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(Curve sketching)

A PROJECT WORK SUBMITTED FOR THE PARTIAL

FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT IN CHEMISTRY OF
GRADE 11

Submitted By:
Bickey Ray Kurmi
Class:11
Roll No.:13

Submitted To:
DEPARTMENT OF MATH
NOBEL ACADEMY
NEWBANESHOWR, KATHMANDU
April, 2024

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RECOMMENDATION LETTER

This is to certify that the project work entitled”Curve sketching” submitted by Mrs
Bickey Ray Kurmi of Nobel Academy, New Baneshwor has been prepared under my
supervision as a partial fulfillment for the class 11 of Chemistry course. I, therefore,
recommend the project work report for evaluation.

…Pradip subadi
Name of Supervisor
Department of Math
Nobel Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This project work entitled “Curve Sketching” by Mrs. Bickey Ray Kurmi ,Roll no:13
of Nobel Academy, New Baneshwor Kathmandu prepared under the supervision of
Mr Pradip Subedi .submitted for the partial fulfillment of prerequisite of chemistry of
class 11 has been accepted.

Pradip Subedi Pradip Subedi

Head of Department Supervisor
Department of Math Department of Math
Nobel Academy, New Baneshwor Nobel Academy, New Baneshwor
Kathmandu ,Nepal Kathmandu, Nepal

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DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work entitled “Curve Sketching” Submitted to the
Department of Math Nobel Academy, New Baneshwor, Kathmandu is an original
piece of work carried out under the supervision and guidance of Mr Pradip Subedi.,
Department of Math, New Baneshwor Kathmandu, Nepal and is submitted for the
partial fulfillment of the requirement for chemistry of grade 11.

Name of student: Bickey Ray Kurmi

Email: ……………………………….
Grade: 11
Date:2081-02-23

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Mr Pradip Subedi.. my supervisor, for giving me the chance to
develop a project. He/ she gave me a chance to conduct study on the subject, which
will help me learn new information. Along with the principal Mr. Rabin Dahal, the
administration’s top official Mr. Raj Kumar Acharya and especially to our
coordinator, Mr Ravi Kumar Sharma, I want to express my gratitude.

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Content
Introduction1 ......................................................................................................................................7
Symmetrical function ............................................................................................................. 7-11
Basic technique to find the shape of curve1 .................................................................12
Periodicity ................................................................................................................................... 13-14
Increasing and decreasing function ............................................................................ 15-17
Transformation of graph..................................................................................................... 17-19

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Introduction
Curve sketching (or curve tracing) are techniques for producing a rough idea of
overall shape of a plane curve given its equation, without computing the large
numbers of points required for a detailed plot. It is an application of the theory of
curves to find their main features.

Symmetrical function
“Symmetry of a Function” usually refers to symmetry of a function’s graph. Even and
odd functions are symmetrical

• Even functions are symmetrical about the vertical y-axis. The graph on the
right-hand side (quadrant 1) is a mirror image of the graph on the left-hand side
(quadrant 2).An even function is symmetrical along the vertical axis.

• Odd functions are symmetric about the origin. This is defined mathematically
as f(-x) = x for every x in the domain.Graph of a symmetrical odd function.

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Even and Odd Functions Definition

• Odd Function - For a real-valued function f(x), when the output value of f(-x) is
the same as the negative of f(x), for all values of x in the domain of f, the function
is said to be an odd function. An odd function should hold the following equation:
f(-x) = -f(x), for all values of x in D(f), where D(f) denotes the domain of the
function f. In other words, we can say that the equation f(-x) + f(x) = 0 holds for an
odd function, for all x. Let us consider an example, f(x) = x3.
f(-x) = (-x)3 = -(x3) for all values of x, as the cube of a negative number is the same
as the negative of the cube of the positive value of the number. This implies f(-x) =
-f(x), for all x. Hence, f(x) = x3 is an odd function. Similarly, functions like x5, x7,
x9 etc. are odd functions.

Odd Functions are symmetrical about the origin. The function on one side of x-axis is
sign inverted with respect to the other side or graphically, symmetric about the origin.
Here are a few examples of odd functions, observe the symmetry about the origin.
y = x3

f(x)=f(-x)

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Example 1: Determine the nature of the function f(x) = x3 + 2x. Draw the graph
of it . If it is odd function then state why it is an odd function.
Solution: The function is
• even if f(x) = f(−x)
• odd if f(−x) = −f(x)
Let us find f(−x) to determine the nature of the function
f(−x) = (−x)3 + 2(−x)
= −x3 − 2x
= −(x3 + 2x)
= −f(x)
f(−x) = −f(x) this is an odd function.

