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Table of Contents
Using this guide 02
Engineering drawing, beyond boe exam 03
Fundamentals of engineering drawing 04
Orthographics projection 05
What does a drawing say, technically? 05
Lets test our skills 07
Sectional views 09
Illustrative problems: 11
Steps for preparing assembly drawing from details 15
Steps for preparing detail drawings from assembly 15
Drawing conventions / representation 16
Reference, memory - based drawings for practice 17

1
USING THIS GUIDE:

This guide is a simple and easy refresher to topics which you have done in your college
days, we have purposefully avoided use of some complex terms and definitions, while
explaining important topics and yet made it simple to explain them in day to day
language.

We would advise you to go through this book before, during and after our practical
sessions, along with worksheets either in digital or print out format, Over and above this
we would ask you to use this book in conjunction with well-established drawing books
authored by Prof N.D Bhatt and other renowned authors.

At last we have incorporated some modern day techniques of using 3D barcode to take
you to YouTube videos of relevant topics, the videos are proprietary of their respective
owners. Use 3d barcode scanning app on your android phone and scan when encountered
with a qr/barcode.

We would appreciate your feedback for continuous improvements and

corrections,

Regards,
Anup Gehani
(India Boiler Dot Com)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Please use any barcode scanner of

your preference and at your own
responsibility,

We can suggest the following in case

you are new to android world and
apps.

We have tested using this app, try move phone near or far from code in case of
scanning difficulty.

2
 ENGINEERING DRAWING, BEYOND BOE EXAM..

Engineering drawing is the language of engineers. Designers record and convey

their ideas by means of drawing. Engineering drawing has been devised according
to certain rules. Without deep and sound knowledge of drawing, an engineer
would not be able to complete many tasks at hand.

In our power plant context the following conditions warrants the knowledge
of drawing even more.

1) A plant is designed by country A

2) The plant equipment are manufactured in country B
3) The installation, PLC and automation is done by Country C.
4) The commissioning is done in country D.

Now imagine, if all above countries used their own standard or languages of
communication and not a unified and accepted language like engineering drawing,
how would plant commission in first place, run and maintained later on?

Let’s take one more case.

A local fire occurs in a processing machine , now we need to isolate the

flammable fluids coming in and near this local fire, water from a nearby unit is
diverted to this, which valves to operate and which to isolate? The answers lies in
GA, PID and other form of line drawings,(Figure 1)

Next after dosing the fire, we discover the fire is due to a valve seal in a
valve which went kaput, now we need to understand the how to open and repair
the valve if possible, the answer for this lies in the exploded, section and/or
assembly drawing for this valve as supplied by the vendor. (Figure 2)

The above two cases are enough to see the importance beyond exams.

Figure 1 Figure 2

3
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING DRAWING

A drawing is shown in two dimensional or (approximated) three dimensional

form on paper, namely

1) Orthographic projection
2) Isometric projection

Orthographic projection: It is a simple approach to view the component in three

perpendicular directions the projection is called an orthographic projection. (Figure 3)

Isometric projection: In technical language, A view which is placed in a 30˚, 30˚ and
view from one corner edge, the view is called as isometric. It also forms a important
pictorial view. (Figure 4)

SCAN QR

Figure 4 Figure 3

Orthographic projections can further be divided in two

key methods for projection

First Angle Third Angle

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Orthographics projection.

Worried already, lots of old memories , if not good, if yes don be, we will understand
with need and logic and make sure ,you hit the ball out of stadium when discussing
orthographic projection.

Orthographic projection are the key fundamental of engineering drawing, and are
referred as mandatory views ,in set of three perpendicular view , called as Front view
(elevation), Top view (Plan) and Side view (End View). When drawn in accordance with
drawing rules, defines all data needed to manufacture a components or assembly, with
support of annotation and symbols.

What does a drawing say, Technically?

A drawing does blah, blah, blah, not technical, right?

