POLITEKNIK TUN SYED NASIR SYED ISMAIL

PETROCHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

| DJJ 30113: MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING |

LECTURER NAME

TYPE OF ASSESSMENT REPORT

TOPIC TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL

DURATION 2 HOURS

DATE OF ASSESSMENT

NAME REGISTRATION NO.

INDIVIDUAL/
GROUP MEMBERS

MARKS CLO 2 /100

 DJJ 30113 MATERIAL SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

PRACTICAL TASK 1 – TENSILE TEST ON MILD STEEL

Performed appropriate material testing DK 6 – Codified practical
CLO 2 according to the Standard Operating PLO 5 engineering knowledge in
Procedure (P4) recognized practice area

A. OBJECTIVES / EXPERIMENT OUTCOMES

At the end of the lab session students should be able:

1. To study the mechanical properties of Mild Steel specimens under tension load.

B. THEORY

In tension test ends of a test piece are fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to
a load measuring device. The test involves straining a test piece by tensile force generally to fracture
for the purpose of determining one or more of the mechanical properties.

The straining unit of universal testing machine consists of main hydraulic cylinder with robust
base inside and piston which moves up and down. The lower table connected to main piston through
a ball & the ball seat is joined to ensure axial loading. There is a connection between lower table and
upper head assembly that moves up and down with main piston. The control panel consists of a
power pack complete with drive motor and an oil tank, control valves and an autographic recorder.
Load Indicator system consists of a large dial and a pointer. A dummy pointer is provided to record
the maximum load reached during the test.

Load is applied by a hydrostatically lubricated ram. Main cylinder pressure is transmitted to

the cylinder of the pendulum dynamometer system housed in the control panel.The cylinder of the
dynamometer is also of self-lubricating design. The load transmitted to the cylinder of the
dynamometer is transferred through a lever system to a pendulum.Displacement of the pendulum
actuates the rack and pinion mechanism which operates the load indicator pointer and the
autographic recorder. The deflection of the pendulum represents the absolute load applied on the test
specimen. Return movement of the pendulum is effectively damped to absorb energy in the event of
sudden breakage of a specimen.
 STRESS STRAIN GRAPH OF MILD STEEL:

The stress strain graph of mild steel is divided into four areas in which the first section
represents elastic deformation and in remaining areas only plastic deformation will takes place.
However, the material behaves differently in each individual phase of plastic deformation. Area B
defines the flow region here the material is stressed beyond its elastic loadability and within the flow
region the stress changes very irregularly with increasing strain so that a wavy line results in the
graph. In section C the stress increase sharply and the plastic deformation also increases. At the
maximum loadability the material's cross-section begins to reduce in size and ultimately failure
occurs.increase sharply and the plastic deformation also increases. At the maximum loadability the
material's cross-section begins to reduce in size and ultimately failure occurs.

Elastic deformation (A)

The first phase of the stress-strain damage is elastic deformation. When the stress acting on
the material is removed the material regains its original length. This is called complete recovery or
resilience. Again the area of elastic deformation is divided into two phases. In the first phase the
material stretches proportionally to the stress acting on it. This extension is also called linear-elastic
or proportional deformation.The point at which the linear-elastic elongation is maximum is called the
proportional limit. Beyond this limit elastic deformation still takes place, however greater elongation
occurs in this section under increasing applied force. Therefore the elongation or strain is greater than
the increasing stress.

The flow region (B)

Further small increase in stress can be enough to cause the proportional limit to be exceeded.
The highest flow point is the point accompanied by an initial sudden loss of quality. As a result, the
stress required to continue to elongate the material reduces immediately and reaches the lowest flow
point.

After these points are exceeded even if the forces are removed immediately the material does
not regain its original properties. When the stress is increased again the dislocations start to wander
and increases, which leads to further quality losses at the first flow point, stress and strain behave
irregularly in relation to each other.
 Material hardening (C)

If the stress is increased further an increasing number of upright dislocations form in the
crystal lattice prevents the movement of the previous still sliding dislocations. At the same time the
stress in the crystal lattice continues to increase which causes hardening of the material. Here the
metal becomes stronger as the strain increases. Hence, it is called as "Strain Hardening". However,
this process cannot be continued infinitely. Each material has its specific maximum force.

Necking (D)

If the maximum force is exceeded the material begins to neck.In the crystal lattice of the metal
bar so many dislocations have occurred that they can no longer lead to hardening but instead
contribute to the formation of voids or cavities. Apart from necking, the voids also cause the material
cross-section to reduce. The stress now acts on an increasingly smaller cross-section which
enhances this process still further. As the tensile test continues the necking increases until the tapered
cross-section can no longer withstand the stress. This is when the metal bar tears at the weakest
point. Finally the specimen will have increase in length and reduction in cross sectional area.

