TOP 40

Interview Question

Created by- Topper World

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Q 1. What is Software testing?

Ans : Software testing involves evaluating and verifying a software

product's functionality. Basically, it checks whether the software product
matches anticipated requirements and makes sure it is defect-free. It can be
said that testing enhances the quality of the product by preventing bugs,
reducing development costs, and reducing performance issues.

Q 2. What are the different types of testing?

Ans : You can test the software in many different ways. Some types of
testing are conducted by software developers and some by specialized
quality assurance staff.

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Type Description

A programmatic test that tests the internal working of a

Unit Testing
unit of code, such as a method or a function.

Integration Ensures that multiple components of systems work as

Testing expected when they are combined to produce a result.

Regression Ensures that existing features/functionality that used to

Testing work are not broken due to new code changes.

Complete end-to-end testing is done on the complete

System Testing software to make sure the whole system works as
expected.

A quick test performed to ensure that the software works

at the most basic level and doesn’t crash when it’s
Smoke Testing
started. Its name originates from the hardware testing
where you just plug the device and see if smoke comes out.

Ensures that the software performs according to the

Performance
user’s expectations by checking the response time and
Testing
throughput under specific load and environment.

User- Ensures the software meets the requirements of the clients

Acceptance or users. This is typically the last step before the software
Testing is live, i.e. it goes to production.

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Type Description

Ensures that the performance of the software doesn’t

degrade when the load increases. In stress testing, the
Stress Testing tester subjects the software under heavy loads, such as a
high number of requests or stringent memory conditions to
verify if it works well.

Measures how usable the software is. This is typically

performed with a sample set of end-users, who use the
Usability Testing
software and provide feedback on how easy or complicated
it is to use the software.

Now more important than ever. Security testing tries to

break a software’s security checks, to gain access to
Security Testing
confidential data. Security testing is crucial for web-based
applications or any applications that involve money.

Q 3. What are the principles of software testing?

Ans : Software testing is governed by seven principles:

➢ Absence of errors fallacy: Even if the software is 99% bug-free, it is

unusable if it does not conform to the user's requirements. Software
needs to be bug-free 99% of the time, and it must also meet all
customer requirements.
➢ Testing shows the presence of errors: Testing can verify the
presence of defects in software, but it cannot guarantee that the
software is defect-free. Testing can minimize the number of defects,
but it can't remove them all.
➢ Exhaustive testing is not possible: The software cannot be tested
exhaustively, which means all possible test cases cannot be covered.
Testing can only be done with a select few test cases, and it's assumed

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that the software will produce the right output in all cases. Taking the
software through every test case will cost more, take more effort, etc.,
which makes it impractical.
➢ Defect clustering: The majority of defects are typically found in a
small number of modules in a project. According to the Pareto
Principle, 80% of software defects arise from 20% of modules.
➢ Pesticide Paradox: It is impossible to find new bugs by re-running the
same test cases over and over again. Thus, updating or adding new
test cases is necessary in order to find new bugs.
➢ Early testing: Early testing is crucial to finding the defect in the
software. In the early stages of SDLC, defects will be detected more
easily and at a lower cost. Software testing should start at the initial
phase of software development, which is the requirement analysis
phase.
➢ Testing is context-dependent: The testing approach varies
depending on the software development context. Software needs to
be tested differently depending on its type. For instance, an ed-tech
site is tested differently than an Android app.

Q 4. What is regression testing in software testing?

Ans : The dictionary definition of regression is the act of going back to a

previous place or state. In software, regression implies that a feature that
used to work suddenly stopped working after a developer added a new code
or functionality to the software.

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Regression problems are pervasive in the software industry, as new features

are getting added all the time. Developers don't build these features in
isolation, separate from the existing code. Instead, the new code interacts
with the legacy code and modifies it in various ways, introducing side effects,
whether intended or not.

As a result, there is always a chance that introducing new changes may

negatively impact a working feature. It's important to keep in mind that even
a small change has the potential to cause regression.

Regression testing helps ensure that the new code or modifications to the
existing code don't break the present behaviour. It allows the tester to verify
that the new code plays well with the legacy code.

Q 5. What is exploratory testing?

Ans : Imagine a tourist in a foreign city. There are two ways in which they
can explore the city.