Well drawing only defines three absolute things.

1) Profile.
2) Size of that profile.
3) And position of that profile related to some other profile , if not the only profile.

Read the above three points again.

Coming back to orthographic,- engineers wanted to convey their design data in terms of
profile, size and position. But, without leaving a scope for alternate interpretation

In-case you are reading this after your first practical session, recollect the following
statements. If reading before session, good work – remind me of this to discuss. ☺

1) This table has a hole.

2) This table has a 50 dia hole.
3) This table has a 50 dia thru hole.
4) This table has a 50 dia thru hole, 100 mm from right edge.
5) This table has a 50 dia thru hole, 100 mm from right edge and 250 mm from bottom
edge.

Out of all the above statement the last one seems most accurate, as there is no
chance for alternative interpretation, unless encountered with someone with
exceptional talent☺.

5
With above 5th statement in last page, we know what needs to be mention in drawing, but
how to make sure all this data is found and also standardises that all draw and read in
same way, this is where the standardisation of drawing as international language and
orthographic view come in. a perfect set of three orthographic view conveys all data
without missing any.

Since there are two angles of orthographic projections, we shall learn one in all detail,
and do everything incorrect to automatically understand the other. Smart – I know, you
too if you have read till here. Good going.

We shall explicitly target first angle method of projection, since it is BOE default if not
mention otherwise,

We know a picture can say a thousand words, well than how many will a video say?

50 fps x 60 x mins of video x (1000 words) --------------engineer at work, no further proof

needed. (Ignore if not understood)

Lets watch the video, whose link is encoded in the QR Below, watch at least 3 times,

I hope you understood the

basics, now we can recollect
our CRAFT Session in
Practical Session, if
conducted, if not, wait for
the session.

Post this video, craft exercise

and practical session
complete the worksheet as
provided in the classroom
session. This would mark the
end of orthographics
projection basics.

6
LET’S TEST OUR SKILLS:

Match the corresponding isometric to its relevant orthographic, fill sheet in next page s,
front view is the shaded face in isometrics, bottom left corner,

7
STUDY THE ISOMETRIC VIEW OF THE COMPONENT AND
FIND THE EQUIVALENT ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS OF THE
SAME, MATCH THEM AND FILL THE TABLE BELOW

8
SECTIONAL VIEWS

3-0. Introduction; Invisible features of an object are shown by means of hidden

lines in their projected views. But, when such features are too many or of
complex nature, these lines make the views more complicated and difficult to
interpret. In such a case, it is customary to imagine the object as being cut through
or sectioned: a plane. See fig. 3- 1(i). The part of the object between such a plane
and the observer is assumed to be removed as shown in fig.3-1(ii) and the view is then
shown in section. See fig. 3- 1(iii).

Fig. 3-1

The imaginary plane is called a cutting plane or section plane. It is generally assumed to
be parallel to the plane on which the view is projected. The surface produced by
cutting an object by the section plane is called a section. The projection of the
section along with the remaining part of the object is called a sectional view.

The sectional view, thus, shows not only the shape of the section but also all the
vi sible edges and contours of the object behind the section plane. The section is
indicated by means of hatching or section lines. Dashed lines for hidden details are
omitted from a sectional view, unless they are absolutely essential for further
clarification. The section lines should be drawn evenly spaced and of uniform
thickness.

The section lines must be of grey colour. Therefore the section lines should be
drawn with 3H or 4H pencil.

When a section is assumed in one view, it does not, in any way, affect other t views.
The other views are drawn as if the entire object exists as a whole. Only cutting-
plane line is included to show the location of the section and the direction in
which it is viewed. See fig. 3-1(iii). Even this line is often omitted when the
location the cutting plane is quite obvious.

