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ENGINEERING GRAPHICS – 102012

F. E. - Semester II

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SCOE, Vadgaon
 Unit 2
Introduction to 2D and 3D
computer aided drafting packages

Auto CAD
 The computer-aided drafting program,
AutoCAD, is the most common such program. It
has many, many aids to drawing construction
plans and detail drawings. If changes are later
made in the design, it is quick and easy to
change the drawing in AutoCAD.
 a considerable amount of time and money as
compared to traditional prototyping, as well as
facilitating communication and testing.
 Drawing is the language of engineers
 The AutoCAD or computer aided design
machine has been a great help to engineers and
also for several architectures that are finding it
impossible to deal with drawings and plans of
the project engineering work and the bring on
the verge of perfection.
 Autocad or commonly known as computer
aided design is a software application for
writing and design 2D and 3D.
 AutoCAD is a software application for both 2D and
3D computer-aided design (CAD) and drafting —
available since 1982 as a desktop application and
since 2010 as a mobile web- and cloud-based app,
currently marketed as Autocad 360.
 Developed and marketed by Autodesk, Inc., Autocad
was first released in December 1982 — having been
purchased a year prior in its original form by
Autodesk founder John Walker. The software is
currently marketed in its eighteenth generation.
6
HOW DO WE GIVE A COMMAND?

 Command line

 Toolbars
(view/Toolbars)

 Drop-down menus
You can pick any one(s) that you are comfortable with.
 AutoCAD Commands
• Nearly every action you perform in AutoCAD is based on a
command.
• You use commands to tell AutoCAD the actions you want
it to perform, and AutoCAD responds with command
prompts.
• Command prompts tell you the status of an action, or they
give you options from which you must choose to complete
a command.
• You can use any of the following to start commands:
AutoCAD menus Toolbars
Shortcut menus Command line
Accelerator keys
8
 Useful Keyboard Keys

• F1 key, context-sensitive help

• F2 key, toggling the graphics windows and the text windows
• F3 key, turning running object snaps on/off
• F5 key, cycling through isometric planes
• F6 key, cycling through coordinate display types
• F7 key, toggling Grid mode
• F8 key, toggling Ortho mode
• F9 key, toggling Snap mode
• F10 key, toggling polar mode
• Esc key, exit any command
• Enter key, invoke the last-used command

9
 Command Prompt
Regardless of how you start a command, the command prompts flow in the
same way. AutoCAD either displays prompts on the command line or
displays a dialog box. The prompt format is

current instruction or [options] <current value>:

The current instruction begins with one of four verbs. The verb
communicates the action you can perform, as shown below:
Select Use the pointing device to select objects.
Enter Enter a value on the command line.
Specify Select a point on the screen or enter a coordinate.
Digitize Select a point on a digitizing tablet (TABLET command only).

Commands often have options, which are displayed within brackets.

10
 Point AutoCAD Drawing Commands
Line
Basic Geometry symbols
Ray
Text
Xline
Text Commands Mtext
Mline
Spell
Arc
Circle Dim
Dimension Commands
Rectangle Dim1

Ellipse Hatch
Polygon Hatch Commands Bhatch
Spline Region
Pline
11
Command Point
Keystroke: POINT / PO
Icon
Menu: Draw > Point >Single Point
Result: Draw a single point
System Variables
PDMODE specifies how point objects are displayed.

PDSIZE specifies the size of point objects.

Point Style dialog box

Command: DDPTYPE
Menu: Format > Point Style
12
Command Line
Keystroke: Line / L
Icon
Menu: Draw > Line

Result: Draw a straight line segment from one point to the next

For example, the command sequence is

Command: line
Specify first point:
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Specify next point or [Undo]:
Specify next point or [Close or Undo]:

13
Ray
Creates a semi-infinite line commonly used as construction line. A ray
has a finite starting point and extends to infinity.

Command: RAY Draw menu: Ray

Construction Line
Creates an infinite lines, which are commonly used as construction lines.

