CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Dissertation work entitled “Cuisine Diplomacy of India:
Culinary Statecraft at G20 Summit” is a bonafide work done by ANJALI
DUNGARWAL of UG 3rd Year Political Science Honors bearing Roll No.
21DPS029 during session 2021-2024 for the partial fulfillment of award of
Bachelor’s Degree in Political Science and has been carried out under my direct
supervision and guidance.

Dr. Netajee Abhinandan

Associate Professor.

Ravenshaw University.

1
 DECLARATION

I, Anjali Dungarwal, Roll No. 21DPS029, hereby state that the dissertation work
on “Cuisine Diplomacy of India: Culinary Statecraft at G20 Summit” carried out
by me for the partial fulfillment of award of Bachelor’s Degree in Political
Science from Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, during 2021-2024 under the
supervision of Dr.Netajee Abhinandan. I have duly consulted the relevant books,
articles, journals and teacher’s views. I honestly declare that this dissertation
work has not been submitted anywhere else for any other degree.

ANJALI DUNGARWAL

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to convey my heartfelt gratitude to my Guide, Dr. Netajee

Abhinandan, for his tremendous support and guidance in the completion of my
dissertation work. Your useful advice and suggestions were really helpful to me
during the project’s completion. In this respect, I am eternally grateful to you.

I would like to express my special thanks to my friend who constantly motivated

me during the completion of my project and also encouraged me to take this topic
to work on.

I would like to acknowledge that this project is completed by me and not someone
else.

ANJALI DUNGARWAL

3
 CONTENT
SERIAL TITLE PAGE
NUMBER NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION 5-6
2. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY 7
3. RESEARCH QUESTIONS 7
4. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8-9
5. HOW CUISINE PLAYS A ROLE IN POLITICS 10-11
AND DIPLOMACY
6. EVOLUTION OF CUISINE DIPLOMACY 12-13
7. A NEW AGE OF DILPOMACY 14
8. G20 AND CUISINE DIPLOMACY 15-24
9. IMPACT OF CUISINE DIPLOMACY 25-26
10. CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 27-28
FOR INDIA
11. CONCLUSION 29
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY 30

4
 “The easiest way to win hearts and minds is through
the stomach”

INTRODUCTION
“Democracy is the best school to learn Soft Power”
-Joseph Nye
The ability of a nation to influence others without using force is known as soft power. Soft
power is a concept in international relations coined by political scientist JOSEPH NYE. It acts
as a counterbalance to hard power, which is the use of force and military might to sway people.
A number of essential elements, including cuisine, music, art and culture, tourism, sports,
education, technology and media can be used to build soft power. Its efficacy stems from its
capacity to forge bonds, promote goodwill, and get endorsement for a nation’s goals and
policies abroad.

Cuisine diplomacy, also known as gastrodiplomacy, is the practice of utilizing food to increase
cultural understanding, build international ties, and enhance a country’s image overseas. It
entails exhibiting a country’s culinary customs, ingredients, and dishes in order to interact with
people from different cultures and create a positive impression. Sharing food is like transferring
a bit of ourselves to the other. Romans employed culinary diplomacy for a very long time; it
was a wise strategy as they would provide their cuisines to their rivals in order to maintain
peace. We share not only cuisine, but also our culture, with the rest of the globe. Having an
understanding of different cultures broadens our horizons. This can be accomplished through
food festivals, culinary exchanges, and cultural diplomacy activities based on food.

The deliberate use of food and cuisine to further political objectives, promote diplomacy, and
influence international relations is known as “Culinary Statecraft”. It entails utilizing food
laws, gastronomic diplomacy, and culinary traditions to further national goals, foster cross-
cultural understanding, and create bridges between nations. Culinary statecraft highlights the
role that food plays in diplomacy and the projection of soft power on the international scene,
from organizing state banquets to promoting national recipes overseas.