Percentage elongation: Increase in the gauge length of the test piece at maximum force,
expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length (li).The value of percentage elongation
depends on the gauge length chosen according to the B.I.S specifications a gauge length

of (5d rods) is to be used.

Where, Li= initial length

Lf= final length

Percentage reduction in area: Maximum change in cross-sectional area that has occurred at
the neck during the test expressed as a percentage of the original cross-sectional area.

Where, Ai= initial length

Af= final length

Tensile strength: Stress corresponding to the maximum force.

Yield strength: When the metallic material exhibits a yield phenomenon, a point is reached
during the test at which plastic deformation occurs without any increase in the force.
 Modulus of elasticity: It is the slope of initial linear portion of stress strain curve.

Stages in ductile fracture:

The failure of ductile material under tensile loading can be attributed to cup and cone fracture.
This form of ductile fracture occurs in stages that initiates after necking. First small micro-voids form
in the interior of the material. Next deformation continues and the micro-voids enlarge to form cracks.
The crack continues to grow and it spreads laterally towards the edges of the specimen. Finally the
crack propagation is rapid along a surface that makes about 45 degree angle with the tensile stress
axis. The new fracture surface has an irregular appearance. The final shearing of the specimen
produces a cup type shape on one fracture surface, and cone type shape on adjacent fracture
surface. In this central interior region has an irregular and fibrous appearance, which signifies plastic
deformation in material.

Detailed and important information on the mechanism of fracture can be obtained from
microscopic examination of fracture surfaces. This study is known as fractography.

Variation of local elongation with position along gauge length of tensile specimen:

The measured elongation from a tension specimen depends on the gauge length of the
specimen or dimension of its cross section. This is because the total extension consists of two
components, the uniform extension up to necking and the localised extension once necking begins.
 The extent of uniform extension depends on the metallurgical condition of the material and
the effect of specimen size and shapes on the development of neck. The shorter the gauge
length,greater is the percentage elongation.

C. APPARATUS/ EQUIPMENT

Online Simulation Universal Testing Machine

D. PROCEDURES

Procedure refer simulation link.

Simulator Link

Click link https://sm-nitk.vlabs.ac.in/exp/tensile-test-mild-steel/simulation.html

for experiment simulator

E. RESULT/ DATA/ OBSERVATION

Result Data refer simulation link STEP 11 and then do the calculation for the result
 RUBRIC FORLABORATORY REPORT
DJJ 30113
COURSE CODE

COURSE NAME
MATERIAL SCIENCE &ENGINEERING
STUDENT NAME

REGISTRATION NO.
TENSILE TEST OF MILD STEEL HEAT TREATMENT OF STEEL/ IZOD IMPACT TET
PRACTICAL TITLE

engineering and DK 6 Condified practical engineering knowledge in recognised

PLO 5 Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modernawareness of the
CLO 2 Pertormed appropriate material testing according to the IT tools to welldefined engineering problems, with an practice area.
Standard Operating Procedure (P4, PLO5). IImitatlons (DK6),

MARK Marks MARKS

Criteria Weight
3

Some objectives correctly Objective is not written

Objectives are correctly written. Almost all correctly written Objective is partially written written. correctly

Most of the tools/ inylools/

Almost all tools/ equipment/materials used Few of the tools/
Objectives and Apparatus, A All tools/ equipmentUmaterials equipmenttmaterials used and equipment/materials used and equipm naterials
used and setup in the and setup in the setup in the task/laboratory are ed and setup are
task/laboratory are correctly setup in the task/aboratory task/laboratory are correctly corecty written.
written. are correctly written. correcly written.
written.

Theory/Background, B Theory is elaborately written in Theory is elaborately written in Theov is generally Partially theory is being written. Irrelevant theory 3
written.
details with related illustration. details in text only.

Almost all procedures are Most of the procedures are

Afewvprocedures are properly None of the procedures
|Allprocedures are properly written ir propertly written in the passive properly written in the passive.. are properly written in the
Procedures, C the passive voice written in the passive
passive voice.
voice. voice.

All tasks/laboratory
ention,orare written with Almost all tasks/laboratory are Tasks/laboratory are generally Tasks/laboratory are written with Arew tasks/experiment
full to task/laboratory written with attention to written with attention to |Some attention to task/laboratory 6
Results, D results were ignored.
result. task/laboratory result. task/laboratory result. result.

Almost all discussions written Discussions are generally

AIldiscussions are written with full with attention to task/laboratory written with attention to Discussions are written with some Partially discussion were
attention to task/laboratory result. result task/laboratory result. attention to task/laboratory result. discussed
Discussion and Conclusion,E 6

All conclusions are written with full Almost all conclusions are Concluslon is generally written Conclusion written out of
attention to task/laboratory written with full attention to with attention to Partially conclusion were concluded|the task/laboratory
objective. task/laboratory objective. task/laboratory objectlve. objective.
TOTAL MARK M00)

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