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Atoms Matter (F1)

The document discusses the three states of matter and their properties. It explains that matter can change states by altering temperature and describes the processes of evaporation, boiling, melting and freezing. It also introduces plasma as a fourth state of matter and discusses the particles that make up matter including atoms, molecules and ions.

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Andy Gibbs
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12 views29 pages

Atoms Matter (F1)

The document discusses the three states of matter and their properties. It explains that matter can change states by altering temperature and describes the processes of evaporation, boiling, melting and freezing. It also introduces plasma as a fourth state of matter and discusses the particles that make up matter including atoms, molecules and ions.

Uploaded by

Andy Gibbs
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ATOMS MATTER

MATTER
Matter is anything that has volume and mass. All matter is made of
particles that are attracted to each other and have empty spaces between
them. There are 3 states of matter.

❏ Solid
❏ Liquid
❏ Gas
MATTER
❏ Mass is measured in grams (g) or (kg)
❏ Volume: The amount of space matter takes up,
measured in cubic meter (m3), cubic centimetre
(cm3), or litres (L)
❏ Density: The amount of mass per unit volume,
measured in kg/m3 or g/cm3.
STATES OF MATTER
STATES OF
MATTER
CHANGING STATES
Matter can change from one state to another by changing its temperature.

❏ When a solid is heated, it usually changes to a liquid and then to a gas. The
gain in kinetic energy moves the particles faster and further apart,
weakening the forces of attraction.
❏ When a gas is cooled, it usually changes state to a liquid and then to a
solid. The loss in kinetic energy loves the particles slower and closer
together, increasing the forces of attraction.
EVAPORATION VS BOILING
❏ Evaporation only takes place at the surface of a liquid, while boiling
occurs throughout the liquid.
❏ Evaporation can take place at any temperature, whereas boiling
occurs at a specific temperature.
HEATING CURVE
❏ The melting point is the constant temperature at which a solid changes
into a liquid. The melting point of pure water is 0°C
❏ The freezing point is the constant temperature at which a liquid changes
into a solid.
❏ The boiling point is the constant temperature at which a liquid changes
into a gas. The boiling point of pure water is 100°C
PLASMA
Plasma can be considered a fourth state of matter as its properties are
different from solids, liquids and gases. It is a hot, ionized gas.

Stars is a natural form of plasma, while neon signs are artificial forms of
plasma.
PARTICLES OF MATTER
There are 3 types of particles that
make up matter:

❏ Atoms
❏ Molecules
❏ Ions
ATOMS
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. An atom is the smallest particle
of an element, that will still have the same characteristics of the element.
They are made up of 3 subatomic particles:

❏ Protons
❏ Neutrons
❏ Electrons

Protons and neutrons are in a fixed position in the nucleus of an atom. The
electrons are found in energy shells orbiting the nucleus.
ATOMIC SYMBOL

❏ The number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, so atoms


have a neutral charge.
❏ Atomic number (proton number) is the number of protons in the
nucleus of an atom.
❏ Mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of
an atom.
THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS
THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
The number and arrangement of electrons in an atom is known as its
electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element
determines its chemical properties.
❏ Electrons fill up the energy shells
closest to the nucleus first.
❏ The first energy shell can hold 2
electrons.
❏ The second and third energy shells can
hold 8 electrons.
❏ The valence electrons are the electrons
on the outermost energy shell.
❏ Atoms with a full valence shell is stable
and unreactive
EC of Ar: 2:8:8
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF BORON
Arrange the electrons one at a
Boron has:
time, in the order of:
❏ 5 protons
❏ Top
❏ 6 neutrons
❏ Bottom
❏ 5 electrons
❏ Left
❏ Right

The electronic configuration of boron is 2:3

❏ It has 2 electrons in the first shell.


❏ There are 3 electrons in the second shell.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF SULPHUR
Arrange the electrons one at a
Sulphur has:
time, in the order of:
❏ 16 protons
❏ Top
❏ 16 neutrons
❏ Bottom
❏ 16 electrons
❏ Left
❏ Right

The electronic configuration of sulfur is 2:8:6

❏ It has 2 electrons in the first shell.


❏ There are 8 electrons in the second shell.
❏ The third shell has 6 electrons
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION

What is the electronic configuration of 126C?

How many protons, neutrons, and electrons does it


have?

How many electrons are in its valence shell?

How many electrons would it need to be stable?


ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF CARBON

Carbon has:

❏ 6 protons
❏ 6 neutrons
❏ 6 electrons

The electronic configuration of carbon is 2:4

❏ It has 2 electrons in the first shell.


❏ There are 4 electrons in the second shell.
THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF
THE FIRST 20 ELEMENTS
IONS
Atoms can gain and lose some of its valence electrons to form charged ions.

❏ Atoms that lose electrons from its valence shell form positive cations.
❏ Atoms that gain electrons into their valence shell form negative anions.
MOLECULES
❏ Element – A pure substance consisting of
only a single type of material.
❏ Molecules – Two are more atoms bonded
together, which can exist in its own
COMPOUNDS
❏ A compound consists of 2 or more different elements bonded
together.
❏ It has properties different from its component elements. Sodium
chloride has different properties from both sodium and chlorine.
❏ Compounds can only be broken down by chemical means.
MIXTURES
❏ A mixture consists of two or
more elements or compounds
that are physically combined.
❏ It retains the properties of its
components. Air is a mixture of
nitrogen gas, oxygen gas,
carbon dioxide gas, helium, etc.
❏ Mixtures can be separated by
physical means.
COMPOUNDS
VS MIXTURES
THE END : )

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