1. Follow a map, itinerary, or a list of places they should visit

2. Explore randomly, following the streets as they lead them to new
places

With the first approach, the tourist follows a predetermined plan and
executes it. Though they may visit famous spots, they might miss out on
hidden, more exciting places in the city. With the second approach, the
tourist wanders around the city and might encounter strange and exotic
places that the itinerary would have missed.

Both approaches have their pros and cons.

A tester is similar to a tourist when they are testing software. They can
follow a strict set of test cases and test the software according to them, with
the provided inputs and outputs, or they can explore the software.

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When a tester doesn't use the test scripts or a predefined test plan and
randomly tests the software, it is called exploratory testing. As the name
suggests, the tester is exploring the software as an end-user would. It's a
form of black-box testing.

In exploratory testing, the tester interacts with the software in whatever

manner they want and follows the software's instructions to navigate
various paths and functionality. They don't have a strict plan at hand.

Exploratory testing primarily focuses on behavioural testing. It is effective

for getting familiar with new software features. It also provides a high-level
overview of the system that helps evaluate and quickly learn the software.

Though it seems random, exploratory testing can be powerful in an

experienced and skilled tester's hands. As it's performed without any
preconceived notions of what software should and shouldn't do, it allows
greater flexibility for the tester to discover hidden paths and problems along
those paths.

Q 6. What is end-to-end testing?

Ans : End to End testing is the process of testing a software system from
start to finish. The tester tests the software just like an end-user would. For
example, to test a desktop software, the tester would install the software as
the user would, open it, use the application as intended, and verify the
behavior. Same for a web application.

There is an important difference between end-to-end testing vs. other forms

of testing that are more isolated, such as unit testing. In end-to-end testing,
the software is tested along with all its dependencies and integrations, such
as databases, networks, file systems, and other external services.

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Q 7. What is unit testing?

Ans : Unit testing is the process of testing a single unit of code in an isolated
manner. The unit of code can be a method, a class, or a module. Unit testing
aims to focus on the smallest building blocks of code to get confidence to
combine them later to produce fully functioning software.

A unit test invokes the code and verifies the result with the expected result.
If the expected and actual outcomes match, then the unit test passes.
Otherwise, it fails.

A good unit test has the following characteristics:

1. It should test a single piece of functionality.

2. It is fully automated and repeatable.
3. It should run quickly and provide immediate feedback.
4. It should be isolated and shouldn ’ t interact with external
dependencies such as network, database, or file system unless needed.
You can use the mocking technique to simulate the external
dependencies and isolate the code under test.

Q 8. What is an API?

Ans : API stands for Application Programming Interface. It is a means of

communication between two software components.

An API abstracts the internal workings and complexity of a software program

and allows the user of that API to solely focus on the inputs and outputs
required to use it.

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When building software, developers rarely write software from scratch and
make use of other third-party libraries. An API allows two software
components to talk to each other by providing an interface that they can
understand.

Another use of an API is to provide data required by an application. Let's say

you are building a weather application that displays the temperature.
Instead of building the technology to collect the temperature yourself, you'd
access the API provided by the meteorological institute.

Q 9. What is a test environment?

Ans : A test environment consists of a server/computer on which a tester

runs their tests. It is different from a development machine and tries to
represent the actual hardware on which the software will run; once it’s in
production.

Whenever a new build of the software is released, the tester updates the test
environment with the latest build and runs the regression tests suite. Once it
passes, the tester moves on to testing new functionality.

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Q 10. Explain how does a test coverage tool work?

Ans : When software is being tested, the code coverage measures how much
of the program's source code is covered by the test plan. Code coverage
testing runs in parallel with actual product testing.

Using the code coverage tool, you can monitor the execution of statements
in your source code. A complete report of the pending statements, along
with the coverage percentage, is provided at the end of the final testing.

Q 11. Can you describe the different types of test coverage

techniques?

Ans : Among the different types of test coverage techniques are:

) Statement/Block Coverage: Measures how many statements in the

source code have been successfully executed and tested.
) Decision/Branch Coverage: This metric measures how many decision
control structures were successfully executed and tested.
) Path Coverage: This ensures that the tests are conducted on every
possible route through a section of the code.
) Function coverage: It measures how many functions in the source
code have been executed and tested at least once.

Q 12. Explain black-box testing, white-box testing, and grey-box

testing.

Ans :

➢ Black-box testing in software testing: In black-box testing, the

system is tested only in terms of its external behaviour; it does not
consider how the software functions on the inside. This is the only
limitation of the black-box test. It is used in Acceptance Testing and
System Testing.