5
IMPORTANCE OF CUISINE DIPLOMACY

The foundation of Cuisine Diplomacy is based on the conception that food is a universal
language that unites people across boundaries. The following salient aspects elaborate on its
importance:

1. **Cultural Exchange**: Sharing food allows people to discover new flavors,

ingredients, and culinary traditions from other cultures. This conversation fosters
cultural understanding and appreciation by breaking down misconceptions and
encouraging respect for other customs.
2. **Soft Power**: Cuisine can generate positive opinions of a country abroad, making it
an effective tool for projecting soft power. When people appreciate a country's food,
they are more likely to have positive sentiments regarding its culture, people, and
government.
3. **Diplomatic Relations**: Food can act as a bridge between nations, enabling
diplomacy and communication. Diplomatic events frequently involve host-country
cuisine, giving diplomats with a relaxed and casual setting in which to engage in
discussions and develop ties.
4. **Tourism Promotion and Economic Benefits**: Emphasizing a country's food could
draw visitors and help the economy. Culinary tourism is gaining popularity, with people
seeking genuine cuisine experiences as part of their cultural discovery. Promoting a
country’s food items can increase export and trade earnings. As a result, this support’s
in nation’s economic expansion and advancement.
5. **Cultural heritage Preservation**: Cuisine diplomacy may help preserve culinary
traditions and heritage. Countries that promote traditional cuisines and culinary
methods can preserve their cultural identity and heritage for future generations.

Overall, cuisine diplomacy is a flavorful and successful means to foster peace, understanding,
and collaboration in a globalized society. India, with its rich culinary heritage and diversity,
has significant potential to enhance its soft power through cuisine diplomacy.

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OBJECTIVE OF STUDY
After rigorous research on the related resources on Cuisine Diplomacy of India at G20 Summit,
the researcher has formulated the following objectives of the present study.

1. Investigate the historical evolution of cuisine diplomacy, highlighting key moments and
influential figures in the development of culinary statecraft.
2. To analyze the role of cuisine diplomacy in enhancing cultural exchange, fostering
international cooperation, and building soft power of India with G20 nations.
3. Assess the impact of Indian culinary diplomacy on enhancing soft power and cultural
influence within the G20 nations, considering factors such as economic ties, tourism,
and international perceptions.
4. Highlight on millets, its importance, benefits, role of India in promoting millets.
5. To investigate the role of traditional Indian culinary practices and ingredients in
promoting Sustainable Development Goals and addressing global challenges such as
food security, health, and environmental sustainability within the G20.
6. Examine challenges and barriers faced by India in implementing effective cuisine
diplomacy strategies.
7. To propose future prospects for India in the direction of cuisine diplomacy.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What is the Importance of Cuisine Diplomacy?

2. How Cuisine Diplomacy evolve?
3. How food plays a role in Politics and Diplomacy?
4. What is G20? How India presented its rich and traditional cuisines to the world under
its presidency of G20?
5. How Cuisine Diplomacy be applied in order to facilitate dialogue and cooperation?
6. What are the various effects of India’s culinary diplomacy on its different sectors?
7. What are the various challenges that India faces in order to promote its cuisine globally?
8. What are the opportunities for India in its Cuisine Diplomacy?

7
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher has made an attempt to study the various concepts and terminology of the
research work carried out in the present study. Thus, in the present chapter various literatures
related to the area of study have been reviewed to gain knowledge on the related aspects of the
research problem so that the research study goes into the right direction.

“Cuisine Diplomacy: Exploring the Role of Food in International Relations" by Paul Rockower
(2012) - This paper examines how food can be used as a tool for diplomacy, including case
studies from various countries. It provides a theoretical framework for understanding cuisine
diplomacy and its potential impact on international relations.

“Culinary Diplomacy: Breaking Bread to Win Hearts and Minds" by Sam Chapple-Sokol
(2014)- Chapple-Sokol explores the concept of culinary diplomacy and its effectiveness in
promoting understanding and cooperation between nations. The paper discusses examples of
successful culinary diplomacy initiatives and their implications for foreign policy.

"The Power of Culinary Diplomacy: A Review of the Literature" by Vivian Zhang (2019)-
Zhang's review explores the power of culinary diplomacy in shaping perceptions of nations and
fostering cultural exchange. It discusses the growing popularity of food-related events in
diplomatic settings and their potential to influence international relations.

"Gastronationalism: Food Traditions and Authenticity in Nationalist Discourse" by Krishna

Sen and Jane M. Jacobs (2019)- This article examines the intersection of food, nationalism,
and identity politics. It discusses how culinary traditions are often used to assert national
identity and promote cultural diplomacy on the world stage.

Culinary Diplomacy: Breaking Bread with Foreign Publics"* by Sam Chapple-Sokol - This
book discusses the role of food in international relations and diplomacy, providing insights into
how cuisine can be used as a tool for cultural exchange and diplomacy.

