................................................................................. 25
4.3 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS .............................................. 25
4.4 PUMP CURVES ................................................................................................................ 26
4.4.1 HEAD-CAPACITY CURVE .......................................................................................... 26
4.4.2 EFFICIENCY CURVE .................................................................................................. 26
4.4.3 POWER CONSUMPTION CURVE ............................................................................. 27
4.4.4 NPSHR CURVE ......................................................................................................... 27
4.5 MECHANICAL SEAL & SEAL PLANS .................................................................................. 28
5. COOLING TOWER ................................................................................................. 30
5.1 TYPES OF COOLING TOWER ............................................................................................ 30
5.2 TERMS RELATED TO COOLING TOWER ........................................................................... 31
5.3 COOLING TOWER LOSSES ............................................................................................... 32
6. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................... 34

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1. INTRODUCTION OF THE ORGNIZATION

1.1 HISTORY

Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. was established in 2006 in Vadodara, India, with
a vision to provide world-class engineering, procurement, construction, and
commissioning services to the oil and gas, petrochemical, and chemical industries.
The company has since expanded its services to other sectors such as power,
renewable energy, and infrastructure. Quanta Process Solutions has a diverse client
base including global energy companies, EPC contractors, and government
agencies.

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. provides a comprehensive range of services to

its clients, including:

➢ Feasibility studies: Quanta Process Solutions conducts feasibility studies to

assess the technical and economic viability of a project.
➢ Detailed engineering: Quanta Process Solutions provides multidisciplinary
engineering services, including process, mechanical, electrical, instrumentation,
and civil/structural engineering.
➢ Procurement: Quanta Process Solutions provides procurement services,
including vendor prequalification, bid evaluation, and negotiation.
➢ Construction management: Quanta Process Solutions provides construction
management services, including site supervision, quality control, safety
management, and cost control.
➢ Project management: Quanta Process Solutions provides project management
services, including planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and risk
management.
➢ Commissioning support: Quanta Process Solutions provides commissioning
support services, including pre-commissioning, commissioning, and start-up
assistance.

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1.3 ORGANIZATION CHART

The organizational structure of Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. typically

includes:

➢ Board of directors: The board of directors provides strategic guidance and

oversight to the company.
➢ Executive management team: The executive management team is responsible
for the overall management of the company, including business development,
finance, and operations.
➢ Project managers: Project managers are responsible for the successful execution
of projects, including planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and risk
management.
➢ Engineers and designers: Engineers and designers provide multidisciplinary
technical expertise in various areas such as process, mechanical, electrical,
instrumentation, and civil/structural engineering.
➢ Procurement specialists: Procurement specialists are responsible for vendor
prequalification, bid evaluation, and negotiation.
➢ Construction managers: Construction managers are responsible for site
supervision, quality control, safety management, and cost control.
➢ Supporting staff: Quanta Process Solutions employs a range of supporting staff,
including document controllers, project coordinators, and administrative staff.

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2. DIFFRENT DEPARTMENT OF THE ORGANIZATION
Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is an EPCM company that offers integrated
solutions to various industries, including oil and gas, petrochemicals, chemicals,
fertilizers, power, renewable energy, and infrastructure. The company has various
departments that work together to deliver high-quality projects on time and within
budget. The following is how these departments work together to complete a
project:

2.1 PROCESS DEPARTMENT

The process department is responsible for designing the process flow and
optimizing the process to achieve the desired output. This department works closely
with the client to understand their requirements and design a process that meets
their needs. The process department also works closely with the mechanical, piping,
and electrical & instrumentation departments to ensure that the process design is
compatible with the other components of the project.