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➢ White-box testing in software testing: A white-box test is a method

of testing a program that takes into account its internal workings as
part of its review. It is used in integration testing and unit testing.
➢ Grey-box testing in software testing: A Gray Box Testing technique
can be characterized as a combination of a black box as well as a white
box testing technique used in the software testing process. Using this
technique, you can test a software product or application with a partial
understanding of its internal structure.

Q 13. Is Automation testing in agile methodology useful?

Ans : It is extremely beneficial to use automation testing when using the

agile model in software testing. It helps in achieving maximum test coverage
in a lesser time of the sprint.

Q 14. Explain test scenarios, test scripts, and test cases in software
testing.

➢ Test Case: Test Cases are a series of actions executed during software
development to verify a particular feature or function. A test case
consists of test steps, test data, preconditions, and postconditions
designed to verify a specific requirement.
➢ Test Scenario: Usually, a test scenario consists of a set of test cases
covering the end-to-end functionality of a software application. A test
scenario provides a high-level overview of what needs to be tested.
➢ Test Scripts: When it comes to software testing, a test script refers to
the set of instructions that will be followed in order to verify that the
system under test performs as expected. The document outlines each
step to be taken and the expected results.

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Q 15. What is a bug in software testing?

Ans : A software bug is an error in the software that produces wrong results.
A software tester tests the software to find bugs in it.

There are many causes for the bugs—for example, poor design, sloppy
programming, lack of version control, or miscommunication. Throughout
development, developers introduce hundreds or thousands of bugs in the
system. The goal of the tester is to uncover those bugs.

You can find a bug in many different ways, regardless of your role. When
building the software, the software developer might notice the bug in
another module, written by another developer or by themselves. The tester
actively tries to find the bugs as part of a routine testing process. Finally, the
users could see the bugs when the software is in production.

All bugs, no matter how they are found, are recorded into a bug-tracking
system. A triage team triages the bugs and assigns a priority to the bug, and
assigns the bug to a software developer to fix it. Once the developer
resolves the problem, they check in the code and mark that bug as ready for
testing. Once a bug is ready for testing, it goes to the tester, who tests the
software to verify if it’s indeed fixed. If it is, then it’s closed. If not, they
assign it to the same developer with a description of the exact steps to
reproduce the bug. Some examples of popular bug-tracking systems include
BugZilla, FogBugz, etc.

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Q 16. State the difference between bugs and errors

Ans : Bugs and errors differ in the following ways:

Bugs Errors

Software bugs are defects, which Errors in code are caused by problems
occur when the software or an with the code, which means that the
application does not work as developer could have misunderstood
intended. A bug occurs when there is the requirement or the requirement was
a coding error, which causes the not defined correctly, leading to a
program to malfunction. mistake.

Errors are raised by test engineers and

The bug is submitted by the testers.
developers.

Syntactic error, error handling error,

error handling error, user interface
Logic bugs, resource bugs, and
error, flow control error, calculation
algorithmic bugs are types of bugs.
error, and testing error are types of
errors.

The software is detected before it is The error occurs when the code is
deployed in production. unable to be compiled.

Q 17. What is a Test Plan? What does it include?

Ans : A test plan is basically a dynamic document monitored and controlled

by the testing manager.

The success of a testing project totally depends upon a well-written test

plan document that describes software testing scope and activities. It
basically serves as a blueprint that outlines the what, when, how, and more
of the entire test process.

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Q 18. What is a Test Report? What does it include?

Ans : Test report is basically a document that includes a total summary of

testing objectives, activities, and results. It is very much required to reflect
testing results and gives an opportunity to estimate testing results quickly.

It helps us to decide whether the product is ready for release or not. It also
helps us determine the current status of the project and the quality of the
product. A test report must include the following details:

⚫ Test Objective
⚫ Project Information
⚫ Defect
⚫ Test Summary

Q 19. What do you mean by Test Deliverables?

Ans : Test deliverables, also known as test artifacts, are basically a list of all
of the documents, tools, and other components that are given to the
stakeholders of a software project during the SDLC. Test deliverables are
maintained and developed in support of the test. At every phase of SDLC,
there are different deliverables as given below:

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 Before Testing Phase

⚫ Test plans document.

⚫ Test cases documents
⚫ Test Design specifications.

