Faculty of Science and Engineering

Department of Aerospace Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

EG-261 Thermodynamics II
January 2023

Time allowed: 2 hours Answer ALL questions.

Do NOT turn over your question paper until instructed to do so.

Exam Paper Information

• PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS EXAMINATION PAPER IS PRINTED ON BOTH SIDES.
• THE EXAM WEIGHTING IS 60%.
• THE EXAM PAPER HAS THREE QUESTIONS OF 20 MARKS EACH.

Special Instruction(s)
• A data sheet, Psychometric chart, a table for Ideal-gas properties of air, a refrigerant
table (saturated and superheated), a saturated water temperature and pressure table
and a superheated water table are given at the end of this paper on pages 5-20.
• Whenever required, start from the first and/or second law expression as given in the
data sheet and plot all processes on a T-S diagram.
• Write relevant assumptions made and show intermediate steps.

Specific Items
Dictionaries - Candidates may only refer to the English dictionaries available
Calculators - Candidates may use University calculators provided
Open Book - This is NOT an Open BOOK examination

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Page 1 of 20
Question 1.

(a) Consider a refrigerator that operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The
coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator is given as TL/(TH - TL) where
TL is the lowest temperature and TH is the highest temperature in the cycle. The
refrigerator removes heat from a refrigerated space at –10°C at a rate of 420 J/s
and rejects it to an environment at 25°C.

Calculate the minimum required power input in W.

[6 marks]

(b) Consider a 20 cm-diameter tubular combustion chamber. Air enters the tube at
450 K, 380 kPa, and 100 m/s. Fuel with a heating (calorific) value of 39,000 kJ/kg
is burned by spraying it into the air. If the exit Mach number is 0.75. The total
temperature to critical total temperature ratio value at inlet and outlet is 0.23122
and 0.94001 respectively. Assume ideal conditions, complete combustion, and
disregard the increase in the mass flow rate due to the fuel mass.

Determine the minimum fuel consumption rate in kg/s.

[8 marks]

(c) Consider a hydro-carbon fuel with chemical formula CH4. In an engine test the
actual air to fuel ratio by volume was observed to be 12:1. What are the most
likely constituents in the dry volumetric analysis of exhaust gases. Justify your
answer by showing stoichiometric calculations.

[6 marks]

(TOTAL 20 MARKS)

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Question 2.

In large steam power plants, the feedwater is often heated in closed feedwater
heaters, which are basically heat exchangers, by steam extracted from the turbine at
some stage. Steam enters the feedwater heater at 1.4 MPa and 250 oC and leaves
as saturated liquid at the same pressure. Feedwater enters the heater at 4 MPa and
30 oC and leaves 10.04 oC below the exit temperature of the steam. The surrounding
temperature is 25 oC. Assume that there is no heat loss from the outer surfaces of
the heater.

(a) There are four types of heat exchangers: parallel flow, cross flow, mixing chamber
and counter flow. Based on the information given in Question 2, estimate possible
type(s) of the heat exchanger used. Justify your answer.
[4 marks]

(b) Determine the mass of steam that enters the heat exchanger per kg of feedwater
used
[10 marks]

(c) Determine the reversible work opportunity (if any) in terms of kJ/kg of feedwater.

[6 marks]

(TOTAL 20 MARKS)

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Question 3.
A turbojet engine consists of a diffuser, compressor, combustor, turbine and a
converging nozzle. Air at 7oC enters a turbojet engine at a rate of 20 kg/s and at a
velocity of 300 m/s (relative to the engine). Air is heated in the combustion chamber
at a rate 20,000 kJ/s and it leaves the engine at 427 oC. Assume constant specific
heat values at room temperature and ideal operation for all components of the engine.
Assume that the turbojet is flying steadily under cruising conditions. The jet fuel has a
heating (calorific) value of 42,700 kJ/kg.

(a) Describe the thermodynamic cycle used in this Question on a T-S diagram.
[4 marks]

(b) Calculate air to fuel ratio by mass.