The work of the process department includes the following:

➢ Process Simulation: The process department uses simulation software like

Aspen Plus to simulate the process flow of the plant. The software takes into
account factors like temperature, pressure, and flow rate to model the process
flow. The simulations help the process department to optimize the design,
identify potential bottlenecks, and make design changes accordingly.
➢ Process Flow Diagram (PFD): The process department prepares the PFD, which
is a diagram that shows the flow of the process from one unit operation to
another. The PFD shows the major equipment involved in the process, like
reactors, distillation columns, and heat exchangers. The PFD is used as a basis
for further design work.
➢ Process Equipment Design: The process department is responsible for the
design of the major equipment involved in the process. This includes reactors,
distillation columns, heat exchangers, and separators, among others. The
department selects the appropriate type and size of equipment based on the
simulation results and process requirements.
➢ Process Safety: The process department is responsible for ensuring that the plant
is safe to operate. The department performs hazard analysis and risk assessment
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 to identify potential hazards and to develop strategies to mitigate them. The
department also ensures that the plant is designed as per the applicable safety
codes and standards.

2.2 MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

The mechanical department is responsible for designing and selecting the

mechanical equipment required for the project. This includes pumps, compressors,
turbines, and heat exchangers, among others. The mechanical department works
closely with the process department to ensure that the mechanical equipment is
compatible with the process design. The mechanical department also works closely
with the piping department to ensure that the mechanical equipment is installed
correctly.

➢ Equipment Specification: The mechanical department is responsible for

specifying the mechanical equipment required for the plant. This includes
equipment like pumps, compressors, turbines, heat exchangers, and vessels.
They consider factors like the process requirements, the fluid properties, and the
operating conditions when selecting the equipment.
➢ Equipment Design: The mechanical department designs the mechanical
equipment required for the plant. They use software like PV Elite, HTRI, and
Aspen Exchanger Design to design the equipment and ensure that it meets the
required specifications.
➢ Equipment Procurement: The mechanical department procures the mechanical
equipment required for the plant. They work closely with the procurement
department to ensure that the equipment is procured from reliable suppliers and
meets the required specifications.

2.3 PIPING DEPARTMENT

The piping department is responsible for designing and selecting the piping system
required for the project. This includes selecting the pipe size, material, and
insulation. The piping department works closely with the mechanical department to
ensure that the piping system is compatible with the mechanical equipment. The
piping department also works closely with the electrical & instrumentation

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 department to ensure that the piping system is correctly grounded and that the
instrumentation is installed correctly.

➢ Piping Design: The piping department is responsible for designing the piping
system for the plant. They use the process flow diagram prepared by the process
department to determine the piping routes, sizes, and materials required for the
plant.
➢ Piping Specification: The piping department specifies the type of pipes, fittings,
valves, and other components required for the piping system. They consider
factors like the temperature and pressure of the fluid, the fluid properties, and
the compatibility of the materials when selecting the components.
➢ Piping Stress Analysis: The piping department performs stress analysis on the
piping system to ensure that it can withstand the forces and stresses imposed on
it during operation. They use software like CAESAR II to simulate the piping
system and determine the stresses on the piping.
➢ Piping Isometrics: The piping department prepares detailed drawings called
piping isometrics that show the piping system in detail. The isometrics show the
routing of the pipes, the fittings, the valves, and the supports required for the
piping system.

2.4 ELECTRICAL & INSTRUMENTATION DEPARTMENT

The electrical & instrumentation department is responsible for designing and

selecting the electrical and instrumentation system required for the project. This
includes selecting the electrical equipment, designing the electrical system, and
selecting the instrumentation required for process control. The electrical &
instrumentation department works closely with the process department to ensure
that the electrical and instrumentation system is compatible with the process design.
The electrical & instrumentation department also works closely with the piping
department to ensure that the instrumentation is installed correctly.

➢ Electrical Design: The department designs the electrical system required for the
plant. This includes designing the power distribution system, selecting the
appropriate electrical equipment, and developing the electrical schematics.
➢ Instrumentation Design: The department is responsible for designing the
instrumentation system required for the plant. This includes selecting the

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 appropriate instruments, designing the control system, and developing the logic
for the control system.

2.5 PROJECT MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

The project management department is responsible for ensuring that the project is
executed as per the agreed scope, schedule, and budget. This department works
closely with all the other departments to ensure that the project is completed on time
and within budget. The project management department also ensures that the client's
requirements are met and that the project is executed safely and in compliance with
applicable codes and standards.