Let us plot the given function

• Notice that the graph is symmetric about the origin.

• For every point (x,y)on the graph, the corresponding point (−x,−y) is also on the
graph
• For example (1,3) is on the graph of f(x) and the corresponding reflection point
(−1,−3) is also on the graph.

Hence the given function f(x) is odd.

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⚫ Even Function
A function is an even function if f of x is equal to f of −x for all the values of x. This
means that the function is the same for the positive x-axis and the negative x-axis, or
graphically, symmetric about the y-axis. An example of an even function are the
trigonometric even function, secant function, etc. Let us explore more about the even
function in detail along with its graphical representation and properties.

What is an Even Function?

Let us first understand the meaning of even functions, algebraically. A function is

even if f(x) = f(- x) for all values of x. Now, let us see what this means. For an even
function f(x), if we plug in -x in place of x, then the value of f(-x) is equal to the value
of f(x). Similarly, functions like x4,x6,x8,x10, etc. are even functions.

Interestingly, the above functions have even powers. Observe the graph below y = x2,
an even function graph.

Graphical Representation of an Even Function

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Let us now see how an even function behaves graphically. The above graph of an
even function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. In other words, the graph of an
even function remains the same after reflection about the y-axis.

Determine if the function f(x) = 6x4 − x12 is even function or not.

Solution: Substitute −x in place of x in f(x) = 6x4 − x12.
f(−x) = 6(−x)4 − (−x)12
= 6x4 − x12
= f(x)
Since f(−x) = f(x), the function f(x) is an even function.
f(x) = 6x4 − x12 is an even function.

Asymptotes
Asymptotes are lines a function approaches but does not reach. They are used in
curve sketching to figure out the end behavior of a function in the case of horizontal
or slant asymptotes and to divide the function into sections in the case of vertical
asymptotes.
For example, [f(x)=1/x] has a vertical asymptote at x = 0 and a horizontal asymptote at
y = 0, so it must approach the axes at large values of x and y. The vertical asymptote
divides the function into a left portion and a right portion, and the horizontal
asymptote reveals that the function flattens out at extreme values of x.
Figure 2: A function approaches its asymptotes.

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Basic techniques
The following are usually easy to carry out and give important clues as to the shape of
a curve:

• Determine the x and y intercepts of the curve. The x intercepts are found by
setting y equal to 0 in the equation of the curve and solving for x. Similarly,
the y intercepts are found by setting x equal to 0 in the equation of the curve and
solving for y.
• Determine the symmetry of the curve. If the exponent of x is always even in the
equation of the curve then the y-axis is an axis of symmetry for the curve.
Similarly, if the exponent of y is always even in the equation of the curve then
the x-axis is an axis of symmetry for the curve. If the sum of the degrees
of x and y in each term is always even or always odd, then the curve is symmetric
about the origin and the origin is called a center of the curve.
• Determine any bounds on the values of x and y.
• If the curve passes through the origin then determine the tangent lines there. For
algebraic curves, this can be done by removing all but the terms of lowest order
from the equation and solving.

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• Similarly, removing all but the terms of highest order from the equation and
solving gives the points where the curve meets the line at infinity.
• Determine the asymptotes of the curve. Also determine from which side the curve
approaches the asymptotes and where the asymptotes intersect the curve.[1]

Period of a Trigonometric Function

The distance between the repetition of any function is called the period of the
function. For a trigonometric function, the length of one complete cycle is called a
period. For any trigonometry graph function, we can take x = 0 as the starting point.
In general, we have three basic trigonometric functions like sin, cos and tan functions,
having -2π, 2π and π periods respectively.
Sine and cosine functions have the forms of a periodic wave:

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• Period: It is represented as “T”. A period is a distance among two repeating

points on the graph function.
• Amplitude: It is represented as “A”. It is the distance between the middle
point to the highest or lowest point on the graph function.
sin(aθ) = 2π ,cos(aθ) = 2π and tan(aθ)=π

Example 1:
Find the period of the given periodic function f(x) = 9 sin(6x + 5).
Solution:
Given periodic function is f(x) = 9 sin(6x+ 5)
Coefficient of x = B = 6
Period = 2π/ |B|, here period of the periodic function = 2π/ 6 = π/3