 During Testing Phase

⚫ Test Scripts
⚫ Simulators.
⚫ Test Data
⚫ Test Traceability Matrix
⚫ Error logs and execution logs

 After testing Phase

⚫ Test Results/reports
⚫ Defect Report
⚫ Installation/ Test procedures guidelines
⚫ Release notes

Q 20. What are different categories of debugging?

Ans : Different categories of debugging include:

⚫ Brute force debugging

⚫ Backtracking
⚫ Cause elimination
⚫ Program slicing
⚫ Fault tree analysis

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Q 21. Write some common mistakes that lead to major issues.

Some common mistakes include:

⚫ Poor Scheduling
⚫ Underestimating
⚫ Ignoring small issues
⚫ Not following the exact process
⚫ Improper resource allocation

Q 22. What is a user story?

Ans : All software has a target user. A user story describes the user's
motivations and what they are trying to accomplish by using the software.

Finally, it shows how the user uses the application. It ignores the design and
implementation details.

A user story aims to focus on the value provided to the end-user instead of
the exact inputs they might enter and the expected output.

In a user story, the tester creates user personas with real names and
characteristics and tries to simulate a real-life interaction with the software.
A user story often helps fish out hidden problems that are often not revealed
by more formal testing processes.

Q 23. List some of the popular software testing tools/frameworks,

providing a brief description of each.

Ans :

1) Selenium: a web browser automation tool that automates the test

suites you need to run on a web browser.

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 2) Protractor: An end-to-end test framework for Angular and AngularJS
applications. Protractor runs tests against your application running in a
real browser, interacting with it as a user would.
3) Cypress: A modern front-end testing tool built for the modern web.
Though it’s similar to Selenium and Protractor, it’s architecturally
different from them.
4) Jasmine: This is an open-source JavaScript testing framework that
allows you to write behaviour-driven tests.
5) JUnit and NUnit: These are unit testing frameworks for Java and C#
programming languages, respectively.

Q 24. What is A/B testing?

Ans : A/B testing is the process of testing two or more different versions of
your software with users to assess which performs better. It is a low-risk
way of testing variations of a new or existing functionality.

You can choose a part of your users to use feature A. The other group uses
feature B. Then user feedback and response are evaluated using statistical
testing to decide the final version of the feature.

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Typically, A/B testing is used to test the user experience of different

interfaces. This allows the team to quickly gather feedback and test their
initial hypothesis.

Q 25. What is defects in software testing?

Ans : The term defect refers to a system error that prevents the intended
action from being accomplished. Testing is most important when it comes to
finding defects. Testing needs to begin early in the development process
since defects can be found throughout. As shown in the following figure,
defects are divided into three main categories:

➢ Wrong: It implies incorrect implementation of requirements. There is a

variance between the specifications and what was expected, resulting
in this defect.
➢ Missing: This indicates that a specification has not been implemented,
or a requirement of the customer has not been properly noted.
➢ Extra: In this case, the defect is caused by a requirement incorporated
into the product that was not provided by the end-user.

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Q 26. What is spice in software testing?

Ans : SPICE stands for Software Process Improvement and Capability

Determination. In the field of software development processes, SPICE is a
standard framework for assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of the
development process. IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) and
ISO (International Organization for Standardization) jointly developed SPICE.

Q 27. What do you mean by latent defect and masked defect?

Ans :

➢ Latent Defect: Latent defects are defects that exist but have not yet
been invoked because the conditions required to invoke them have not
been met. As a systematic flaw, it encompasses the entire production
process of the software, including all pre-production testing and
extended testing. When users perform a particular task in an unusual
or rare situation or without the presence of usual scenarios, latent
defects are revealed.
➢ Masked Defect: These are the defects that have not yet resulted in a
failure since another defect hides that portion of the code from being
executed. It can only be discovered when the defect hiding it is
exposed by the user through a specific operation. There are defects
that are hidden or marked by another defect and remain hidden until
the other defect is detected.

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Q 28. Can you explain sanity testing in software testing?

Ans : The term 'sanity testing' refers to a subset of regression testing. The
sanity testing ensures that the changes made to the code do not adversely
affect the system's performance. After the software build is received, a
sanity test is conducted to ensure that the changes made to the code are
working correctly. As a checkpoint, this testing is used to determine whether
the build can proceed with further testing. Sanity testing focuses on
validating the functionality of the application rather than detailed testing.