All these departments work together to complete the project. The process
department designs the process flow and optimizes the process, and the mechanical
department selects the mechanical equipment required for the project. The piping
department designs the piping system required for the project, and the electrical &
instrumentation department designs the electrical and instrumentation system
required for the project. The project management department ensures that the
project is executed as per the agreed scope, schedule, and budget. By working
together, these departments ensure that the project is completed on time and within
budget, and that the client's requirements are met.

2.6 CIVIL DEPARTMENT

Civil Department plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety, durability, and
longevity of industrial structures and is a key contributor to the successful execution
of projects. The department is responsible for the design and construction of civil
and structural components required for a project.

The Civil Department works closely with other departments like Process,
Mechanical, Electrical & Instrumentation, and Project Management to ensure that
all civil and structural components are designed and constructed in accordance with
project requirements. The department also ensures that the structures are designed
to withstand extreme weather conditions, seismic loads, and other environmental
factors.

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 List of Equipment needed
by the Client and
Project Received by QPS specification of site
conditions and working
conditions etc.

Preparation of
Process Simulation Instrumentation
specification

Preparation for Electrical RFQ preparation by

Specification Mechanical

Offer received and According to technical

evaluation by Mechanical specification piping at site

Drawing of equipment
Order placed reviewed by all the
departments

Final Erection at site Commissioning at site

Figure 2.1 : Work Sequence of Company

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3. INTRODUCTION TO INTERNSHIP
3.1 INTERNSHIP SUMMARY

During my three-month internship at Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd., I worked

in the Mechanical Department specifically in the Rotary and Package Department.
My main responsibility was working on rotary equipment such as pumps, fans, etc.
I gained hands-on experience in designing, specifying, and procuring mechanical
equipment required for various industrial plants.

Working in the Rotary and Package Department, I learned about the different types
of rotary equipment used in the industry and the associated design considerations.
During my internship, I was involved in creating technical specifications, reviewing
vendor drawings, and ensuring that the equipment met the required quality
standards.

Overall, my internship experience at Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. provided

me with a valuable learning opportunity to work in the industry and gain practical
knowledge of mechanical engineering principles. I had the chance to work with
experienced professionals and to learn about the latest technologies used in the field.
These skills and experiences will be valuable in developing my career in the field
of mechanical engineering.

3.2 WORKING OF MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

The mechanical department of Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is responsible for
designing and selecting the mechanical equipment required for the project. The
mechanical department is further divided into two departments - Static and Rotary
- based on the type of equipment they handle.

3.2.1 STATIC DEPARTMENT

The static equipment department is responsible for designing and selecting the
stationary equipment required for the project. This includes vessels, tanks, columns,
and heat exchangers, among others. The department is responsible for selecting the
appropriate materials of construction, sizing, and ensuring that the equipment meets
the client's requirements.

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 The static equipment department also performs calculations and simulations to
ensure that the equipment can handle the pressure, temperature, and other process
conditions. They also ensure that the equipment is designed as per the applicable
codes and standards. The department also prepares equipment specifications, data
sheets, and material requisitions for procurement.

3.2.2 ROTARY DEPARTMENT

The rotary equipment department is responsible for designing and selecting the
rotating equipment required for the project. This includes pumps, compressors,
turbines, and fans, among others. The department is responsible for selecting the
appropriate type and size of equipment, ensuring that it meets the client's
requirements, and is compatible with the process design. They also ensure that the
equipment is designed as per the applicable codes and standards. The department
also prepares equipment specifications, data sheets, and material requisitions for
procurement.

Here is an explanation of the documents that you worked with in the Rotary
Department at Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd.:

3.2.2.1 EDS ( EQUIPMENT DATASHEET)

EDS - Equipment Data Sheet: An Equipment Data Sheet is a document that contains
all the necessary information about a specific piece of equipment, including its
technical specifications, dimensions, and performance requirements. EDS is
typically used during the equipment procurement process to ensure that the
equipment meets the necessary technical requirements.