8
"India's Culinary Diplomacy: An Exploratory Study" by Sonal Saxena and Amit Malik - This
research article examines India's efforts in using its cuisine as a tool for diplomacy, particularly
in the context of cultural exchanges and soft power projection.

"Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics" by Joseph S. Nye Jr. - This seminal work
by Joseph Nye explores the concept of soft power and how nations can use culture, values, and
policies to influence others.

9
HOW CUISINE PLAYS A ROLE IN POLITICS AND
DIPLOMACY

Food has an important role in politics and diplomacy in several ways:

1. Cultural Diplomacy: Food is an essential component of culture, and sharing meals

may promote international understanding and kindness. Diplomatic functions
frequently incorporate cuisine from the host nation as a way to highlight its
culinary traditions and hospitality. Exchanging recipes, staging food festivals, and
participating in culinary exchanges may all help to promote cultural diplomacy.

2. Trade Negotiations: Food exports and imports are critical parts of international
trade talks. Tariffs, quotas, and agricultural laws may be problematic in trade
deals. Access to agricultural markets may have an impact on a country's economy
as well as its foreign policy.

3. Soft Power Projection: Countries frequently use their cuisine to project soft power
and increase worldwide influence. Italian cuisine, for example, is well-known
over the world and helps to boost Italy's cultural status. Similarly, the prominence
of American fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's has been interpreted as a
sign of American cultural impact.

4. Food Aid and Humanitarian Relief: Providing food aid to food-insecure countries
can be used as a diplomatic instrument. It has the potential to strengthen
relationships, improve international reputation, and handle humanitarian
situations. However, food aid can be politicized and utilized as a tool to achieve
geopolitical aims.

5. Food Security and Stability: Food shortages or price increases can cause social
unrest and political instability, both domestically and globally. Governments
frequently undertake policies to maintain food security and stability, such as
subsidies, trade agreements, and strategic reserves. Food crises can also elicit

10
 international responses, such as coordinated relief efforts or diplomatic
interventions.

6. Environmental and Agricultural Policy: International agreements on

environmental conservation and agricultural practices may have diplomatic
ramifications. Climate change, sustainable agriculture, and biodiversity
conservation are becoming more major topics in diplomatic negotiations, with
implications for food production, trade, and security.

7. Food Safety and Public Health: Governments prioritize the safety and quality of
food products in order to protect public health. International agreements and
standards for food safety and sanitation can have an impact on economic
partnerships and diplomatic cooperation. Disputes over food safety rules or
foodborne illness outbreaks can strain international ties.

Overall, food intersects with politics and diplomacy in multiple ways, reflecting the
interconnection of global issues such as agriculture, trade, culture, and security.

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 EVOLUTION OF CUISINE DIPLOMACY
Cuisine Diplomacy is a set of soft power methods that combine cultural diplomacy and
gastronomic diplomacy to reinforce perceptions of a country, increase the attraction of its
culture, people, and values, and generate economic rewards. Its evolution may be traced back
to the hunter-gatherer stage of human society. Archaeologists and anthropologists feel that
communal dining has been so important in our continuous growth because of its potential to
foster bonding. It's no longer just about combining different components to tease the taste
receptors; it's a scientific investigation into how the chemistry of our digestive system effects
decision-making.

According to psychologist Prof. Robin Dunbar, “The act of eating together triggers the
endorphin system in the brain, and endorphins play a crucial role in social bonding among
humans.” This forms the foundation of the modern concept of culinary diplomacy.

Cuisine diplomacy is more than just taste stimulation; it also has historical, cultural, economic,
and political implications. Food has transformed from a diplomatic tool to a primary goal. In
the twenty-first century, the resurrection of identity has had a major impact on cuisines, with
discussions over the origins of meals like 'rasagulla' and memes relating culinary identity to
delicacies like Vada pav, Dhokla, and Dosa. Despite debates about identity, such as the Mughal
identity, no one has rejected Mughal dishes. People's consciousness is shifting toward
embracing a broader range of foods beyond the global domination of pizza and burgers, as
evidenced by the growing popularity of sushi, Chinese cuisine, and Southeast Asian meals, as
well as classics like butter chicken.

India, regarded as the country of spices, has played an important role in debates regarding
culinary identity at the G-20 meeting. The country's gastronomic diversity is reflected in its
official state banquet dishes, which include cultural and spiritual themes. The meal, announced
at the summit, is a tribute to India's rich and diverse culinary legacy, embodying the essence of
Indian culture. The menus' emphasis on millets and lentils represents India's persistent
dedication to its indigenous identity, which is profoundly embedded in food production,
processing, and consumption. This dedication to culinary identity exemplifies India's rich
culinary tradition.