Features

1. It focuses on a smaller section of the application and is a subset of

regression testing.
2. The process is undocumented.
3. Sanity testing is often unscripted.
4. In this approach, limited functionalities are deeply tested.
5. A tester is usually responsible for performing this task.

Q 29. What is the purpose of TestNG?

Ans : The TestNG framework for Java is an open-source advanced test

automation framework that is designed to benefit both testers and
developers.

The purpose of TestNG is to provide an easy-to-use, readable, structured,

maintainable, and user-friendly environment for automated tests. NG stands
for 'Next Generation' in TestNG.

The high-end annotations, such as data providers, make cross-browser

testing easier since you can test across multiple devices and browsers.

Furthermore, the framework has an inbuilt mechanism for handling

exceptions that prevent the program from terminating unexpectedly.

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Q 30. Is it possible to skip a method or a code block in TestNG?

Ans : Yes, you can skip a particular test method or code by setting the
'enabled' parameter to ‘false’ in test annotations.

@Test(enabled = false).

Q 31. Explain boundary value analysis in software testing.

Ans : BVA (Boundary Value Analysis) is a black box software testing

technique that uses boundary values to create test cases. Input values near
the boundary have a higher probability of error, so BVA is used to test
boundary values.

BVA includes values at the boundaries in the test cases. If the input falls
within the boundary range, then the test is positive; if it falls outside, then it
is negative. There are several types of values, including maximum or
minimum, inside or outside edge, and typical or error values.

Q 32. Explain the role of testing in software development?

Ans : Software testing comes into play at different times in different

software development methodologies.

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There are two main methodologies in software development, namely

Waterfall and Agile.

➢ Waterfall Software Development Model

In a traditional waterfall software development model, requirements

are gathered first. Then a specification document is created based on
the document, which drives the design and development of the
software.

Finally, the testers conduct the testing at the end of the software
development life cycle once the complete software system is built.

➢ Agile Software Development Model

An agile software development model works in small iterations. You
test the software in parallel as it is getting built.
The developers build a small functionality according to the
requirements.

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 The testers test it and get customer feedback, which drives future
development.

Q 33. How much testing is sufficient? Or, is it possible to do

exhaustive testing of the software?

Ans : It is impossible to exhaustively test software or prove the absence of

errors, no matter how specific your test strategy is.

An extensive test that finds hundreds of errors doesn’t imply that it has
discovered them all. There could be many more errors that the test might
have missed. The absence of errors doesn’t mean there are no errors, and
the software is perfect. It could easily mean ineffective or incomplete tests.
To prove that a program works, you’d have to test all possible inputs and
their combinations.

Consider a simple program that takes a string as an input that is ten

characters long. To test it with each possible input, you’d have to enter
2610 names, which is impossible. Since exhaustive testing is not practical,

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your best strategy as a tester is to pick the test cases that are most likely to
find errors. Testing is sufficient when you have enough confidence to release
the software and assume it will work as expected.

Q 34. Why developers shouldn’t test the software they wrote?

Ans : Developers make poor testers. Here are some reasons why:

⚫ They try to test the code to make sure that it works, rather than
testing all the ways in which it doesn't work.
⚫ Since they wrote it themselves, developers tend to be very optimistic
about the software and don't have the correct attitude needed for
testing: to break software.
⚫ Developers skip the more sophisticated tests that an experienced
tester would perform to break the software. They follow the happy
path to execute the code from start to finish with proper inputs, often
not enough to get the confidence to ship software in production.

However, it doesn't mean that developers shouldn't test the software before
sending it to the tester. Developer testing helps find many bugs that are
caused by programming errors. These are hard to find for a tester because
they don't always have access to the source code.

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Q 35. What is SDLC in software testing?

Ans : In short, SDLC (Software Development Life Cycle) enables the

development of high-quality, low-cost software with the shortest possible
development time.A major objective of the SDLC is to produce high-quality
software that meets and exceeds the expectations of customers. SDLC
provides a detailed plan with a series of stages, or phases, that encompass
their own processes and deliverables. By adhering to the SDLC, developers
can enhance the speed of their projects and minimize risks and costs.

Q 36. What is the software testing life cycle?

Ans : Similar to software development, testing has its life cycle. During the
testing, a tester goes through the following activities.