3.2.2.2 RFQ (REQUEST FOR QUOTATION )

RFQ - Request for Quotation: A Request for Quotation is a document that is used
to solicit quotes from potential vendors for the supply of equipment, materials, or
services. The RFQ document typically includes a detailed description of the
equipment or services required, along with any technical specifications and delivery
requirements.

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 Figure 3.1 : Sample of EDS
3.2.2.3 TQ ( TECHNICAL QUERY )

TQ - Technical Query: A Technical Query is a document that is used to seek

clarification on any technical issue related to equipment or a project. TQs are
typically issued when there is a discrepancy or ambiguity in the technical
documentation.

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3.2.2.4 TBA ( TECHNICAL BID ANALYSIS )

Technical Bid Analysis: A Technical Bid Analysis is a document that is used to

evaluate the technical proposals submitted by vendors in response to an RFQ. The
TBA document typically includes a detailed evaluation of each vendor's technical
proposal, including an assessment of their proposed equipment, compliance with
technical specifications, and any deviations from the required technical criteria.

Figure 3.2 : Sample of TBA

3.2.2.5 VDR ( VENDOR DRAWING REVIEW )

VDR - Vendor Drawing Review: A Vendor Drawing Review is a document that is

used to review and approve the drawings submitted by equipment vendors. The
VDR document typically includes a detailed review of the equipment drawings,
ensuring that the drawings meet the necessary technical requirements and comply
with the project's specifications.

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 RFQ

TQ

TBA

PO

VDR
Figure 3.3 : Work-flow of rotary department

In the Rotary Department, these documents are typically used in a specific

workflow to ensure that the equipment procurement process runs smoothly. The
process usually begins with the preparation of an EDS document, which includes
all the necessary technical specifications and requirements for the equipment. Once
the EDS document is finalized, an RFQ is issued to potential vendors, seeking
quotes for the supply of the equipment.

After receiving the proposals from the vendors, the technical team evaluates the
proposals and prepares a Technical Bid Analysis document. If necessary, technical
queries may be raised to seek clarifications from the vendors. Once a vendor is
selected, the Vendor Drawing Review process begins, where the vendor's equipment
drawings are reviewed and approved before the equipment is manufactured and
delivered. This workflow ensures that the equipment meets the technical
specifications and requirements of the project.

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4. CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

As part of my role in the Rotary and Package Department, I was responsible for
creating and reviewing these documents for the centrifugal pumps. This gave me a
hands-on experience of the process and helped me gain a deeper understanding of
the role of technical documents in the equipment procurement process.

4.1 TYPES OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Figure 4.1 : Types of centrifugal pumps

Centrifugal pumps are one of the most commonly used pumps in the process
industries due to their simplicity, versatility and ease of maintenance. They are used
to move liquids through a piping system by using the centrifugal force generated by
a rotating impeller.

There are several types of centrifugal pumps, including overhung pumps, between-
the-bearing pumps, and vertical suspended pumps.

4.1.1 OVERHUNG PUMPS

Overhung Pumps: Overhung pumps, also known as end-suction pumps, are the
most common type of centrifugal pump. In these pumps, the impeller is mounted

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 on the end of the pump shaft and is supported by a single bearing at the drive end.
The pump casing is mounted directly to the motor or engine, which makes it a
compact and cost-effective option. Overhung pumps are typically used in low-
pressure applications and are capable of handling a wide range of liquids.

4.1.2 BETWEEN-THE-BEARING PUMPS

Between-the-Bearing Pumps: Between-the-bearing pumps, also known as

horizontal split case pumps, are a type of centrifugal pump in which the impeller is
supported by bearings on both sides of the shaft. This design allows for higher
pressure and flow rates compared to overhung pumps. These pumps are often used
in high-pressure applications such as water supply systems, refineries, and chemical
processing plants.