12
Indian Royalty did it first.

In 1897, Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekwad, the maharaja of Baroda, begins such diplomacy to
settle the dispute with Gwalior's king, Maharaja Scindia. The lunch featured a variety of
cuisines, including real pudding and vegetables such as cauliflower, and Maharaja Gaekwad
ensured that his opponent was enthralled. Not only were the meals delicious, but the silverware
played an important role in culinary diplomacy, making it a potent soft tool for ending wars
and enhancing mutual trust. This approach has caused the Maharajas to form a bond of respect
and trust. In periods when conflict was the only method to develop peace, Maharaja of Baroda
shed light to such form of diplomacy by making it a significant priority.

Independent India’s tryst with food and politics

Cyprus is recognized as 'The Jewel of the Mediterranean'. In 1960, the people of Cyprus
declared independence from the United Kingdom. It was around this period that our previous
Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, recognized the strength of Indian culinary skills. She was
well-known for micromanaging banquets; thus, she used culinary diplomacy to develop and
strengthen relations between India and Cyprus. She was acutely aware of how food may be
used to empower India.

An excellent illustration of India's diplomatic prowess occurred in 2015 during The Industrial
Fair at Hannover Messe, when the Indian Team, including 28 chefs from six of the country's
top restaurants, joined forces to feed 2,500 people dinner. The group expanded on the essence
of India's native flavors by adhering to the "Prithvi Rasa" idea. In addition to being a rather
delectable demonstration of soft power, it was an exercise in promoting the idea of "Made in
India."

13
 A NEW AGE OF DIPLOMACY

In global affairs, the days of relying only on hard power to influence states are over. In this era
of globalization, countries are looking for new ways to connect with and influence the global
public using the soft power approach. Effective public diplomacy necessitates a sophisticated
and forward-thinking approach that includes innovative methods, and gastronomy has emerged
as a powerful torchbearer in this attempt.

When former President Obama visited Rashtrapati Bhavan in India in 2017, there was a
lingering question: what would Modi serve Obama? Will the meal only consist of vegetarian?
Will the food be Indian or tailored to the Presidents' preferences? The decision made by one
head of state to serve another is extremely significant to the general public as well as the
government. A diplomatic triumph, Prime Minister Narendra Modi served a varied meal of
vegetarian and non-vegetarian treats that sang of Indian cuisine.

Chef Vikas Khanna cooked at the White House in 2010 and 2014, introducing a gourmet edge
to Sattvik cuisine. While gastronomic diplomacy has never been at the forefront of India's
foreign policy, it has definitely found a place in Modi's efforts to build international
connections. Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida
enjoying an Indian dish called “GOL-GAPPA” together is one such instance. This illustrates
the close and cordial relations that India has with Japan. In addition, it will serve as a vehicle
for advancing Indian culture internationally and promoting harmony and collaboration.

The culinary diplomacy demonstrated at the G-20 conference is the start of India's journey in
this field. The G-20 accounts for a stunning 85% of the worldwide economy, 80% of global
trade, 80% of global GDP, two-thirds of the global population, and nearly half of the world's
land. It is not only an effort to strengthen New Delhi's soft power, but also a means of increasing
exports and tourists. While other countries have previously launched specific initiatives, such
as Peru's 'Cocina Peruana Para El Mundo' campaign and Thailand's Global Thai program, it is
now India's turn to leverage the power of culinary diplomacy. It is an objective fact that "in
diplomacy, the way to a nation's heart is often through its stomach." The gastronomic adventure
is a potent diplomatic tool in modern world since it not only satisfies palates but also creates
understanding and connections.

14
 G20 AND CUISINE DIPLOMACY
G20
The Group of 20 or G20 comprises Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France,
Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South
Korea, Turkey, United Kingdom and the United States along with the European Union. As of
2023 there are 21 members, African Union is the new member. G20 members currently account
for more than 80% of world GDP, 75% of global trade, and 60% of the global population.

The G20 was founded in 1999 after the Asian financial crisis as a forum for the Finance
Ministers and Central Bank Governors to discuss global economic and financial issues. The
G20 was later upgraded to the level of Heads of State/Government and was designated the
“premier forum for international economic cooperation”. Since 2011, the G20 Summit is held
annually, under the leadership of a rotating Presidency. The G20 initially focused largely on
broad macroeconomic policy, but it has since expanded its ambit to include trade, climate
change, sustainable development, energy, environment, climate change, anti-corruption etc.