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Example 2:
What is the period of the following periodic function?
f(a) = 6 cos 5a
Solution:
The given periodic function is f(a) = 6 cos 5a. We have the formula for the period of
the function.
Period = 2π/B,
From the given, B = 5
Hence, the period of the given periodic function = 2π/5

Increasing Function Definition

In simple words, an increasing function is a type of function where with increasing
input (or the independent variable), output also increases (or the value of the
function). Now, let’s define increasing function formally.
Now, let us consider I to be an interval that presents in the domain of a real-valued
function f, then the function f is increasing on I,
if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≤ f(x2) ∀ x1 and x2 ∈ I
Some common examples of increasing functions include linear functions with
positive slope (such as y = mx + b), exponential functions (such as y = ax, where a

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is a positive constant), and power functions (such as y = xn, where n is a positive

integer).

Strictly Increasing Function

For a function to be strictly increasing, the function should be increasing but it can’t
be equal for any two unequal values i.e.,
if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) < f(x2) ∀ x1 and x2 ∈ I

Decreasing Function Definition

In simple words, a decreasing function is a type of function where with increasing
input (or the independent variable), the output value decreases (or the value of the
function). To define decreasing function formally let us consider I to be an interval
that presents in the domain of a real-valued function f, then the function f is
increasing on I,
if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) ≥ f(x2) ∀ x1 and x2 ∈ I
Some common examples of decreasing functions include exponential decay
functions (such as y = a^(-x), where a is a positive constant), and negative power
functions (such as y = x^(-n), where n is a positive integer).

Strictly Decreasing Function

For a function to be strictly decreasing, the function should be decreasing but it

can’t be equal for any two unequal values i.e.,
if x1 < x2 ⇒ f(x1) > f(x2) ∀ x1 and x2 ∈ I

Constant Function Definition

In simple words, a constant function is a type of function where regardless of the
input or independent variable the output always remains the same i.e., for all the
inputs output remains constant. To define a constant function more formally, a
function f is said to be a constant function if and only if
f(x) = k
Where k is the real number.
Rules to Check Increasing and Decreasing Functions
In calculus, the increasing function can be defined in terms of the slope of any curve
as an increasing function always has a positive slope i.e., dy/dx > 0. To define
increasing function more formally, let us consider f to be a function that is
continuous on the interval [p, q] and differentiable on the open interval (p, q), then
Function f is increasing in [p, q] if f′(x) > 0 for each x ∈ (p, q).
As decreasing function always has a negative slope, thus a decreasing function can
be defined in terms of the slope of any curve i.e., dy/dx < 0. For a more formal

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definition of the decreasing function, let us consider f to be a function that is

continuous on the interval [p, q] and differentiable on the open interval (p, q), then
Function f is decreasing in [p, q] if f′(x) < 0 for each x ∈ (p, q).

Example: In this example, we will investigate the graph of f(x) = x2.

Solution:

x f(x)

-4 16

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x f(x)

-3 9

-2 4

-1 1

0 0

1 1

2 4

3 9

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As we can see that when x < 0, the value of f(x) is decreasing as the graph
moves to the right. In other words, the “height” of the graph is getting
smaller. This is also confirmed by looking at the table of values. When x < 0,
as x increases, f(x) decreases. Therefore, f(x) is decreasing on the interval
from negative infinity to 0. When x > 0, the opposite is happening. When x >
0, the value of f(x) is increasing as the graph moves to the right. In other
words, the “height” of the graph is getting bigger. This is also confirmed by
looking at the table of values. When x > 0, as x increases, f(x) increases.
Therefore, f(x) is increasing on the interval from 0 to infinity.

Transformation of Graphs

⚫ Shifting or translation of graphs

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The graph of the function y=f(x-a),(a>0)is the graph of y=f(x) translated or shifted by
a units to the right . Again the graph of y-f(x+a),(a<0) is the graph of y=f(x)
translated by a units to the right and left.

⚫ Shifting or translation of graph upward or downward

The graph of y=f(x)+b (b>0) is the graph of y=f(x) translated ny b
units upward . Again the graph of y=f(x)-b is the graph of the
y=f(x)translated by b units downward.

⚫ Reflection

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The graph of y=f(-x) is the reflection of graph of y=f(x) about y axix.

Again the graph of y=-f(x) is the reflection of the graph of y=f(x) about
x-axix.

Source of information
⚫ Google
⚫ Class 11 math book

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