4.1.3 VERTICAL SUSPENDED PUMPS

Vertical Suspended Pumps: Vertical suspended pumps, also known as sump pumps,
have a vertical shaft and a suspended impeller. These pumps are designed to be
submerged in a fluid, typically in a sump or tank. They are often used in applications
where space is limited, and where the pump must be able to operate even when the
fluid level is low.

4.2 CODES & STANDARDS

API 610, ANSI B73.1, and Mfg std. are all standards that are used in the design and
manufacture of centrifugal pumps.

4.2.1 API 610

API 610 is a specification that is developed by the American Petroleum Institute

(API) and provides guidelines for the design and manufacture of centrifugal pumps
used in the petroleum, petrochemical, and natural gas industries. The standard
covers a wide range of topics, including pump design, materials of construction,
testing, and performance. It also specifies requirements for pump components such
as impellers, shafts, bearings, and seals.

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4.2.2 ANSI B73.1

ANSI B73.1 is a standard developed by the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) and provides guidelines for the design and manufacture of horizontal end
suction centrifugal pumps for chemical process applications.

4.2.3 MFG. STANDARDS

Mfg std. or manufacturer's standard is a standard developed by the manufacturer of

the centrifugal pump. This standard outlines the specific design and manufacturing
requirements that the manufacturer follows for their pumps. Manufacturer's
standards can vary widely depending on the manufacturer and the specific
application for which the pump is intended.

Overall, adherence to these standards is important in ensuring that centrifugal

pumps are designed and manufactured to meet the needs of their intended
applications and to ensure safety, reliability, and efficiency.

4.3 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

There are several performance parameters related to centrifugal pumps that are
important to understand:

➢ Head: The head of a centrifugal pump is the height to which it can pump a fluid.
It is typically measured in units of length, such as feet or meters.
➢ Flow rate: The flow rate of a centrifugal pump is the amount of fluid that it can
move in a given amount of time. It is typically measured in units of volume per
time, such as gallons per minute or liters per second.
➢ NPSH: The net positive suction head (NPSH) is the amount of pressure that is
required at the inlet of a centrifugal pump to prevent cavitation, which is the
formation of bubbles in the fluid.
➢ Cavitation: Cavitation is the formation of bubbles in the fluid that can occur
when the pressure at the inlet of a centrifugal pump is too low. This can cause
damage to the impeller and reduce the efficiency of the pump.
➢ Efficiency: The efficiency of a centrifugal pump is the ratio of the output power
to the input power. A more efficient pump will require less energy to achieve
the same flow rate and head.

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4.4 PUMP CURVES
Pump curves are graphical representations of a centrifugal pump's performance
characteristics. The two most common types of pump curves are the head-capacity
curve and the power consumption curve.

4.4.1 HEAD-CAPACITY CURVE

Figure 4.2 : Head- Capacity curve

This curve shows the relationship between the pump's head and its flow rate. The
head represents the pressure that the pump can generate, while the flow rate
represents the amount of fluid that the pump can move in a given amount of time.
The curve is typically plotted with the flow rate on the horizontal axis and the head
on the vertical axis.

4.4.2 EFFICIENCY CURVE

Figure 4.3 : Efficiency curve

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 The efficiency curve shows the relationship between the pump's efficiency and its
flow rate. Pump efficiency is the ratio of the hydraulic power output to the
mechanical power input. The efficiency curve indicates the operating range of the
pump where it can operate with the highest efficiency. The efficiency curve is
typically plotted with the flow rate on the horizontal axis and the efficiency on the
vertical axis.

4.4.3 POWER CONSUMPTION CURVE

Figure 4.4 : Power consumption curve

This curve shows the relationship between the pump's power consumption and its
flow rate. The power consumption represents the amount of energy required to
operate the pump, while the flow rate represents the amount of fluid that the pump
can move in a given amount of time. The curve is typically plotted with the flow
rate on the horizontal axis and the power consumption on the vertical axis.