The G20 does not have a charter or a secretariat. The Presidency, aided by the countries holding
the Presidency before and after it (Troika), is responsible for setting the agenda of each year’s
Summit. The group's chair rotates annually among the members and is selected from a different
regional grouping of countries. The incumbent chair establishes a temporary secretariat for the
duration of its term, which coordinates the group's work and organizes its meetings. The 2022
summit was held in Bali, Indonesia. India was the chair in 2023 and hosted the 2023
summit. Brazil is the current chair and will host the 2024 summit.

The G20 process is led by the Sherpas of member countries, who are personal emissaries of
the Leaders. The Sherpas, oversee negotiations over the course of the year, discussing agenda
items for the Summit and coordinating the substantive work of the G20. The G20’s work is
divided into two tracks: the Finance Track and the Sherpa Track. Within the two tracks, there
are thematically oriented working groups in which representatives from the relevant ministries
of the members as well as from invited/guest countries and various international organizations

15
participate. The working groups meet on a regular basis throughout the tenure of each
Presidency. The agenda is also influenced by current economic changes, as well as prior years'
duties and goals. The G20 has a multiyear responsibility to preserve institutional continuity.

The theme of India’s G20 Presidency- “VASUDHAIVA KUTUMBAKAM” or “ONE

EARTH, ONE FAMILY, ONE FUTURE” -was drawn from the ancient Sanskrit text of the
Maha Upanishad.

INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF MILLET

The United Nations General Assembly declared 2023 the International Year of Millets at its
75th session in March 2021. Millets are a cereal grain group. Some major types of millets
include Ragi, Bajra, Jowar and foxtail millets. India, being the world's largest producer of
millets, is at the forefront of promoting millets' sustainability and health benefits.

Millets demonstrate durability and climate adaptability in both hot and draught settings. India
feels honoured to cultivate all nine indigenous millets. The Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers
Welfare is mapping millets with Sustainable Development Goals because they are highly
sustainable, climate resilient, provides food security are nutritious crops that demand less
water, help recover soil nutrients, and can greatly contribute to ecological balance.

16
 RAIMATI GHIURIA, a tribal farmer from
Koraput, Odisha is called QUEEN OF
MILLETS, who has preserved 30 rare
millet varieties and 72 indigenous rice
varieties. She has also empowered
hundreds of women along the way. Her
exceptional efforts found global
recognition when she was invited to the
G20 Summit to share insights on millet
conservation.

The Government of India has prioritized millet outreach through a multi-stakeholder approach
that includes government ministries, embassies, small-scale farmers, businesspeople, and so
on. Interestingly, the government has pushed the consumption of millets by the Indian army by
including them in meals, canteens, ceremonial functions, and so on.

Throughout 2023, several global events were held to promote millets. Some examples include
Global Millets (Shree Anna) Conference, Taiwan Millet Forum, International Nutri Cereal
Cona6vention, Exhibitions, Culinary Festivals, and Panel Discussions. Furthermore, at the G20
conference in India, all dignitaries were offered plates of delicious millet. India has continued
to lead the way in popularizing this healthy crop.

17
 Top chefs prepare Millet-based dishes for the Guests at G20 summit in India

Top leaders of the world and other G20 guests in Indian attire attend dinner hosted by
President Murmu

18
INDIAN CUISINES

Something amazing was brewing in the heart of New Delhi on the night of September 9th,
beneath the gleaming chandeliers of the 'Bharat Mandapam'. The G20 dinner was hosted by
the Honourable President of India, Shri Draupadi Murmu. The hallways were packed with more
than just diplomatic meetings or policy arguments; there was also the smell of a culinary
marvel, a mix of flavours from all around the country. At a G-20 diplomatic meeting, world
leaders, diplomats, and delegates were drawn together not just by political issues, but also by
the appeal of cuisine. As the night progressed, it became evident that the exquisite confluence
of flavours and foods had broken down language, political, and ideological barriers. In
diplomacy, where words frequently function as obstacles, food evolved as the universal
language.

