The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction

Steel used in light gauge member

-is manufactured by ASTM standard
-metalliccoated with zinc or aluminum-zinc alloy to provide
Materials and Methods of Construction long term protection against corrosion.

CH12 Light Gauge Steel Frame Construction For studs,joists,and rafters, the steel is formed into C-shaped cee sections

-cee members are punched at the factory to provide holes at 2-foot to allow

● Wiring To pass through studs and joints without necessity

● Piping of drilling holes on the construction site
Presented by Ghala AlFadhalah and Mariam Alrowaih
●

The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction

Strength and stiffness of a member depend on?

shape and depth of the section and the gauge (thickness) of the
steel sheet from which it is made.
-Light gauge steel: is a cold-formed material that is used to make
construction processes smoother and products stronger. Load bearing members range from
Steel components are cold-rolled from steel 0.097 to 0.033 inch (2.46 0.84 mm)

sheets Cold forming increase metal strength Non loadbearing member as thin
as 0.018 inch (0.45mm)
Members are essentially noncombustible equivalent of
wood light frame construction

Used? In framing as closely spaced studs, joist, and rafters in much of the Cold formed steel
same way as wood light frame members are used
 The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction

Why its driven rapidly by hand-held electric or pneumatic tools, these

What is used for top and bottom wall plates and for joist header?
screws are plated with cadmium or zinc? To resist corrosion

Cold formed steel is shaped by guiding thin sheets of steel

through a series of rollers, each roller changing the shape
very slightly, with the net result of converting a flat sheet of
steel into a C or S-shaped section.

channel section Join members without screws or welds and

pneumatically driven pins that penetrate the
Welding is often employed to assemble panels of light members and hold by friction
gauge steel framing that are prefabricated in a factory, and
it is sometimes used on the building site where particularly fastening techniques that are widely used
strong connections are needed. on. include handheld clinching devices

The Concept of Light Gauge Steel Construction

For large projects? Members may be manufactured precisely to

the required length

Members may be cut to length on the construction job site with power saw or special
shears

A variety of sheet metal angles, straps,

plates, channels
and miscellaneous shapes are
manufactured as accessories for light
gauge steel construction

Light gauge steel members are usually joined?

self drilling, self tapping screws, which drill their own
holes and form helical threads in the holes their driven

helical threads
 What to Consider in Light Gauge Steel Framing in
Terms of Sustainability?

Compared to a wooden structure that is identical, light gauge steel framing

tends to lose heat double the amount of wood (a concern for colder climates)

Sheathing the members with plastic foam

insulation

● Eliminates thermal bridging

● When misused, may cause spots of
condensation

Framing Procedures Framing Procedures

Light gauge steel construction is very similar to wood framed construction in principle - the ➔ Then upper floor platform is
wooden framing members are replaced with thin steel sections. The steel sections used here are framed, then the upper floor walls
called cold formed sections, meaning that the sections are formed, or given shape at room ➔ Finally ceiling and roof are
temperature. framed in much the same way as
in a wood-framed house
➔ Framing is usually constructed platform fashion: The ground floor is framed with steel joists. ➔ Prefabricated trusses of light
Mastic adhesive is applied to the upper edges of the joists, and wood panel subflooring is
gauge steel members that are
laid down and fastened to the upper ranges of the joists with screws.
screwed or welded together are
often used to frame ceilings
➔ Steel studs are laid at on the subfloor and joined to make wall frame. and roof.

➔ The wall frames are sheathed either with wood panels or, for non
combustible construction, with gypsum sheathing panels, which are similar to gypsum
wallboard but with glass mat faces and a water-resistant core formulation

➔ Wall frame are tilted up,screwed down to the floor frame, and braced.
 Framing Procedures Framing Procedures
➔ Joist hangers, gusset plates, and folded track ends are
other connection methods.
➔ Framing method parallel wood light frame platform construction
➔ Steel joist spaced from 12 to 24 in are framed into track or
channels
➔ Web stiffeners or reinforcing are inserted where concentrated
loads might cause joist web to buckle
➔ Construction panels are fastened with mastic adhesive and screws

Framing Procedures Framing Procedures

➔ Heavier beam equivalents, such as ridge beam in the top

illustration, can be constructed by nesting standard joists
➔ Simple angles or end clips facilitate joining of perpendicular Window headers connection to supporting studs
members.