4.4.4 NPSHR CURVE

Figure 4.5 : NPSHR curve

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 The NPSH curve shows the relationship between the pump's required NPSH and its
flow rate. NPSH is a measure of the energy available to a pump at the inlet to
prevent cavitation, which is the formation of vapor bubbles due to low pressure.
The NPSH curve indicates the minimum NPSH required by the pump to avoid
cavitation. If the available NPSH at the pump's inlet is less than the required NPSH,
the pump will experience cavitation, which can lead to reduced pump efficiency,
damage to pump components, and noise. The NPSH curve is typically plotted with
the flow rate on the horizontal axis and the required NPSH on the vertical axis.

Pump curves are important tools for selecting and sizing centrifugal pumps for
various applications. They can be used to determine the best operating point for a
pump, as well as to identify potential issues such as cavitation, excessive vibration,
or inefficient operation.

4.5 MECHANICAL SEAL & SEAL PLANS

Mechanical seals are components used to prevent leakage between a rotating shaft
and a stationary housing in centrifugal pumps. They consist of a rotating and
stationary face, held together by a spring, and are commonly made of carbon,
ceramic, or tungsten carbide materials.

The mechanical seal operates by creating a narrow gap between the rotating and
stationary faces, which is filled with a fluid that acts as a lubricant and cooling
agent. As the rotating shaft turns, a pressure difference is created across the faces,
which helps to prevent fluid from leaking out of the pump.

Figure 4.6 : Mechanical Seal

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Seal plans, on the other hand, are arrangements of piping, instrumentation, and
auxiliary equipment used to support mechanical seals and manage the fluid in the
seal chamber. The primary purpose of seal plans is to ensure that the mechanical
seal operates effectively, without leaking or overheating.

There are several types of seal plans, each with its own specific function and design.
Some common types of seal plans include:

Plan 11 - A basic seal plan that uses a clean, cool fluid to flush the seal chamber and
remove heat from the mechanical seal.

Plan 21 - Similar to Plan 11, but uses a pressurized fluid to improve the seal's
performance.

Figure 4.7 : Seal plan 11 Figure 4.8 : Seal plan 12

Plan 32 - Uses a dual-seal arrangement, where two mechanical seals are installed in
series with a buffer fluid in between. This provides a backup seal in case the first
seal fails.

Plan 52 - Uses a separate fluid circulation system to provide cooling and lubrication
to the mechanical seal. This is often used for high-temperature applications.

Figure 4.9 : Seal plan 32 Figure 4.10 : Seal plan 52

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5. COOLING TOWER

Cooling towers are an essential component of many industrial processes that require
cooling of water or other fluids. They are used to remove the heat generated during
manufacturing processes, such as chemical production, power generation, and oil
refining. Cooling towers work by transferring the heat from the process water to the
atmosphere through the process of evaporative cooling. The hot water is pumped to
the cooling tower and dispersed over a large surface area. As air is blown through
the tower, it picks up the heat and carries it away through the process of evaporation.

Cooling towers are important because they help to regulate the temperature of the
water or other fluids used in industrial processes. If the water gets too hot, it can
cause equipment to malfunction or even fail, which can be costly and dangerous.
Cooling towers also help to conserve water by allowing it to be reused in the
industrial process. This reduces the need for fresh water and helps to conserve this
valuable resource.

In addition, cooling towers can also help to improve the overall efficiency of
industrial processes. By maintaining the proper temperature, the equipment can
operate more efficiently, which can lead to cost savings and increased productivity.
Cooling towers can also reduce the environmental impact of industrial processes by
reducing the amount of energy required to operate the equipment.

5.1 TYPES OF COOLING TOWER

There are several types of cooling towers, each with their own advantages and
disadvantages. Here are some of the most common types:

➢ Natural Draft Cooling Tower: These towers use the natural convection
process to circulate the air. They are typically very large and can be up to
200 meters tall. They are very effective at cooling large volumes of water
but require a large amount of space.
➢ Forced Draft Cooling Tower: These towers use a fan or blower to force air
through the tower. They are typically smaller and more compact than natural
draft towers and are more energy efficient.