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3-1. Cutting-plane line: The position of the cutting plane is indicated by the -
cutting-plane line [fig. 3-1(iii)]. It is a thin, long chain-line thickened at the ends,
bends and change of directions. The direction of viewing the section is shown by arrows
resting on the cutting-plane line and designated by capital letters A-A as shown in zip-
view of fig. 3- 1 (iii).

3-2. Types of sectional views:

3-2-1. Full section: When an object is assumed to be cut through entirely and th e
front half removed, it is said to be in full section fig. 3-1(ii). The projected view s
called a sectional view (the word 'full' being generally omitted). Fig 3-1(i) shows
an imaginary vertical cutting plane passing through the centre of an object entire
and cutting it into two halves. When the front half is removed [fig. 3-1(ii)], its
internal features are fully exposed by the section. The sectional front view and
the top v iew are shown in fig. 3-1(iii). The sectional view shows the shape of the
section along with all visible parts of the object behind it. Lines for the holes,
along with the horizon:, lines for the edges connecting their ends are seen in the
sectional view. The view shows the outside view of the whole object (as seen from
above), with the cutting-plane line A-A included in it. Two outside views of the
object are shown fig. 3-1(iv) for comparison.

Fig. 3-2(i) shows the same abject cut by a vertical cutting plane which appears
edgewise when seen from the front. A sectional side view is obtained when see
from a side and at right angles to the cutting plane [fig. 3-2(ii)]. The front view
along with the cutting-plane line and the sectional side view, section B-B, are shown
fig. 3-2(iii). The two outside views are shown in fig. 3-2(iv).

Fig. 3.2

When an object is cut by a horizontal section plane [fig. 3-3(i) and fig. 3-3[ii] the
top view is seen in section [fig. 3-3(iii)]. The cutting plane is seen as a line C-C in
the front view. Fig. 3-3(iv) shows two outside views of the object.

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 Fig. 3-3

3-2-2. Half section: When an object is symmetrical, it may be assumed to be cut by two
cutting planes at right angles to each other and containing the two centre lines of the
object [fig. 3-4(i)]. The one quarter of the object between the two planes is then
removed [fig. 3-4 (ii)] showing only a half section. The projected view is half-
sectional view, section P-Q-R [fig. 3-4(iii)]. The external appearance and the
internal details of the object are thus shown in a single view. When an object is
symmetrical about its vertical axis, the half section may be assumed on any one
side of that axis. In a half-sectional view, dashed lines for the hidden features on the
unsectional side are always shown for clarity. The line separating the sectional. view and
the external view, coincides with the centre line and as recommended by 3.I.S. is shown
as a centre line. The sectional view, section P-T and the outside view of the same
object are shown in fig. 3-4 (iv) and fig. 3-4 (v) respectively.

Fig. 3-4

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Illustrative problems:
In fig. 3-19 to 3-24 which pertain to problems 1 to 6, pictorial view of each object
with its front half removed is shown at [ii), outside views are drawn for
comparison at (iii), while the required views are drawn at (iv).

Problem 1. Draw the sectional front view and the top view of the plate shown
pictorially in fig. 3-19(i).

See fig. 3-19(iv). In sectional view vertical lines for the edges of the holes and
horizontal lines for the top and bottom surfaces are drawn. Section lines are
drawn in the cut portion, i.e. the section only. The top view is drawn assuming
the plate to be uncut.

Fig. 3-19 Fig. 3-20

Problem 2. Draw the sectional front view and the top view of the plate shown
pictorially in fig. 3-20(i).

See fig. 3-20(iv). Section lines are drawn in the middle portion only.

Problem 3. Draw the sectional front view of the plate shown pictorially in fig. 3-
21(i).

See fig. 3-21(iv). Horizontal line ab for the groove is visible. Lines for holes
terminate at that line. Section lines are not drawn in the groove and holes.

Fig. 3-21 Fig. 3-22

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Problem 4. Draw the sectional front view of the plate shown pictorially in fig 3-
22(i).