Bracing: Slender steel

Permanent resistance to buckling,twisting, and lateral loads such
Members require bracing
as wind and earthquake is imparted largely and very effectively by? At regularly spaced intervals
● Subflooring
● Wall sheathing
● Interior furnish material Diagonal strap braces stabilize upper Temporary braces support the walls at each
floor wall framing for an apartment level until the next floor platform has been completed
building
 Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing
----
Creating concrete-to-steel-bonds is by welding or screwing devices to the studs that are
then embedded in the concrete. Devices include:

Stud anchors Sheet metal shear strips Welded wire reinforcing Expanded metal
Stud anchors w/ nuts and washers, Stainless steel 18-8, 5/16"-18 x 5"—Bolt Depot. Tsybin, N. Y., Andreev, V. I., & Turusov, R. A. (2021). Calculation of a beam

with external reinforcement. Contact layer model. IOP

(n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2021, from What is sheet metal and sheet metal process? (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2021, from Welded wire reinforcement (Wwr) mesh. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2021, from
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,
https://www.boltdepot.com/Product-Details.aspx?product=11023 https://www.jtproto.com/what-is-sheet-metal/ http://www.etwinternational.co.uk/1-5-welded-wire-reinforcement-mesh-108763.html
1083(1), 012042.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1083/1/012042

Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing
---- ----
Along with structural steel, concrete or masonry are used in the making of fire resistant buildings Load bearing applications
USED TO CONSTRUCT
a. concrete panels provide shear resistance
○ framing interior partitions
○ fascias b. steel studs provide most of the resistance
○ parapets
○ backup walls for such exterior claddings as masonry veneers i. to gravity loads
○ exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS) ii. to wind loads (acting perpendicular to the
○ glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC)
○ metal panels face of the panel)
○ various thin stone cladding systems
○ framing non-load-bearing applications

light gauge steel studs + concrete = thin yet relatively stiff wall panel systems
Other Common Uses of Light Gauge Steel Framing
----
When non-combustibility is not a requirement a building
could have both wood and metal in different combinations.

When non-combustibility is needed this material caters

properly to larger buildings with requirements of higher
degrees of fire resistance

Steel trusses made of light gauge members may be applied

over wood frame walls, that are detailed properly to prevent
shrinkage.

When wood is at risk of termite damage, steel framing can act

as a replacement due to its versatility and flexibility.

For Preliminary Design of a Light Gauge

Steel Frame Structure Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge
Steel Framing
---
❏ The depth of light gauge steel roof trusses is usually based on the desired roof pitch WOOD STEEL
❏ Estimate depth of light gauge steel floor joist as 50mm
✓
Lighter in weight
❏ For load bearing studs, add up the total width of floor and roof slab that contribute
✓
load to stud wall More uniform and straight
❏ For exterior cladding backup walls, estimate that 92mm stud may be used to ✓
Affected by termites
maximum height of 12 feet
✓
Affected by humidity in dimension
❏ All framing members are usually spaced at 24 inches
✓ ✓
Great structural performance
✓
Fire resistant
 Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge
Steel Framing
---
Steel framing does not require complicated, expensive tools

It acts as furnishing for utilities and thermal insulation

Its versatility makes it accepting towards a wide range of materials used of both interior or exterior
furnishing.
Lighter than masonry walls and partitions easier to insulate and readily accept other elements like
electrical wires and plumbing pipes
Its dry process does not depend on weather factors (wet or cold)

Not as efficient in preventing noise passage as masonry

May corrode if exposed to moisture for long time periods

Light Gauge Steel Framing and the Building

Advantages and Disadvantages of Light Gauge Codes
Steel Framing ● Although light gauge steel framing members will not burn, they will lose their
--- structural strength and stiffness rapidly if exposed to the heat of fire.
● They most therefore be protected from fire in accordance with building code
Thermal conductivity is higher in steel than wood Not providing an insulation leads to requirements. With suitable protection providence by:
1. the reduction of the thermal performance of the
In colder regions light gauge steel framing must Gypsum sheathing
steel-framed wall
be detailed with thermal breaks 2. More energy losses
sheathing
3. Occurance of moisture condensation (causes mold
Insulating materials that prevent heat flow (like and discoloration of fininishes ) Gypsum wallboard or plaster
foam plastic sheathing) should be used to avoid
the rapid heat loss in the framing system

wallboard
Plaster
 METALS IN ARCHITECTURE
Finishes for Light Gauge Steel Framing
Sometimes metal is mixed with other elements to create alloys of different qualities varying from
added strength to increased malleability
Finishes for steel gauge frame construction are identical to those used for wooden light
frame construction
Differ in fastening details
Using heat, properties of a metal can change (heat treatment). Extraction and uses of metals (Gcse). (n.d.). The Science Hive. Retrieved April 24, 2021, from

https://www.thesciencehive.co.uk/extraction-and-uses-of-metals-gcse

For wood, nails are used ➔ Quenched steel

◆ Steel + heated + plunged into cold water = hard yet brittle
For steel, screws are used ➔ Tempered steel
◆ Steel + moderate heat + then slow cooling = it hard and strong
➔ The annealing process
◆ Metal + heating with high temperature + slow cooling = it softer, easier to work with and less brittle

Cold working is when the properties of metal are changed without the usage of heat, rather
The concept of light gauge steel construction—Ppt video online download. (n.d.). Retrieved April 24, 2021, from https://slideplayer.com/slide/5674050/ physical forming.