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 ➢ Induced Draft Cooling Tower: These towers use a fan or blower to draw air
through the tower. They are similar to forced draft towers but are typically
more energy efficient.
➢ Cross-Flow Cooling Tower: In this type of tower, the water flows vertically
through the tower while the air is forced horizontally across the flow of
water. This design is more compact and requires less space than other types
of cooling towers.
➢ Counter-Flow Cooling Tower: In this type of tower, the water flows
vertically down the tower while the air is forced vertically up the tower in a
counter-flow pattern. This design is very efficient and can cool water to a
lower temperature than other types of cooling towers.

Figure 5.1 : Types of cooling tower

The choice of cooling tower type depends on various factors such as the required
cooling capacity, available space, energy efficiency requirements, and
environmental regulations.

5.2 TERMS RELATED TO COOLING TOWER

➢ Approach: The difference between the temperature of the water leaving the
cooling tower and the wet-bulb temperature of the air.

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 ➢ Cooling range: The difference between the temperature of the water entering
the cooling tower and the temperature of the water leaving the cooling tower.
➢ Wet-bulb temperature: The temperature at which water evaporates under
adiabatic conditions when the air is saturated with water vapor.
➢ Drift: The small droplets of water that are carried out of the cooling tower
with the exhaust air. Drift eliminators are used to minimize this.
➢ Make-up water: The water that is added to the cooling tower to compensate
for water lost through evaporation, drift, and blowdown.
➢ Blowdown: The process of removing a portion of the circulating water to
control the concentration of dissolved solids in the water.
➢ Fan stack: The vertical column that contains the fan in a mechanical-draft
cooling tower.
➢ Fill: The material inside the cooling tower that promotes heat transfer
between the water and air.
➢ Basin: The part of the cooling tower that holds the circulating water.

5.3 COOLING TOWER LOSSES

Cooling tower losses refer to the amount of water that is lost during the cooling
process, including evaporation, drift, and blowdown.

Evaporation loss is the water that is lost due to the evaporation of water from the
cooling tower during the process. Drift loss is the water that is carried away from
the cooling tower by air currents. Blowdown loss is the water that is discharged
from the cooling tower to maintain the required water quality.

Reducing cooling tower losses is important because it helps to conserve water and
reduce operating costs. Some ways to reduce cooling tower losses include:

➢ Using high-efficiency drift eliminators: These are devices that are designed
to capture water droplets and prevent them from being carried away by air
currents.
➢ Minimizing the temperature difference between the water and the
surrounding air: This can be achieved by using an appropriate water flow
rate and fan speed.

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 ➢ Using a water treatment program: This helps to maintain the water quality
and reduce the amount of blowdown required.
➢ Conducting regular maintenance: This includes cleaning the cooling tower
and inspecting it for leaks and other issues.

By implementing these measures, the amount of water lost during the cooling
process can be reduced, resulting in cost savings and environmental benefits.

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6. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, my internship experience at Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. was

a valuable and rewarding opportunity. During my three months in the company, I
was able to learn and apply my knowledge in the field of mechanical engineering,
particularly in the rotary and package department. I had the opportunity to work on
various projects and tasks, including the preparation of EDS, RFQ, and VDR for
centrifugal pumps.

I was impressed with the company's commitment to maintaining high standards in

engineering design and its adherence to various codes and standards, such as API
610, ANSI B73.1, and Mfg std. I also gained knowledge about different
terminologies, pump curves, mechanical seals, and cooling towers, which I believe
will be beneficial to my future endeavors in the industry.

Furthermore, the collaboration and teamwork among the various departments, such
as process, mechanical, piping, electrical & instrumentation, project management,
and civil, were evident in the successful completion of various projects. I appreciate
the guidance and support provided by my colleagues and superiors, who helped me
develop my technical and professional skills.

Overall, my internship at Quanta Process Solutions Pvt. Ltd. provided me with a

practical and enriching experience, which has expanded my understanding of
mechanical engineering and the industry as a whole. I am grateful for the
opportunity to have worked with such a reputable and successful company and look
forward to applying the skills and knowledge gained in my future career.

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