See fig. 3-22(iv). Comparing with the outside view, it is seen that the line cd is
completely removed while the line ab is cut at two places. Lines for the holes are
visible.

Problem 5. Draw the sectional front view of each of the blocks shown in fig. (3-
23(i).

See fig. 3-23(iv).

Fig. 3-23 Fig. 3-24

Problem 6. Draw the sectional front view of each of the cylindrical objects shown
in fig. 3-24(i).

See fig. 3-24(iv],

(a) When there is a change in the outside diameter, the line for the edge is cut.

(b) When there is a change in the diameter of the hole, the line for the edge is
visible.

(c) Section lines are not drawn in the groove and the cut.

Problem 7. Draw the sectional front view, sectional side view and the top view
the casting shown in fig. 3-25(i).

See fig. 3-25(ii). In sectional front view the cutting plane PP will not cut the -3 A,
while in sectional side view, the cutting plane RR will not cut the rib B. The middle

13
part where the two ribs intersect each other is assumed to belong to both thee ribs.
Hence, that part is shown cut in both the views.

Fig. 3-25
Fig. 3-26

Problem 8. Draw the front view, side view and sectional top view of the block
shown pictorially in fig. 3-26(i).

See fig. 3-26(ii). The ribs are left intact in sectional top view.

14
Steps for preparing Assembly Drawing from Details
The following procedure may be adopted for making the assembly drawings from details

1. Superpose each component in the correct position.

(1) Check that it fits.

(ii) Check that it can be put there during assembly.

(iii) Start with the inner components which will remain visible in the completed
assembly.

2. If any sectional view is to be drawn, fix the position of the cutting plane and find out
the parts through which cutting plane passes.

3. Rub out or dot all edges which have become obscured by the added parts.

4. Line in firmly. Change hatching directions in adjacent sectioned components

Steps for preparing Detail Drawings From Assembly

The following procedure should be followed for making detail drawing from an Assembly
drawing
1. Read the assembly drawing thoroughly.
2. Do not concentrate too long on one part, but pass on to the adjacent part and come
back to first part, if necessary.
3. Determine the minimum number of views required to adequately represent each part.
Locate the sectional planes, if necessary.
4. Choose proper scale for the details.
5. Use the following sequence for drawing:
(i) Draw the axes of symmetry and block in the overall dimensions of the views.
(ii) Draw the main outlines.
(iii) Make sectional views and sections, and cross-hatch them.
(iv) Draw the dimension lines and arrow heads.
(v) Put in the dimension figures and check the dimensions of mating parts.

15
DRAWING CONVENTIONS / REPRESENTATION

16
Reference Memory Based Drawings for Practice

Single and Double Rivet Joints

17
Welded joints

Riveted joints

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19
20
Main steam stop valve in both open and close condition

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22
Swing Check Valve

23
24
Water Gauge Glass

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Safety Valve Stage- 1

Safety Valve Stage- 2

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DETAILS OF PARTS FOR SPRING - LOADED SAFETY VALVE

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Sr.No. Name of Part Material

1 Body C.I./CS

2 Casing C.I./CS

3 Cover C.I./CS

4 Spindle G.M./Alloy Steel

5 Valve G.M./Alloy Steel

6 Seat G.M./Alloy Steel

7 Ring (Seat) G.M./Alloy Steel

8 Bush (Casing) G.M.

9 Bush (Cover) G.M.

10 Spring Spring Steel

11 Holder (Spring) G.M.

12 Compression Screw G.M.

13 Collar G.M.

14 Cap G.M.

15 Cotter (Cap) G.M.

1 Cotter (Valve) G.M.

17 Plug G.M.

18 Bolt & Nut (Casing) C-30

19 Bolt & Nut (Cover) C-30

20 Screw (Ring) C-30

21 Screw (Brush) C-30

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29
Lancashire Boiler Stage-1

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Lancashire Boiler Stage-2

31
Lancashire Boiler Stage-3

32
33
`

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