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

Metals are mostly found in nature as ores then are refined for use Some ways that metal is fabricated:

● Casting
Some are ferrous some are non-ferrous (consist primarily of iron or not)
● Rolling
Qualities of metals: ● Extrusion
● Forging
1. Dense ● Stamping
2. Lustrous ● Drawing
3. Heat and electricity conductors ● Machining
4. Will corrode with oxidation ● Laser cutting
5. Strong ● Drilling

Ductile by being hammered thin or drawn into wires

Heated to liquify then cooled to solidify

 METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

Some ways that metal is fabricated: Some ways that metal is fabricated:

● Casting ● Casting

● Rolling ● Rolling
● Extrusion ● Extrusion
● Forging ● Forging
● Stamping ● Stamping
● Drawing ● Drawing
● Machining ● Machining
● Laser cutting ● Laser cutting
● Drilling ● Drilling

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

Some ways that metal is fabricated: Some ways that metal is fabricated:

● Casting ● Casting

● Rolling ● Rolling
● Extrusion ● Extrusion
● Forging ● Forging
● Stamping ● Stamping
● Drawing ● Drawing
● Machining ● Machining
● Laser cutting ● Laser cutting
● Drilling ● Drilling
 METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

Some ways that metal is fabricated:

● Casting
● Rolling
● Extrusion
● Forging
● Stamping
● Drawing
● Machining
● Laser cutting
● Drilling

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Cast iron
Metals are joined by fusion (welding, brazing or soldering) or mechanically
◆ Large amounts of carbon and impurities
(drilled/punched holes with the insertion of screw/ bolts/ rivets)
◆ The most brittle ferrous metal -> subject to sudden failure
METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Wrought iron ➔ Stainless steel

◆ Semi Molten iron is hammered into long fibers o f iron that are then ◆ Produced by alloying steel with other metals
interleaved with long fibers of slag ◆ Highly resistant to corrosion
◆ Low iron content -> stronger in tension ◆ Has many attractive finishes (ex: matte texture, mirror polish)
◆ Less brittle than cast iron

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Steel
◆ Strong ➔ Aluminum
◆ Inexpensive ◆ Is the non ferrous metal most often used in construction
◆ Easy to form ◆ Its density is about one-third that of steel and it has moderate to high
◆ Must be protected from corrosion strength and stiffness,depending on which of a multitude of alloy is
selected
◆ Aluminum is used in external facades, roofs and walls, in windows and
doors, in staircases, railings, shelves, and other several applications.
METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Copper
◆ And copper alloy are widely used in construction ➔ Brass
◆ Is slightly more dense than steel and is bright orange-red color ◆ Formulated of copper zinc plus small amounts of other metals. It’s like
◆ Is moderately strong and can be made stronger by alloying or cold bronze, resistant to corrosion.
working,but its not amenable to heat treatment ◆ Hinges and door knobs, weatherstripping, ornamental metal work, screws,
◆ Copper is used in roofing ,flashing sheet,piping tubing, and wiring for bolts, nuts and plumbing faucets
electricity.

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE
METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Zinc
◆ Is a blue-white metal that is low in strength,relatively brittle, and
➔ Bronze moderately hard.
◆ Is a reddish-gold metal that traditionally consists of 90 percent ◆ is used to galvanise other metals, such as iron, to prevent rusting.
copper 10 percent tin Galvanised steel is used for car bodies, street lamp posts, safety
◆ Bronze is used in the form of statutory,bells,ornamental barriers and suspension bridges. Large quantities of zinc are used to
metalwork,door and cabinet hardware, and weather stripping . produce die-castings, which are important in the automobile, electrical
and hardware industries.
METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Tin
◆ Is soft,ductile silvery metal that forms a self protecting oxide layer
◆ for decoration, such as ornamental windows, door lintels and ➔ Magnesium
stamped ceilings ◆ Is a strong,remarkably lightweight metal that is much used in aircraft but
remain costly for general use in buildings

METALS IN ARCHITECTURE METALS IN ARCHITECTURE

➔ Titanium
➔ Chromium
◆ Is also low in density,about half the weight of steel,very strong,and one of the most
◆ Is a very hard metal that can be polished to a brillant mirror finish
corrosion resistant of all metals
◆ Used in ornamental metalwork,bathroom and kitchen
◆ Appear in construction in the form of roofing sheet metal
accessories ,door hardware, and plumbing and lighting fixture