Dignitaries and diplomats from around the world were served authentic Indian cuisine,
showcasing India’s culture and art. The food was served on exquisitely curated silver tableware
in an atmosphere of warm hospitality. The menu featured dishes like Kerala’s speciality
vanavarnam jackfruit galette with glazed forest mushroom, millet and red spice, spicy potatoes,
crispy okra, saffron-flavoured lotus stem rice, and cottage cheese with fenugreek. Master chefs
handpicked ingredients and dishes to showcase the country’s culinary range before visiting
dignitaries.

These meals were a chance for

the leaders to bond and
informally discuss ways to
promote sustainable
development and food
security. The dinner hosted by
the President Murmu for about
170 guests brought a mini-
India on the plate from Bihar,

19
Mysore, Punjab, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Delhi’s Chandni Chowk. Millets
remained the star ingredient in most dishes, especially samosas, parathas, kheer and pudding,
paneer lababdar (Uttar Pradesh cuisine), potato lyonnaise, cashewnut makhana penne in
arrabiata sauce added to the feast of the senses. The dishes were exotic and flavourful, and the
presentation was stunning.

The tableware collection for the marquee event was also selected with care. For the 550
dignitaries, 15,000 silverwares, made from 160 kilograms of silver, was brought from Jaipur.
The revered Ashoka emblem on the silverware symbolised India’s historical grandeur.
IRIS Silverware from Jaipur had unveiled the exquisite G20 Summit dinner tableware
collection designed by Rajeev and Laksh Pabuwal. “The electroplated silver finish added a
touch of sophistication, aligning seamlessly with the grandeur of the event,”. Each piece of
tableware and decor embodies India’s culture, art, and hospitality. With every shimmering
detail, they curate a sensory feast, entwining heritage and luxury on the global stage. At the
G20 Summit, the tableware is a reflection of India’s resplendent spirit”.

Delegates were served in

Silverware and Gold utensils
which were specially crafted
by Jaipur artisans

20
A MENU WITH A STORY

When we look at the

specifics of the meal from
the ceremonial dinner on
September 9th, we can see
that it was carefully
designed to highlight this
diversity. The appetizer,
"Paatram," honour’s local millet variety with its blend of foxtail millet leaves. The lesser-
known foxtail millet, which was formerly a mainstay in South India, serves as a reminder of
the economic importance of restoring its production, encouraging exports, and advancing
sustainability. This culinary option not only delights the taste senses, but also emphasizes the
need of maintaining traditional crops.

The bread selection, with 'Mumbai Pao' influenced by Portuguese culinary traditions and
'Bakarkhani' representing the history of the Mughal Empire, represents the cultural blending
that has happened over centuries, bringing richness to India's culinary heritage. The pudding
made from Barnyard millet, known as "Madhurima," is a dish with profound religious meaning.
It is the only millet that can be eaten during a religious fast, demonstrating the significant
impact of spirituality on Indian cuisine.

The beverage selection, which includes tea, filter coffee, and kahwa, takes diners on a
flavourful tour of India's many areas. Each sip captures the distinct fragrances and flavours of
Kashmir, Nilgiri, and Bengal, demonstrating the global acceptance of regional variety.

Finally, the chocolate leaves with a paan flavour pay homage to India's rich history. Paan, a
traditional mouth freshener, has strong cultural roots. It's a pleasant finale that ties diners to

21
India's cultural heritage. As per reports, the menu included bajre ki kheer, mango truffle, ragi
badam pinni, bhapa doi, etc.

Indian Thali served to

guests at Taj Palace, New
Delhi

Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman looks after delegates during lunch break, in a
meeting of G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors held at Bengaluru.

22
HOW CUISINE DIPLOMACY CAN BE EFFECTIVELY
APPLIED WITHIN G20 TO FACILITATE DIALOGUE AND
COOPERATION

As it is said, “The way to the leader’s mind is through the stomach” so cuisine Diplomacy can
be effectively applied within the G20 framework to facilitate dialogue and cooperation among
member nations in several ways:

 CULTURAL EXCHANGE –
Cuisine is an integral part of
a nation’s culture. By sharing
their culinary traditions, G20
member nations can foster
mutual understanding and
appreciation for each other’s
cultural heritage. This
cultural exchange can help
break down barriers and build
rapport between diplomats
and leaders.

 DIPLOMATIC EVENTS – Hosting official state dinners, receptions, and culinary

showcases during G20 summits provide opportunities for leaders and diplomats to
interact in a relaxed setting. Sharing meals allows them to engage in informal
conversations, thereby building personal relationships and laying the groundwork for
future cooperation on diplomatic issues.