1) Understand the requirements: Before testing software or a feature,

the tester must first understand what it is supposed to do. If they don’t

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know how the software is supposed to work, they can ’ t test it

effectively.
2) Test Planning and Case Development: Once the tester has a clear
understanding of the requirements, they can create a test plan. It includes
the scope of testing, i.e., part of software under test and objectives for
testing. Various activities are involved in planning the test, such as
creating documentation, estimating the time and efforts involved,
deciding the tools and platforms, and the individuals who will be
conducting the tests.
3) Prepare a test environment: The development happens in a
development environment, i.e., on a developer’s computer that might
not represent the actual environment that the software will run in
production. A tester prepares an environment with the test data that
mimics the end user’s environment. It assists with realistic testing of the
software.
4) Generate the test data: Though it is impossible to do exhaustive
testing of the software, the tester tries to use realistic test data to give
them the confidence that the software will survive the real world if it
passes the tests.
5) Test Execution: Once the tester has a complete understanding of the
software and has a test environment set up with the test data, they
execute the test. Here, execution means that the tester runs the software
or the feature under test and verifies the output with the expected
outcome.
6) Test Closure: At the end of the test execution, there can be two
possible outcomes. First, the tester finds a bug in the part of the software
under test. In this case, they create a test record/bug report. Second, the
software works as expected. Both these events indicate the end of the test
cycle.

Q 37. What is functional testing?

Ans : Functional testing is a form of black-box testing. As the name

suggests, it focuses on the software's functional requirements rather than
its internal implementation. A functional requirement refers to required
behavior in the system, in terms of its input and output.

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It validates the software against the functional requirements or the

specification, ignoring the non-functional attributes such as performance,
usability, and reliability.

Functional testing aims to answer the following questions, in particular:

⚫ Does the software fulfill its functional requirements?

⚫ Does it solve its intended users' problems?

Q 38. What is non-functional testing?

Ans : Non-functional testing tests the system's non-functional requirements,

which refer to an attribute or quality of the system explicitly requested by
the client. These include performance, security, scalability, and usability.

Non-functional testing comes after functional testing. It tests the general

characteristics unrelated to the functional requirements of the software.
Non-functional testing ensures that the software is secure, scalable, high-
performance, and won't crash under heavy load.

Q 39. What is a bug report?

Ans : During testing, a tester records their observations, findings, and other
information useful to the developers or the management. All this data
belongs to a test record, also called a bug report.

A detailed bug report is an important artifact produced during testing. It

helps the team members with:

⚫ Understand the problem,

⚫ Steps to reproduce the problem,
⚫ The environment and the specific conditions under which it happens,
and
⚫ The resolution if/when the developers fix the problem.

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Here are a few bits of information that a good bug report should contain.

Field Description

Title
A short headline that summarizes the problem. It shouldn’t be
too long but just to give just the right information to the reader.
It should be specific and accurate.

Description The description should answer all the questions that are not
explained by the title. It contains a detailed summary of the bug,
its severity, and impact, steps to reproduce, expected results vs.
the actual output.

Version
A lot of time can be wasted in trying to reproduce a bug in the
wrong version of the product. Knowing the exact product
version or the build number on which this bug was found is very
useful to the developer in reproducing the bug.

Status
At any point, a bug can be either ‘Active’, ‘Ready for
Testing’, or ‘Closed’. A bug becomes active when it is
found, is ready for testing once the developer fixes it. A tester
can mark it closed if the developer fixed it, or active if not.

Steps to
Reproduce Though the steps to reproduce the problem can be provided in
the description, sometimes having a distinct field force the
tester to think about them. They include each step one must
take to successfully reproduce the problem.

Assigned To
Name of the developer or the tester to whom this bug is
assigned.

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Field Description

Resolution
When a developer fixes the bug, they should include the cause
for the bug and its resolution. It helps the team in the future
when a similar bug resurfaces.

Q 40. What are some important testing metrics?

Ans : Testing metrics provide a high-level overview to the management or

the developers on how the project is going and the next action steps.

Here are some of the metrics derived from a record of the tests and failures:

⚫ Total number of defects found, ordered by their severity

⚫ Total number of bugs fixed
⚫ Total number of problems caused by an error in the source code vs.
configuration or external environmental factors
⚫ Bug find and fix rate over time
⚫ Bugs by produce/feature area
⚫ The average time is taken by a bug since it’s found and fixed.
⚫ Total time spent on new feature development vs. time spent on
resolving bugs and failures
⚫ Number of outstanding bugs before a release
⚫ Bugs/failures reported by the customers vs. those found by the testers

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