CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

PURE MATHEMATICS

APPLIED MATHEMATICS
(Including Statistical Analysis)

INTEGRATED MATHEMATICS

Statistical Tables

and

List of Formulae

Revised April 2022

DO NOT REMOVE FROM THE EXAMINATION ROOM

Table 1: The Normal Distribution Function

FORMULAE

PURE MATHEMATICS

For the quadratic equation: ax2 + bx + c = 0

2
−b ± b − 4ac
x=
2a
For an arithmetic series:

n
un = a + ( n − 1) d , Sn = {2a + ( n − 1) d }
2
For a geometric series:

un = a r n − 1

a (r n − 1) a (1 − r n ) a
Sn = , r > 1, Sn = , r < 1, S∞ = , | r | <1
r −1 1− r 1− r
Binomial expansion:

n n
(a + b)n = a n +   a n −1b +   a n − 2 b 2 +, ... + b n , where n is a positive integer.
1  2

n n n!
  = Cr =
r  r! ( r − 1) !

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)...(n − r + 1) r

(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ... + x + ... where n is a real number and | x |<|
1× 2 1 × 2 × ... r

Summations:

n
1 n
1 n
1 2
∑r =
r =1 2
n ( n + 1). ∑r 2 =
r =1 6
n( n + 1) (2n + 1). ∑r 3
r =1
=
4
n ( n + 1) 2

Complex numbers:

zn = (cos x + i sin x) n = cos nx + i sin nx, where n is an integer and x is real

eix = cos x + i sin x where x is real

[r (cos x + i sin x)]n = rn(cos nx + i sin nx)

1
Maclaurin’s series:

x2 xr
ex = 1 + x + + ... + + ... for all real x
2! r!

x2 x3 xr
In (1 + x ) = x − + − ... + ( −1) r +1 + . ( −1 < x ≤ 1)
2 3 r!

x2 x3 xr
ln (1 − x) = − x − − − ... − − ... ( − 1 ≤ x < 1)
2 3 r!

x3 x5 x7 x 2r + 1
sin x = x − + − ... + ( −1) r + ... for all real x
3! 5! 7! (2r + 1)!

x2 x4 x6 r x
2r
cos x = 1 − + − ... + (−1) +. for all real x
2! 4! 6! (2r )!

x x2 xr r
f ( x) = f (0) + f ' (0) + f "(0) + ... + f (0) + ...
1! 2! r!

Taylor’s series:

( x − a) ( x − a) ( x − a)
3 r
( x − a)2
f (x) = f (a) + f ' (a) + f " (a) + f ′′′ ( a ) + + f r (a) + ...
1! 2! 3! r!

b 1
The trapezium rule ∫ a ydx = 2 h{( y0 + yn ) + 2( y1 + y2 + .. + yn − 1)},
b−a
h = , where n is the number of intervals (strips)
n
f(xn )
The Newton-Raphson iteration xn + 1 = xn −
f ' (xn )

TRIGONOMETRY

a b c
Sine Rule: = =
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A

Arc length of a circle: s = rθ, (θ measured in radians)

2
 1 1 1
Area of a sector of a circle: Area = ab sin C = bc sin A = ca sin B
2 2 2

a 2t 1 − t2
If tan = t , then sin α = and cos α =
2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Trigonometric Identities:

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 + 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼 ≡ 1, 1 + 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡2 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2 𝑎𝑎, 1 + 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝑎𝑎

sin (α ± β ) ≡ sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos (α ± β ) ≡ cos α cos β m sin α sin β

tan α ± tan β 1
tan (α ± β ) ≡ α ± β ≠ ( k + )π
1 m tan α tan β 2

𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2𝛼𝛼 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼 = 2 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2 𝛼𝛼 − 1 = 1 − 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2 𝛼𝛼

𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 2𝛼𝛼 = 2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝛼𝛼 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝛼𝛼

α +β α −β
sin α + sin β ≡ 2 sin cos
2 2

α + β α − β
sin α − sin β ≡ 2 cos sin
2 2

α + β α − β
cos α + cos β ≡ 2 cos cos
2 2

α + β β −α α+ β α − β
cos α − cos β ≡ 2 sin sin or − 2 sin sin
2 2 2 2

STATISTICS

Frequency distributions
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑥𝑥 = ∑ 𝑓𝑓

∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 2 ∑ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 )2 (𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −𝑥𝑥̄ )2

𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 𝜎𝜎 = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
− �∑ � = � ∑ 𝑓𝑓
= ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1
𝑓𝑓 𝑛𝑛

𝑛𝑛+1 𝑡𝑡ℎ
Median Q2 = � � 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣
2

3
Grouped data
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
Mean (𝑥𝑥̅ ) = ∑ 𝑓𝑓
where 𝑥𝑥 =midpoint of each class, f is the frequency of each class.
𝑁𝑁
−𝑓𝑓0
Median = 𝑙𝑙 + � 2 � 𝑤𝑤 where,
𝑓𝑓1

𝑙𝑙= lower limit of the median class

N = total frequency

f0 = frequency of class preceding the median class

f1 = frequency of median class

w = width of median class

𝑓𝑓1− 𝑓𝑓2
Mode = 𝑙𝑙 + ( )𝑤𝑤
2𝑓𝑓1 − 𝑓𝑓0 – 𝑓𝑓2

Where ,

l = lower limit of the modal class

f1 = frequency of the modal class

f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class

f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class

w = width of the modal class

Measures of spread or dispersion

Standard deviation for the population

2
∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑥𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓)
s.d = � 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛

where x = midpoint of each class

f = the frequency of each class

n = population size.

𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1(𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 − 𝑥𝑥̄ )2
unbiased estimator of the variance of 𝑋𝑋 is 𝜎𝜎� 2 =
𝑛𝑛 − 1 𝑛𝑛

4
Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, r

𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
𝑟𝑟 = 2 2
��𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 2 𝑛𝑛
𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 −�∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 � ��𝑛𝑛 ∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 −�∑𝑖𝑖=1 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 � �

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖
Covariance Formula = 𝑆𝑆 where 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 is the co-variance of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦,
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑆𝑆𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 is the product of the standard deviation of 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑦𝑦 respectively

Regression line y on x

y = a + bx passing through (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) where

∑x ∑y
x = and y =
n n
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − ∑ 𝑥𝑥 ∑ 𝑦𝑦
𝑏𝑏 =
𝑛𝑛 ∑ 𝑥𝑥 2 − (∑ 𝑥𝑥)2

𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑏𝑏 = ,where𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 is the variance of 𝑥𝑥.
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑦𝑦� − 𝑏𝑏𝑥𝑥̅
MECHANICS

Uniformly accelerated motion

1 1
v = u + at, s= (u + v)t, s = ut + at 2 , v 2 = u 2 + 2as
2 2
Motion of a projectile

Equation of trajectory is:

gx 2
y = x tan θ −
2V 2 cos 2 θ

gx 2
= x tan θ − (1 + tan2 θ)
2V 2

2V sin θ
Time of flight =
g

5
 V 2 sin 2 θ
Greatest height =
2g

V 2 sin 2θ V2 π
Horizontal range = , maximum
= range = for θ
g g 4

Lami's Theorem

F1 F2 F3
= = , where F1 , F2 , F3 are forces acting on a particle
sin α sin β sin γ
and α , β , γ are the angles vertically opposite F1 , F2 , F3 , respectively

10