 PROMOTION OF TRADE AND TOURISM – Cuisine diplomacy can also serve as a

platform for promoting trade and tourism among G20 member nations. Exposing
international audiences to a country’s cuisine can spark interest in visiting and
experiencing its culture firsthand. Additionally, culinary exchanges can facilitate
discussions on trade agreements related to food and agricultural products.

 CULINARY INNOVATION AND SUSTAINABILITY – G20 nations can collaborate

on culinary innovation and sustainability initiatives. Sharing best practices in food

23
 production, distribution, and consumption can help address global challenges such as
food security, climate change, and sustainable agriculture. Joint research projects and
partnerships can be established to develop innovative solutions in these areas.

 CULTURAL DIPLOMACY CAMPAIGNS – G20 member nations can launch cultural

diplomacy campaigns centred around cuisine to showcase their national identity and
values on the global stage. These campaigns can include food festivals, cooking
demonstrations, and culinary workshops that highlight the diversity and richness of
each country’s culinary heritage.

 HUMANITARIAN INITIATIVES – Cuisine diplomacy can also be used to support

humanitarian initiatives and promote social causes. G20 nations can come together to
address issues such as hunger, malnutrition, and food insecurity through joint efforts
such as food aid programs, agricultural development projects, and nutrition education
campaigns.

By leveraging the power of cuisine diplomacy within the G20 framework, member
nations can enhance dialogue, build trust and promote cooperation on a wide range of
diplomatic, economic, and social issues.

24
 IMPACT OF CUISINE DIPLOMACY

The impact of culinary diplomacy can be multifaceted, touching upon economic, social,
cultural, and political realms. The various impact are as follows:

1) IMPACT ON ECONOMY:
 ** Promotion of Tourism: ** A common tactic in culinary diplomacy is to highlight a
nation's distinctive food in order to draw visitors who are looking for culinary adventures.
As a result, the tourism sector is strengthened, bringing in money and adding jobs.
 ** Commerce and Exports: ** When a nation's food items are in high demand overseas, it
can boost exports and foster positive economic relations through effective culinary
diplomacy. By fostering favorable associations with a nation's culinary traditions, it can
also promote trade deals.

2) SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT:

 **Cultural Exchange: ** Food and culture are closely related, and exchanging culinary
customs promotes international understanding and respect. People are encouraged to learn
about one another's traditions, beliefs, and way of life through culinary diplomacy.
 **Cultural Preservation: ** One way that culinary diplomacy can contribute to the
preservation of cultural heritage and stop the extinction of traditional cuisines in the face
of globalization is by promoting traditional recipes and culinary practices.
 **Cross Cultural Collaboration: ** Collaborative cooking activities, food festivals, and
culinary exchanges facilitate cross-cultural discourse, dispel misconceptions, and build
friendships amongst individuals from diverse backgrounds. This is an example of cross-
cultural collaboration.

3) POLITICAL IMPACT:
 **Soft Power Projection: ** Cuisine serves as a potent tool for projecting soft power,
enhancing a country's image and influence on the global stage. By sharing their food
culture, countries can shape perceptions, build goodwill, and strengthen diplomatic ties
with other nations.

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 **Diplomatic Relations: ** Culinary diplomacy provides a non-threatening platform for
diplomatic engagement, facilitating dialogue and cooperation between countries that may
have political differences. Shared meals offer opportunities for informal diplomacy and
trust-building among leaders and diplomats.

4) IMPACT ON HEALTH AND WELL-BEING:

 **Promotion of Healthy Eating: ** By showcasing traditional cuisines that place an
emphasis on using fresh, locally sourced products and providing balanced nutrition,
culinary diplomacy can help encourage healthy eating habits.
 Cultural Exchange in Nutrition: ** As nations learn from one another's food customs and
culinary traditions, sharing knowledge about customary dietary practices can result in
innovations in nutrition and health.

5) EFFECT ON THE ENVIRONMENT:

 **Sustainable Gastronomy: ** Culinary diplomacy, has the potential to raise awareness
about concerns of sustainability in food production and consumption. Promoting
sustainable cuisine practices, such as decreasing food waste and supporting local farmers,
can help to protect the environment.

By leveraging the power of food as a diplomatic tool, culinary diplomacy can generate positive
impacts across various sectors, fostering cooperation, understanding, and goodwill among
nations within the G20 and beyond.

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 CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR
INDIA

Cuisine diplomacy is an important tool for promoting a country’s culture and cuisine abroad.
However, there are several challenges and future prospects that need to be addressed for India
to successfully promote its cuisine globally.