[6 marks]

(c) Calculate the thrust produced (N) by the engine.

[6 marks]

(d) Calculate the turbine exit total temperature (oC)

[4 marks]

(TOTAL 20 MARKS)

END OF QUESTIONS

DATA SHEET AND SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

TO FOLLOW ON PAGES 5-20

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Page 4 of 20
 EG-261: Thermodynamics II – Data Sheet
(Notations are as introduced in the class)

Molar mass (Atomic weight) of Carbon (C) = 12 kg/kmol

Molar mass (Molecular weight) of Hydrogen (H2) = 2 kg/kmol
Molar mass (Molecular weight) of Oxygen (O2) = 32 kg/kmol
Molar mass (Molecular weight) of Nitrogen (N2) = 28 kg/kmol

Specific heat value of water = 4.18 kJ/kg K

The following property values of air may be used as appropriate:

Constant pressure specific heat value (Cp) = 1.005 kJ/kg K
Constant volume specific heat value (Cv) = 0.718 kJ/kg K
k = Cp / Cv = 1.4 ; Gas constant for air R = 0.287 kJ/kg K

For a polytropic process 1-2 ( pv n = constant ), using ideal gas equation gives
n −1
n −1
T2  v1  p  n
=  = 2 
T1  v2   p1 

The First Law of Thermodynamics (Overall conservation of Energy)

decv = ein – eout + qin - qout + win,shaft – wout, shaft – wout, boundary
= ein – eout + qin - qout + win,shaft – wout, shaft – (p – p0) dv - p0 dv
= ein – eout + qin - qout + win,shaft – wout, shaft – wuseful boundary, out - p0 dv

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Page 5 of 20
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (Entropy Balance Equation)

dscv = sin – sout + qin / TH - qout/ TL + sgen

T0 dscv = T0 sin – T0sout + qin (T0 / TH ) - qout (T0 / TL) + T0sgen

Exergy: The Work Potential of Mass with reference to surroundings:

(decv - T0 dscv) + p0 dv
= (ein- T0 sin) – (eout- T0sout) + qin (1 - T0 / TH ) – qout (1 - T0 / TL ) + win,shaft – wout, shaft
– wuseful boundary, out - T0sgen

Expression for specific entropy transfer by mass (kJ/kg K) for air with constant
specific heat assumption:
𝑇2 𝑣2
(𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) = 𝑐𝑝 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑅 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑣1
𝑇2 𝑃2
(𝑠2 − 𝑠1 ) = 𝑐𝑝 𝑙𝑛 − 𝑅 𝑙𝑛
𝑇1 𝑃1

Thermal Efficiencies:
Cooling effect Heating effect
COPr = COPHP =
Work Input Work Input

𝑇𝐿 1 1
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 1 − 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝐻𝑃,𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 = 𝐶𝑂𝑃𝑅,𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑡 =
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿 𝑇𝐻
1− −1
𝑇𝐻 𝑇𝐿
1 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑘−1)
𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 1 − 𝜂𝑡ℎ,𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑡𝑜𝑛,𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 1 − 𝑟 𝑘
(
𝑘−1
) 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑝
𝑟𝑝 𝑘

h2 s − h1 h3 − h4 a
isentropic ,compressor = isentropic ,turbine =
h2 a − h1 h3 − h4 s
qregen ,act
 regenerator =
qregen ,max

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For solving combustion related problems, assume the following composition of
air:
• For every Kmol of O2, the corresponding amount of N2 present in air is 79/21
i.e. 3.76 Kmol.
• For every kg of O2, the corresponding amount of N2 present in air is
76.7/23.3 i.e. 3.29 kg.

1-D Isentropic flow compressible flow of air (k=1.4)

𝐏∗ 𝑻∗ 𝜌∗
= 0.5284 = 0.8334 = 0.63407
𝐏𝐭 𝑻𝒕 𝜌𝑡

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END OF PAPER

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