Command: XLINE Draw menu: Construction Line

Multiline Creates multiple parallel lines:

Command: MLINE
Draw menu: Multiline
14
Command Arc
Keystroke: Arc / a
Icon
Menu: Draw > Arc
Result:Draws an arc based on three points
Notes
• You can create arcs in many ways.
• The default method is to specify three points—a start
point, a second point on the arc, and an endpoint.
• By default, AutoCAD draws arcs counterclockwise.

15
Command Circle

Keystroke: Circle / C
Icon
Menu: Draw > Circle

Result:Draws a circle based on a center point and radius

Notes
• You can create circles in several ways.
• The default method is to specify the center and radius.

16
Command Rectangle

Keystroke: RECTANGLE /RECTANG/ REC

Icon

Menu: Draw > Rectangle

Result: Draws a rectangle after you enter one corner and

then the second
Options:
Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width

17
Command Ellipse

Keystroke: Ellipse/ EL
Icon

Menu: Draw > Ellipse

Result: Draws an ellipse or an elliptical arc

18
Command Polygon

Keystroke: POLYGON / POL

Icon
Menu: Draw > Polygon

Result: Creates an equilateral closed polyline

System Variables
POLYSIDES
It stores the current number of polygon sides.
The range is 3 to 1024.

19
Command SKETCH
Command line: sketch
Result Creates a series of freehand line segments
Notes
• Drawing with the SKETCH command controls a screen-
based pen with a pointing device.
• SKETCH is useful for entering map outlines, signatures,
or other freehand drawings.
• Sketched lines are not added to the drawing until they are
recorded.

20
Command Spline

Keystroke: Spline / spl

Icon
Menu: Draw > Spline

Result: Creates a quadratic or cubic spline curve

Notes:
• SPLINE fits a smooth curve to a sequence of points
within a specified tolerance.
• AutoCAD uses NURBS (nonuniform rational B-splines)
mathematics, which stores and defines a class of curve
and surface data.

21
Command Polyline

Keystroke: PLINE / PL
Icon

Menu: Draw > Polyline

Result: Creates two-dimensional polylines.

A polyline is a connected sequence of line or arc segments created as a single
object. A rectangle is an example of a polyline.
Polylines have some unique qualities that make them very useful:
•They can have width (constant or varying)
•They can consist of arcs and lines.
•They can be edited
•They can be joined together.
•They can be exploded into individual segments

22
 Drawing Editing Commands

The commands covered in this section are all concerned

with editing and in some way manipulating existing
graphics in a drawing.
They fall into four major groupings:

Deletion Operations;

Transformations;

Editing and Alteration; and

Administrative Activities.

23
Command Erase

Keystroke: Erase / E Deletion Command

Icon

Menu: Modify > Erase

Shortcut menu:
Select the objects to erase, right-click
in the drawing area, and choose Erase.

Result: Erases an object.

Command: OOPS
Command line: oops
Result: Restores objects erased by the last ERASE command.
24
 Correcting Mistakes

➢ U reverses the effect of the previous command.

Command line: u Edit menu: Undo

Shortcut menu: right-click in the drawing area

➢ UNDO reverses the effect of multiple commands and provides control

over the undo feature. This command is a more versatile version of the
simplified U command.

Command line: undo

➢ REDO reverses the effects of a single UNDO or U command.

Command line: Redo Edit menu: Redo
Shortcut menu: right-click in the drawing area

25
 Selecting Objects
• Before you can edit objects, you need to create a selection set
of the objects.
• A selection set can consist of a single object, or it can be a
more complex grouping: for example, the set of objects of a
certain color on a certain layer.
• You can create the selection set either before or after you
choose an editing command.
• Use one of the following methods to create selection sets.
1. Choose an editing command. Then select the objects and press ENTER.
2. Enter select. Then select the objects and press ENTER.
3. Select the objects with the pointing device. Then choose an editing
command.
4. Define groups.
26
 Selecting Objects in AutoCAD

Using Selection Windows

Using Selection Fences
Selecting Objects that Are Close Together
Customizing Object Selection
Filtering Selection Sets

27
 Selecting Windows

There are two very different types of windows you can use.
One is a 'crossing window' and the other is a box.