Here are some of the challenges for cuisine diplomacy in India:

 Stiff Competition from Other Global Cuisines: Mexican, Chinese, and Italian cuisines
are among the many international cuisines that compete fiercely with Indian food. Indian
food finds it difficult to take off because these cuisines already have a significant following
on the international scene. Indian chefs and business owners must concentrate on invention
and experimentation to develop fresh, fascinating recipes that appeal to global audience in
order to overcome the obstacles.
 Standardization and Quality Control of Indian Food Products for promoting Indian
food internationally. Small-scale manufacturers who do not adhere to standard
manufacturing procedures make and market a large number of Indian culinary products.
Variations in taste, texture, and quality may result from this, which may harm Indian food’s
reputation among foreign consumers. Thus, in order to guarantee the caliber and uniformity
of Indian food items, a regulatory framework is required.
 Intellectual Property Rights: Protecting India’s ancient recipes and culinary legacy from
appropriation or misuse by other countries presents a considerable difficulty. Protecting
intellectual property rights for classic and well-known Indian recipes and ingredients is
crucial for maintaining cultural authenticity and avoiding exploitation.
 Accessibility and Inclusivity: Culinary diplomacy programs frequently focus on
expensive dining experiences that may not be available to all members of society. It is
critical to ensure inclusivity and promote culinary experiences that appeal to people from
different socioeconomic backgrounds in order to achieve equal participation and
representation.

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Future Prospects for cuisine diplomacy in India are as follows:

 Promotion of Culinary Tourism: India has enormous potential to capitalize on

culinary tourism by utilizing its unique culinary offerings to attract food lovers from all
over the world. By marketing food-centric travel experiences, India can increase
tourism revenue and highlight its rich gastronomic legacy on a worldwide scale.
 Culinary Innovation and Fusion: India’s thriving culinary sector is ripe for
experimentation. By embracing culinary fusion and blending global ideas into
traditional dishes, India may develop distinctive and appealing culinary offerings that
appeal to worldwide audiences, hence strengthening its cuisine diplomacy efforts.
 Promotion of Regional Cuisines: India’s diverse cuisines are a treasure mine of
flavors and culinary traditions ready to be discovered. By emphasizing the uniqueness
of regional cuisines such as South Indian, Punjabi, Bengali, and Gujarati cuisine, India
can demonstrate its cultural diversity and culinary competence on a worldwide scale.
 Sustainable Gastronomy: India has the opportunity to set the standard for
encouraging sustainable gastronomy techniques such as organic farming, farm-to-table
eating, and food waste reduction. By emphasizing sustainability in its culinary
diplomacy efforts, India can establish itself as a responsible global food leader and
advocate for environmental stewardship within the G20.

Although there are some challenges to be addressed, the future looks promising for cuisine
diplomacy in India.

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 CONCLUSION

Finally, it should be noted that cuisine diplomacy has become a useful instrument for advancing
India’s soft power and improving its standing abroad. India has successfully established a
favorable international image for itself by showcasing its varied cuisine culture and rich
culinary heritage. Due to this, India has been able to establish enduring ties with other nations.
The range, depth, and distinctive flavors of Indian food are well known. Its culinary offerings
have attracted the attention of food experts and cultural aficionados all over the world.

Through this diplomacy Global leaders engage in beneficial discussions about sustainability,
food security, and world hunger, resulting in more cooperation and enhanced interactions
between states. India’s increasing relevance in an evolving multipolar world is critical. The
country is moving towards a worldwide reorganization and successful representation of the
Global South.

Food festivals, culinary exchanges, and cooking demonstrations have all contributed to the
international exposure of Indian cuisine and culture. India has effectively presented its rich
culinary legacy, fostering cross-cultural understanding and healthy connections with other
countries. This has helped India build a positive international image, which has contributed to
its soft power. This places India at a paramount place in the global tableau, influencing
countries around the world and at the same time raising awareness about critical issues like
global food security and the fulfilment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), shaping
a better and more promising future for all.

India has effectively increased its global impact by capitalizing on its rich food culture,
allowing it to communicate with the world in a non-political and non-threatening manner.
Leaders, statesman, and diplomats from all over the world have been deeply influenced by
India’s sustainable, nutrient-rich sources. Overall, culinary diplomacy is a fantastic approach
for India to bridge gaps, promote its culture, and boost its soft power globally.

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