If you create the window from right to left, you make a

crossing window. This means that any object that crosses the
border of the window is added to the selection set. This is
shown as a dotted line on the screen.

If you create the window from left to right, you create a box.
Using this method you'll add only the items that are completely
within the box. This is shown as a solid line on the screen.

28
 Selecting Objects Command line: select
There are other ways to select objects and here a few of the more common ways.
LAST - by typing L when asked to select objects, AutoCAD will select the last
object that you created.

PREVIOUS - by typing P when asked to select objects, AutoCAD will select the
previous selection set.

ALL by typing ALL to select all object on layer.

FENCE - by typing F when asked to select objects, AutoCAD allows you to draw
a series of lines (called a fence) to select objects.

CROSSING POLYGON - typing CP when you are selecting objects give the
ability to create a crossing polygon for object selection. This is similar to a
crossing box, but you can pick points on the screen to create a polygon.
29
 Repeating Commands
You can repeat AutoCAD commands using one of several methods.
To repeat the last command
• Press ENTER or SPACEBAR, or right-click in the drawing area
and choose Repeat.
To repeat one of the last six commands
1. Right-click in the command window or text window.
2. From the shortcut menu, choose Recent Commands, then choose
one of the six most recently used commands.

To repeat the same command multiple times

1. At the Command prompt, enter multiple.
2. At the next prompt, enter the command you want to repeat.
3. AutoCAD repeats this command until you press ESC.

30
 Canceling Commands

You can cancel any command by pressing ESC, the standard key
to cancel actions in Windows programs.
You can change the cancel key to CTRL+C, which was used to
cancel commands in previous AutoCAD releases.

To change the cancel key

1. From the Tools menu, choose Options.
2. In the Options dialog box, choose the User Preferences tab.
3. Under Windows Standard Behavior, clear Windows
Standard Accelerator Keys.

31
 Text Commands
TEXT or DTEXT
Creates one or more lines of text and end each line when you press
ENTER. Each text line is a separate object that you can relocate,
reformat, or otherwise modify.
MTEXT
• Multiline Text Editor creates paragraphs that fit within a nonprinting text
boundary.
• You create the text boundary to define the width of the paragraph.
• You can also specify the justification, style, height, rotation, width, color,
spacing, and other text attributes using MTEXT.
• Each mtext object is a single object, regardless of the number of lines it
contains.
Spell
Checks spelling in a drawing
Tools menu: Spelling
Command line: spell (or 'spell
for transparent use)

32
 Basic Utility Commands

REDRAW
This command forces AutoCAD to re-display the graphics on the screen.
This has the effect of clearing away some extraneous graphics such as
marker "blips" that are left behind by pointing operations. (Blipmode=on
or off)

SAVE
Causes all editing changes to the current drawing to be saved to the disk
file. Should be done regularly during a long drawing session.

END
Terminates the drawing editor, saves the current drawing to a disk file
and returns to the main AutoCAD menu.

QUIT
Terminates the drawing editor without saving the changes made to the
current drawing. Returns to the main AutoCAD menu.
33
WHAT IS OSNAP?
 Osnap (Object Snap) settings make it easier to select a
2d object’s points
 Endpoint
 Midpoint
 Perpendicular
 Center
 İntersection
 Osnap will be active when
AutoCAD is expecting you to
pick a point on the working area
 Type osnap on your
command window:
ZOOMİNG...
 You will need to zoom in and out while drawing with
AutoCAD. This doesnt change your objects or UCS, only
the way you see your working space. This can be done in
many ways:
1. Scroll bars
2. Typing z or zoom in your command window.
 All

 Center

 Dynamic

 Extents

 Previous

 Scale

 Window